Preface

**Chapter 9 149**

**Chapter 10 167**

Emerging Artificial Two-Dimensional van der Waals

Catalytic Micro/Nanomotors: Propulsion Mechanisms,

*by Hongcheng Ruan, Yu Huang, Yuqian Chen and Fuwei Zhuge*

Heterostructures for Optoelectronics

Fabrication, Control, and Applications *by Liangxing Hu, Nan Wang and Kai Tao*

**II**

The book describes modern trends in nanoscience and nanotechnology for creation of smart hybrid nanosystems combining inorganic nano-objects with organic, biological, and biocompatible materials, which create multifunctional and remotely controlled platforms for diverse technical and biomedical uses. The published material includes several review and original research articles devoted to the problems of directed chemical and biological synthesis of such nanosystems, thorough analysis of their physical and chemical properties and prospects of their possible applications.

The combination of magnetic nanoparticles and biocompatible materials leads to the manufacturing of a multifunctional and remotely-controlled platform useful for diverse biomedical applications. The first chapter, "Biomedical Applications of Biomaterials Functionalized with Magnetic Nanoparticles" by Matteo B. Lodi and Alessandro Fanti, describes the possibilities of the formation of such hybrid nanosystems and the variety of their biomedical use. It covers the questions of mathematical modeling of the drug delivery processes and assesses the problem of establishing the influence of the system on tissue regeneration. On the other hand, if a time-varying magnetic field is applied, the magnetic nanoparticles would dissipate heat, which can be exploited to perform local hyperthermia treatment on residual cancer cells in bone tissue. To perform the treatment planning, it is necessary to account for the modeling of the intrinsic non-linear nature of the heat dissipation dynamics in magnetic prosthetic implants. In this work, numerical experiments to investigate the physio-pathological features of the biological system, linked to the properties of the nanocomposite magnetic material, to assess its effectiveness as therapeutic agent are presented.

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) display physical and chemical properties different from those found in their corresponding bulk materials. These properties make them attractive in various applications such as energy, electronics, sensor designs of all kinds, catalysts, magnetic refrigeration, optics, and in various biomedical applications. These multifunctional nanomaterials can be used as contrast agents for medical imaging, nano-vectors to transport therapeutic agents to their target, local delivery of drugs or used to destroy the cancer cells by local hyperthermia. These magnetic platforms should possess small size combined with high magnetic susceptibility and loss of magnetization after removal of the magnetic field. Chapter 2, "Synthesis and ESR Study of Transition from Ferromagnetism to Superparamagnetism in La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 Nanomanganite" by Mondher Yahya, Faouzi Hosni, and Ahmed Hichem Hamzaoui, describes the questions of the optimization of the nanoparticle's size, size distribution, agglomeration, surface coatings and shapes along with the changes in magnetic properties prompted by the application of magnetic nanoparticles in diverse fields.

Nowadays, plasmonic nanostructures attract an increasing attention as signal amplifiers and transducers for optical sensing. The local plasmon-induced enhancement of electric fields affects various optical processes in molecular systems and therefore finds various applications in enhanced spectroscopic techniques, such as Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS), Plasmon-Enhanced Fluorescence (PEF), Surface-Enhanced Infrared Absorption (SEIRA), etc. Chapter 3, "Chiral

Hybrid Nanosystems and Their Biosensing Applications" by Vladimir E. Bochenkov and Tatyana I. Shabatina, is devoted to chiral biosensing using various metalcontaining hybrid nanosystems based on optically active organic and biological molecules. Plasmonic nanosystems and nanostructures provide an excellent platform for label-free detection of molecular adsorption by detecting tiny changes in the local refractive index or by amplification of light-induced processes in biomolecules. Based on recent theoretical and experimental developments in plasmon-enhanced techniques, we consider the main types of plasmonic nanosystems capable of generating an amplified chiroptical signal for such applications as detecting the presence of certain biomolecules and, in some cases, for the determination of molecular orientations and their higher-order supramolecular structure.

smart nanosystems and the combination of nanotechnological approaches based on

Chapter 8, "Metallic Nanowire Percolating Network: From Main Properties to Applications" by Daniel Bellet, Dorina T. Papanastasiou, Joao Resende, Viet Huong Nguyen, Carmen Jiménez, Ngoc Duy Nguyen, and David Muñoz-Rojas, is devoted to metallic nanowire (MNW) networks that appear to be one of the most promising flexible, efficient, and low-cost transparent electrodes that can be integrated for many applications. This includes several applications related to energy technologies (photovoltaics, lighting, supercapacitor, electro-chromism) or displays (touch screens, transparent heaters) as well as Internet of Things linked with renewable energy and autonomous devices. Randomly deposited MNW - AgNW or CuNW networks present record values of sheet resistance values below 10 Ω/sq, optical transparency of 90% and high mechanical stability under bending tests. Networks are destined to address a large variety of emerging applications. The main properties of MNW networks, their stability, and their integration in energy devices are

mimicking the principle of atomic sequence in nature for their creation.

In Chapter 9, "Emerging Artificial Two-Dimensional van der Waals

memories that integrate both light sensing and memory function.

Heterostructures for Optoelectronics" written by Hongcheng Ruan, Yu Huang, Yuqian Chen and Fuwei Zhuge, the authors introduce the basic concept of the design of hybrid nanosystems and hetero-nanostructures for optoelectronics and describe the pick-transfer methods for their artificial assembly. They discuss the recent progress in fabricating novel 2D van der Waals heterostructures for functional devices. In view of the rapid progress in this field, the chapter is not intended to cover all aspects of the field but focuses on optoelectronic related application, typically photodiode and phototransistors for photodetection and optoelectronic

Chapter 10, "Catalytic Micro/Nanomotors: Propulsion Mechanisms, Fabrication, Control and Applications" by Liangxing Hu, Nan Wang and Kai Tao, describes self-propelled micro/nanomachines and micro/nanomotors, which are capable of converting the surrounding fuels into mechanical movement or force. Inspired by naturally occurring biomolecular motor proteins, scientists extensively paid great attention to synthetic micro/nanomotors. Especially, the authors describe the possibility of the creation of catalytic micro/nanomotors. The future of this research field can be bright, but some major challenges such as biocompatible materials and fuels, smart controlling, and specifically practical applications still need to be resolved. In this chapter, propulsion mechanisms, fabrication methods, controlling strategies, and potential applications of catalytic micro/nanomotors are presented and summarized.

We hope that this book will be useful for different nanoscience research groups and PhD and graduate students, to introduce them to the world of hybrid metal-organic and metal-biological nano-objects and smart self-organizing nanosystems and open

**Tatyana I. Shabatina and Vladimir E. Bochenkov**

Lomonosov Moscow State University,

Moscow, Russia

new views of possible use of them in different scientific and practical areas.

discussed in this contribution.

Sensor and biosensor technologies have demonstrated rapid progress in recent years. These technologies use nanosystems that are highly important in immobilization of materials for recognition the target molecules. Chapter 4, "Fullerene Based Sensor and Biosensor Technologies" by Hilmiye Deniz Ertuğrul Uygun and Zihni Onur Uygun, describes a number of studies of fullerene-based sensor nanomaterials. As zero-dimensional nanomaterials, fullerenes provide an extremely large surface area. Therefore, they provide more biological or non-biological recognition receptors immobilized on this surface area. Moreover, increasing the surface area with more recognition agent also increases the sensitivity. In this book chapter, the examples of the development of fullerene-based sensor and biosensor technologies and their modifications and the comparison of fullerene-type sensor and biosensor applications in different cases are presented and discussed.

Carbon nanomaterials can increase the sensitivity of different diagnostic systems due to the increase of surface area and conductivity. Chapter 5, "Cellulose Nanocrystals: From Classic Hydrolysis to the Use of Deep Eutectic Solvents", by Manon Le Gars, Loreleï Douard, Naceur Belgacem, and Julien Bras, describes recent achievements in the development of a promising sub-branch of diagnostic systems– point-of-care diagnostic tests–which has made great progress due to the use of the fundamentals of sensor and biosensor nanotechnology. The synthesis of cellulose nanocrystals for diagnostic systems development is considered in detail.

The greener way of producing metal nanoparticles is the easiest, cheapest, and the most efficient way of producing large-scale nanoparticles that have no adverse effect on the environment. Chapter 6, "Phytonanofabrication: Methodology and Factor Affecting Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles" by Bipin D. Lade and Arti S. Shanware, discussed in detail the preparation of silver nanoparticles using various methodologies and the biological synthesis. The effects of various sources and methods on nanoparticle synthesis, the impact of conditions such as dark, light, heating, boiling, sonication, autoclave on the size and shape of colloidal nanoparticles have been analyzed. The authors discuss the effects of specific parameters such as leaf extract concentration, AgNO3, reaction temperature, pH, light, and stirring time for nanoparticle synthesis and the results on the impact of silver nanoparticles on plant physiology.

Smart nanosystems are used in many fields such as medicine, biomedical, biotechnology, agriculture, environmental pollution control, cosmetics, optics, health, food, energy, textiles, automotive, communication technologies, agriculture, and electronics. Chapter 7, "The Components of Functional Nanosystems and Nanostructures" written by Gülay Baysal, is devoted to the questions of new synthetic, diagnostic, and treatment methods for production of nanospheres, nanorobots, biosensors, quantum dots, and biochips, which are considered to be the main components of

smart nanosystems and the combination of nanotechnological approaches based on mimicking the principle of atomic sequence in nature for their creation.

Chapter 8, "Metallic Nanowire Percolating Network: From Main Properties to Applications" by Daniel Bellet, Dorina T. Papanastasiou, Joao Resende, Viet Huong Nguyen, Carmen Jiménez, Ngoc Duy Nguyen, and David Muñoz-Rojas, is devoted to metallic nanowire (MNW) networks that appear to be one of the most promising flexible, efficient, and low-cost transparent electrodes that can be integrated for many applications. This includes several applications related to energy technologies (photovoltaics, lighting, supercapacitor, electro-chromism) or displays (touch screens, transparent heaters) as well as Internet of Things linked with renewable energy and autonomous devices. Randomly deposited MNW - AgNW or CuNW networks present record values of sheet resistance values below 10 Ω/sq, optical transparency of 90% and high mechanical stability under bending tests. Networks are destined to address a large variety of emerging applications. The main properties of MNW networks, their stability, and their integration in energy devices are discussed in this contribution.

In Chapter 9, "Emerging Artificial Two-Dimensional van der Waals Heterostructures for Optoelectronics" written by Hongcheng Ruan, Yu Huang, Yuqian Chen and Fuwei Zhuge, the authors introduce the basic concept of the design of hybrid nanosystems and hetero-nanostructures for optoelectronics and describe the pick-transfer methods for their artificial assembly. They discuss the recent progress in fabricating novel 2D van der Waals heterostructures for functional devices. In view of the rapid progress in this field, the chapter is not intended to cover all aspects of the field but focuses on optoelectronic related application, typically photodiode and phototransistors for photodetection and optoelectronic memories that integrate both light sensing and memory function.

Chapter 10, "Catalytic Micro/Nanomotors: Propulsion Mechanisms, Fabrication, Control and Applications" by Liangxing Hu, Nan Wang and Kai Tao, describes self-propelled micro/nanomachines and micro/nanomotors, which are capable of converting the surrounding fuels into mechanical movement or force. Inspired by naturally occurring biomolecular motor proteins, scientists extensively paid great attention to synthetic micro/nanomotors. Especially, the authors describe the possibility of the creation of catalytic micro/nanomotors. The future of this research field can be bright, but some major challenges such as biocompatible materials and fuels, smart controlling, and specifically practical applications still need to be resolved. In this chapter, propulsion mechanisms, fabrication methods, controlling strategies, and potential applications of catalytic micro/nanomotors are presented and summarized.

We hope that this book will be useful for different nanoscience research groups and PhD and graduate students, to introduce them to the world of hybrid metal-organic and metal-biological nano-objects and smart self-organizing nanosystems and open new views of possible use of them in different scientific and practical areas.

**IV**

Hybrid Nanosystems and Their Biosensing Applications" by Vladimir E. Bochenkov and Tatyana I. Shabatina, is devoted to chiral biosensing using various metalcontaining hybrid nanosystems based on optically active organic and biological molecules. Plasmonic nanosystems and nanostructures provide an excellent platform for label-free detection of molecular adsorption by detecting tiny changes in the local refractive index or by amplification of light-induced processes in biomolecules. Based on recent theoretical and experimental developments in plasmon-enhanced techniques, we consider the main types of plasmonic nanosystems capable of generating an amplified chiroptical signal for such applications as detecting the presence of certain biomolecules and, in some cases, for the determination of molecular orientations and their higher-order supramolecular structure.

Sensor and biosensor technologies have demonstrated rapid progress in recent years. These technologies use nanosystems that are highly important in immobilization of materials for recognition the target molecules. Chapter 4, "Fullerene Based Sensor and Biosensor Technologies" by Hilmiye Deniz Ertuğrul Uygun and Zihni Onur Uygun, describes a number of studies of fullerene-based sensor nanomaterials. As zero-dimensional nanomaterials, fullerenes provide an extremely large surface area. Therefore, they provide more biological or non-biological recognition receptors immobilized on this surface area. Moreover, increasing the surface area with more recognition agent also increases the sensitivity. In this book chapter, the examples of the development of fullerene-based sensor and biosensor technologies and their modifications and the comparison of fullerene-type sensor and biosensor

Carbon nanomaterials can increase the sensitivity of different diagnostic systems due to the increase of surface area and conductivity. Chapter 5, "Cellulose Nanocrystals: From Classic Hydrolysis to the Use of Deep Eutectic Solvents", by Manon Le Gars, Loreleï Douard, Naceur Belgacem, and Julien Bras, describes recent achievements in the development of a promising sub-branch of diagnostic systems– point-of-care diagnostic tests–which has made great progress due to the use of the fundamentals of sensor and biosensor nanotechnology. The synthesis of cellulose

nanocrystals for diagnostic systems development is considered in detail.

The greener way of producing metal nanoparticles is the easiest, cheapest, and the most efficient way of producing large-scale nanoparticles that have no adverse effect on the environment. Chapter 6, "Phytonanofabrication: Methodology and Factor Affecting Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles" by Bipin D. Lade and Arti S. Shanware, discussed in detail the preparation of silver nanoparticles using various methodologies and the biological synthesis. The effects of various sources and methods on nanoparticle synthesis, the impact of conditions such as dark, light, heating, boiling, sonication, autoclave on the size and shape of colloidal nanoparticles have been analyzed. The authors discuss the effects of specific parameters such as leaf extract concentration, AgNO3, reaction temperature, pH, light, and stirring time for nanoparticle synthesis and the results on the impact of silver nanoparticles on plant physiology.

Smart nanosystems are used in many fields such as medicine, biomedical, biotechnology, agriculture, environmental pollution control, cosmetics, optics, health, food, energy, textiles, automotive, communication technologies, agriculture, and electronics. Chapter 7, "The Components of Functional Nanosystems and Nanostructures" written by Gülay Baysal, is devoted to the questions of new synthetic, diagnostic, and treatment methods for production of nanospheres, nanorobots, biosensors, quantum dots, and biochips, which are considered to be the main components of

applications in different cases are presented and discussed.

**Chapter 1**

**Abstract**

Biomedical Applications of

Biomaterials Functionalized

with Magnetic Nanoparticles

The combination of magnetic nanoparticles and a biocompatible material leads to the manufacturing of a multifunctional and remotely controlled platform useful for diverse biomedical issues. If a static magnetic field is applied, a magnetic scaffold behaves like an attraction platform for magnetic carriers of growth factors, thus being a potential tool to enhance magnetic drug delivery in regenerative medicine. To translate in practice this potential application, a careful and critical description of the physics and the influence parameter is required. This chapter covers the mathematical modeling of the process and assesses the problem of establishing the influence of the drug delivery system on tissue regeneration. On the other hand, if a time-varying magnetic field is applied, the magnetic nanoparticles would dissipate heat, which can be exploited to perform local hyperthermia treatment on residual cancer cells in the bone tissue. To perform the treatment planning, it is necessary to account for the modeling of the intrinsic nonlinear nature of the heat dissipation dynamic in magnetic prosthetic implants. In this work, numeric experiments to investigate the physiopathological features of the biological system, linked to the properties of the nanocomposite magnetic material, to assess its

**Keywords:** biomaterials, bone tumors, bone repair, drug delivery, hyperthermia,

Nanotechnologies aim to ease and to satisfy the needs of regenerative medicine<sup>1</sup>

Multifunctional magnetic-responsive materials can be manufactured by modifying or functionalizing traditional materials employed in tissue engineering or by

<sup>1</sup> Regenerative medicine is a tissue regeneration technique based on the replacement or repair of

by providing multifunctional, theranostic, and stimuli-responsive biomaterials [1, 2]. In particular, stimuli-responsive biomaterials such as magneto-responsive biomaterials are devices capable of reacting to an external magnetic field spatiotemporally in a specific way [3]. This powerful class of biomaterials is a promising candidate as active and therapeutic scaffolds for advanced drug delivery and tissue

*Matteo Bruno Lodi and Alessandro Fanti*

effectiveness as therapeutic agents are presented.

diseased tissue or organs to restore a lost or impaired function [1].

magnetic nanoparticles, RF heating, scaffolds

**1. Introduction**

**1**

regeneration applications [3, 4].
