*The Components of Functional Nanosystems and Nanostructures DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92027*

Khan et al. [41] synthesized aptamer-based electrochemical biosensors for lysozyme determination. These biosensors are electronic and disposable biosensors. They used the inkjet-printing method for the detection of lysozyme which is a biomarker in the diagnosis of diseases. Carbon nanotubes and the single-stranded DNA were used for aptamer immobilization on the electrode. Thus, inks containing a mixture of carbon nanotube-aptamer complexes were synthesized. Generally, the main reasons for the use of aptamers in biosensor syntheses are resistance to environmental conditions, thermal and chemical stability, and increasing the binding efficiency. In addition to these advantages, it is possible to synthesize inexpensive

Zhong et al. [49] synthesized fluorescence biosensor to detect *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* bacteria in food products. They performed the synthesis step using the copolymer points of dual-aptamer-labeled polydopamine-polyethyleneimine. According to the study of this article, it is seen that dual-aptamer biosensors enable more sensitive and accurate measurements than single-aptamer biosensors. Therefore, it has been concluded that the use of dual-aptamer-labeled polydopaminepolyethyleneimine copolymer points can be used in different alternative methods. Zhang et al. [50] synthesized colorimetric sensors for the detection of *Escherichia coli* and *Staphylococcus aureus* bacteria. It is based on the principle of separating and detecting bacteria from the medium using aptamer-based magnetic beads. Quantitative measurements of the growth kinetics of bacteria were measured by measuring the conductivity changes occurring in the environment depending on time. However, it was emphasized that the synthesized biosensor should be supported with different methods in sensitivity measurements. For this, methods such as changes in analyte volume and prolongation of incubation are recommended. Li et al. [51] used multiple amplification reactions and electrochemical methods to detect *E. coli* bacteria. First, the target sequences extracted from *E. coli* O157: H7 were converted to executive DNA and amplified. Next, a large number of transformed nucleic acid sequences were amplified by the RCA reaction. Then, DNA sequences were immobilized and electrochemical signals were measured with the help of electrochemical indicators. As a result, it is suggested that more effective results can be obtained in detecting pathogenic bacteria in living organism by

Zhan et al. [52], synthesized aptasensors with the amplification method for the colorimetric detection of *Listeria monocytogenes*. In this study, enzyme dependent aptasensors were developed by rotary circle amplification (ELARCA) analysis. The study is based on the selectivity race between an aptamer specific for the bacteria of the *Listeria monocytogenes* and the biotin probe and the RCA probe. Adding bacteria to the environment prepares the medium suitable for the RCA probe, which starts the RCA process (rolling circle amplification), and causes the biotin probe to be exposed. In the presence of RCA buffer, multiple DNA copies are formed by binding to the biotin probe. In the presence of the enzyme substrate in the medium, (horse radish peroxidase), the chromophore group produced by HRP enables col-

As a result, it is thought that the determination of more specific aptamers for bacteria may be more developer for measurement accuracy and accuracy in the

Nanosystems and nanoparticles are based on the foundations of quantum physics that upset the laws of classical physics. Quantum mechanics makes it possible

biosensors, have a long shelf life and can be reproduced.

*Smart Nanosystems for Biomedicine, Optoelectronics and Catalysis*

developing multiple amplification methods.

orimetric measurement analysis.

**4. Conclusion**

**126**

study that allows successful measurements.

that nano-sized particles can be given unique and extraordinary abilities. This new technology is pushing dreams together and even promises to go beyond the borders of a futuristic imagination. Nanotechnology, which opens the door to extraordinary innovations in many engineering applications and medicine, brings many definitions such as nanoparticles, quantum dots, nanosensors, biosensors, nanospheres and nanorobots to our lives. The toxicities of quantum dots are very important for in-vivo experiments in agricultural applications. The best way to solve this problem is to secure it by bioconjugating it with coatings, proteins and peptides to protect and stabilize the surface of quantum dots. In addition, the choice of rounded quantum dots called colloidal in biosensing solutions can prevent possible problems. Using a non-toxic titanium dioxide compound can also solve the toxicity problem in in vitro applications.

Biological recognition systems connected to a transducer are effective in the specificity and selectivity of biosensors. Therefore, the most important part in a biosensor mechanism is bioreceptor synthesis. In the literature searches, biosensors for the detection of many diseases, viruses and bacteria were synthesized. However, in the applied methods, dual-aptamer biosensors generally give more precise and accurate measurements than single-aptamers. Multiple amplification reactions with fluorescence, colorimetric or electrochemical methods give better results. The more specific aptamers are used, the greater the measurement accuracy. The use of silver and gold nanoparticles in biosensor synthesis greatly increases the measuring ability of the system. Therefore, the repeatability properties of the probes will also be supported. In addition, metal organic framework compounds greatly increase the measuring ability due to their large surface areas, especially in the modification of electrodes for biosensor synthesis based on the measurement of electrochemical signals.

Even though this new technology enables rapid, inexpensive, reliable, reproducible, high-precision measurement, diagnosis and analysis in many scientific fields, the studies to be carried out in this field in the coming years will provide meaningful grounds for solving existing problems or developing more advanced technologies. It should be noted that nanotechnological systems have a significant effect on polymers. Because polymers enable easy sterilization of synthesized nanoparticles. It also increases the loading capacity of the active substance and allows the synthesis of non-toxic particles, which can be degraded and decomposed in a physiological environment. Thanks to these advantages, it supports controlled release systems and bioavailability. It makes the world of the future a candidate for the dream of the future.

*Smart Nanosystems for Biomedicine, Optoelectronics and Catalysis*

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