*2.1.1 Polymerization*

The nanospheres may be crystalline and amorphous. It is very advantageous

Nanospheres have many advantages in their application areas. Nanospheres, especially in the field of medicine, can find a wide range of applications because they can easily pass through capillaries, penetrate tissue cavities easily, target organs, be formulated in a controlled manner, and reduce toxicity effects. Furthermore, due to the minimum particle size, they tend to agglomerate and form pellets and are challenging to obtain in liquid and solid forms. Nanospheres are obtained by polymerization, solvent displacement, salting out, controlled gelification, ionic gelation, solvent evaporation, and desolvation techniques [2–4] (**Figure 3**).

The nanorods are nanoscale materials that have unique optical properties like nanospheres. They are also expected to play an important role as both interconnects and functional units in fabricating electronic, optoelectronic, electrochemical and electromechanical nanodevices. Nanoscale materials such as fullerenes, nanorods, quantum dots and metallic nanoparticles have unique properties, because of their high surface area to volume ratio. Nanorods are used in many application fields such as dye solar cell, oligonucleotide detection, applied electric field and humidity sensitive. It should be recommended to synthesize nanorods in bulk in particular for biomedical fields. Nanorods are examined by extinction and scattering spectroscopy, DLS, TEM methods [5, 6]. Synthesis of gold nanorods has recently undergone

because of its imprisonment, injection and dispersion properties [1].

*Smart Nanosystems for Biomedicine, Optoelectronics and Catalysis*

**Figure 1.**

**Figure 2.**

**114**

*The structure of nanospheres [1].*

*Structure of nanosystems.*

dramatic improvements. It is possible to produce high yields of nearly

Emulsification polymerization is applied as a polymerization technique, and monomers are polymerized into nanospheres. Polymethylmethacrylate and poly cyanoacrylate polymers are among the most commonly used polymers for emulsification in the polymerization process. After polymerization, the active substance dissolves in the medium and is bonded with nanospheres or attached to the surface. The obtained material is purified, freeze-dried and the nanospheres are synthesized [7].
