**6. Fate of nanoparticles in plants**

Targeted application nanoparticles have led to their use in many areas, including medical, pharmacological, chemical, paint, fertilizer, geosensing, agriculture, etc.

**107**

**7. In vitro assay**

**8. Applications**

*Phytonanofabrication: Methodology and Factors Affecting Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles*

Nonetheless, nanoparticles are very durable and not easily degraded, which may remain in nature for decades or more. They may therefore remain in the climate, soil, air, water and eventually accumulate in the food chain. As a result, potential fates of nanoparticles in microorganisms, insects, animals, humans, plants and the

Plants are faced with nanoparticles due to application in the field of plant protection. These nanoparticles are absorbed or collected or absorbed through the cell wall, the leaf surfaces, and the stomata or through the root from the soil. Once entry into the plant through the leaf surfaces, cell cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosome, plant proteins, and enzymes radically alter their normal functions that cause cell death. They also interact with different processes in cells that cause alteration in phytohormones, metabolites, photosynthesis, transport and apoptosisinducing metabolism. In addition, nanoparticles binding induce oxidative stress leading to degradation of proteins, lipids, nucleic acid, stress-related genes and increased antioxidant development for ROS activity, effects cell function and leads the oxidation of proteins, lipids and nucleic acid [24]. The nanoparticles could activate certain cells that activate apoptosis by intrinsic pathway or necrosis. Thus, while formulating the nanoparticles or the nanoparticles-based products for various applications, it is very important to keep the track of nanoparticle products side effect into environment. These nanoparticles interact through an unknown mechanism and sometimes act in support of and increase the growth of seeds and plants. Nanoparticles, on the other hand, could inhibit seed and plant growth without any clues. Nanobiopesticide (NBP) products must therefore be organic and nontoxic and their final deposition in plants must be studied exclusively. There are several studies that use nanoparticles or nanobiopesticides to combat pests; on the other hand, these nanobiopesticides are being purged into healthy plant cells. Therefore, the pesticide in nanoform or nanomaterial must be eco-friendly to plants and, at the

same time, the NBP must act selectively to suppress pests or insects.

The potential prospectus on the capacity of nanoparticles is tested via in vitro assay that based on Kirby-Bauer technique. The inherent potential of nanoparticles is used on various applications in laboratory as well as in industries. There are various ways to trace the inhibition property of silver nanoparticles. The minimum inhibition concentration of dried powder nanoparticles is important to determine the dose of nanoparticles against pathogens, and the zone of inhibition by silver nanoparticles is compared with the standard antibiotics. The concentration at which silver nanoparticles shows some effect to the microbe or fungi is determined by several methods such as agar well diffusion, disc diffusion and toxicity assays that are generally used for detecting the minimum concentration of silver nanoparticles for its antimicrobial/antifungal activity, larvicidal activity, anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet activity, anti-angiogenesis, antiviral, antilarva and pupicidal activity [25].

Nanotechnology has given nanomaterials a chance to be used in different fields. Thanks to their nanosize and stability, there are countless applications for nanoscale

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90918*

atmosphere are very important.

**6.1 Nanoparticles' effect on plants**

## *Phytonanofabrication: Methodology and Factors Affecting Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90918*

Nonetheless, nanoparticles are very durable and not easily degraded, which may remain in nature for decades or more. They may therefore remain in the climate, soil, air, water and eventually accumulate in the food chain. As a result, potential fates of nanoparticles in microorganisms, insects, animals, humans, plants and the atmosphere are very important.
