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**Chapter 7**

**Abstract**

fusion reactors.

tritium retention

**1. Introduction**

Properties

Tungsten Nanoparticles Produced

by Magnetron Sputtering

Gas Aggregation: Process

*Bogdan Bita, Raluca Negrea, Elodie Bernard,* 

*Christian Grisolia and Gheorghe Dinescu*

Characterization and Particle

*Tomy Acsente, Lavinia Gabriela Carpen, Elena Matei,* 

Tungsten and tungsten nanoparticles are involved in a series of processes, in nanotechnology, metallurgy, and fusion technology. Apart from chemical methods, nanoparticle synthesis by plasma offers advantages as good control of size, shape, and surface chemistry. The plasma methods are also environmentally friendly. In this chapter, we present aspects related to the magnetron sputtering gas aggregation (MSGA) process applied to synthesis of tungsten nanoparticles, with size in the range of tens to hundreds of nanometers. We present the MSGA process and its peculiarities in the case of tungsten nanoparticle synthesis. The properties of the obtained particles with a focus on the influence of the process parameters over the particle production rate, their size, morphology, and structure are discussed. To the end, we emphasize the utility of such particles for assessing the environmental and biological impacts in case of using tungsten as wall material in thermonuclear

**Keywords:** tungsten, nanoparticles, gas aggregation, nanoparticle synthesis, tungsten nanoparticle properties, fusion technology, toxicology of nanoparticles,

**1.1 Tungsten nanoparticles: their applications and methods for their synthesis**

Tungsten (named also as Wolfram—W) is a material presenting extreme physical and chemical properties, with applications in diverse domains, starting from common life up to high technology. First commercial applications of W started at the beginning of twentieth century when it was used for lighting bulb filaments and in steel alloys. Soon, the domain of applications of W widened, and today it is used

## **Chapter 7**
