**3. Quantum gravity as macroscopic force**

Quantum gravity is a well-established term in the framework of the creation of the unified field theory, and this term means a quantum description of gravitational interaction. Obviously, the process of describing the gravitational interaction is not related to the emergence of gravitational force, as a fundamental force that plays a key role in nature. I propose to return quantum gravity to its original meaning as the primary source of interaction forces in nature. Quantum mechanics and general relativity are two fundamental theories that underlie the theory of quantum gravity. But, these theories are based on supposedly different a conceptual principle, which does not allow creating a unified field theory based on the theory of quantum gravity. Direct experiments in the field of quantum gravity are inaccessible to modern technologies due to the weakness of gravitational interactions. This is only a short list of difficulties that arise when trying to understand what quantum gravity is. I propose to combine the supposedly different conceptual principles of quantum mechanics and the general theory of relativity not to create a theory of Kant's gravity, but for the experimental realization of quantum gravity as a macroscopic force.

Obviously, any quantum object has mass. Then, the gravitational interaction between these objects, as bodies having a certain mass, is called quantum gravity by analogy with the classical concept of gravity. The mass of quantum objects is very small, and then it is obvious that the force of such quantum gravity, due to mass, can play a significant role and be detected at very small distances. It is believed that this distance determines the absolute unit of Planck's length, which is 10<sup>−</sup>33 cm. Penetration into the scale of units of length and Planck's time requires the creation of a density of 1099 cm−<sup>3</sup> objects. For this you need to build a collider size, probably from the Milky Way. These are supposedly obvious direct experiments, the technology of which cannot be realized at the present time.

I propose another technology for creating quantum gravity as a macroscopic force precisely on the basis of the conceptual compatibility of quantum mechanics with the general theory of relativity. For this, I propose to assume that quantum gravity, as a force, is the result of the space-time curvature of the field from the point of view of the general theory of relativity. And from the point of view of quantum mechanics, the source of quantum gravity should bend the space-time field at the quantum level. The moving mass creates a curvature of the space-time field in classical space; therefore it is the source of classical gravity. Then, by analogy, quantum gravity should arise as a result of a quantum process that bends the space-time field at the quantum level. Such a process exists and is generally known. This process is the transition of any quantum object from one quantum state to another quantum state, since the wave function of any quantum state transforms itself in space and time, and therefore bends space-time, with any change of quantum states. This is a well-known and generally accepted experimental fact. It is obvious that the curvature of the space-time field and, therefore, quantum gravity, as a force, will increase with an increase in the number of such quantum transitions. I propose to consider a quantum state called quantum superposition as a kind of quantum space that contains 2*<sup>N</sup>* entangled quantum states, where *N* is the number of quantum objects that participate in quantum superposition. The reason for this

**59**

*Quantum Dots CdSe/ZnS as a Source Array of Entangled States*

proposal is simple. Only quantum superposition provides an exponential increase in the number of quantum states and, thus, entangles all quantum states of quantum superposition and provides an exponential increase in the number of transitions of quantum objects from one state to another as a result of decoherence of quantum superposition. Indeed, quantum superposition, for example, from *N* = 1000 quantum objects contains 21000 = 10301 entangled quantum states, which become *N* = 103 stable quantum states in the classical space during the collapse (decoherence) of quantum superposition. Therefore, decoherence of quantum superposition of 1000 objects provides 10298 mutual transitions of quantum states, which is many orders of magnitude greater than the density of quantum states necessary for experimental

The experimental results of part 2 of this article substantiate the teleportation of quantum dots with a metastable exciton under the action of external classical forces. This teleportation is the result of quantum teleportation of the "metastable exciton" quantum state. This result looks like a fantasy, but this result is a physical reality, since the qubit is a quantum object in two stable basic states. This means that a qubit in the state (QD in the ground state) and a qubit in the state (QD with a metastable exciton) are different quantum objects in the classical space. **Figure 1b** shows the transformation of the pattern of the beam trace profile in the process of achieving a steady state. A nonlinear optical response is formed as a result of a photoinduced change in the refractive index. QDs with metastable excitons are the direct source of this photoinduced refractive index. Therefore, the stationary state of the nonlinear response is established when the concentration of quantum dots with a metastable exciton is established in the stationary state. And this is due to the accumulation of quantum dots with a metastable exciton, as a state with a long relaxation time. Therefore, the unique flattening of the upper half of the beam profile pattern should be associated with the accumulation of QDs in the state. The experimental results of **Figure 5** confirm this statement and show how the beam trace profile "comes" to its stationary state when the colloid was in the position *z* = −25.5 cm = −49*z*0. The input optical beam had a radius *w* = 1374 μm, which causes sufficiently long diffusion times for the accumulation of quantum dots with a metastable exciton. This makes it possible to record all stages of the transformation of the beam trace profile in sufficient detail, since the registration took place with a digital camera with an interval between frames of 40 ms. Another "highlight" of the experiment in this position along the *Z* axis is that the intensity of the

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88558*

work on the scale of absolute Planck units.

input optical beam was ~1 W cm<sup>−</sup><sup>2</sup>

.

that increase with the accumulation of QDs with a metastable exciton.

The obvious direction of action of these forces is shown in **Figure 6**, which shows the transformation of the pattern of the beam trace profile in the position of a cell

The fact is that the authors of almost all works consider that if the optical medium absorbs optical radiation, then the nonlinear optical response is thermal nonlinearity. Thermal nonlinearity is a consequence of a decrease in the density of the optical medium as a result of its heating. The non-linear thermal lens is, as a rule, negative and it defocuses the optical beam. The defocusing of the optical beam manifests itself as an increase in the size of the beam trace profile on a remote screen. **Figure 5** shows, with all the evidence, that the size of the beam trace profile coincides with the size of the input beam trace profile during the entire time of establishment of the steady state. This means that there is no thermal nonlinear lens, and a unique transformation of the output beam profile pattern is present. Therefore, the flattening of the beam trace pattern is a result of the action of forces

**3.1 The results of the experiment and discussion**

*Quantum Dots CdSe/ZnS as a Source Array of Entangled States DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88558*

*Quantum Dots - Fundamental and Applications*

**3. Quantum gravity as macroscopic force**

flows or wind gusts).

of a density of 1099 cm−<sup>3</sup>

ogy of which cannot be realized at the present time.

profile pattern). An analogue of the physics of such teleportation is the precipitation of raindrops (quantum states) from a macroscopic rain cloud (quantum superposition) under the action of internal forces (for example, the turbulent distribution of condensation centers) or external forces (for example, turbulent

Quantum gravity is a well-established term in the framework of the creation of the unified field theory, and this term means a quantum description of gravitational interaction. Obviously, the process of describing the gravitational interaction is not related to the emergence of gravitational force, as a fundamental force that plays a key role in nature. I propose to return quantum gravity to its original meaning as the primary source of interaction forces in nature. Quantum mechanics and general relativity are two fundamental theories that underlie the theory of quantum gravity. But, these theories are based on supposedly different a conceptual principle, which does not allow creating a unified field theory based on the theory of quantum gravity. Direct experiments in the field of quantum gravity are inaccessible to modern technologies due to the weakness of gravitational interactions. This is only a short list of difficulties that arise when trying to understand what quantum gravity is. I propose to combine the supposedly different conceptual principles of quantum mechanics and the general theory of relativity not to create a theory of Kant's gravity, but for the experimental realization of quantum gravity as a macroscopic force. Obviously, any quantum object has mass. Then, the gravitational interaction between these objects, as bodies having a certain mass, is called quantum gravity by analogy with the classical concept of gravity. The mass of quantum objects is very small, and then it is obvious that the force of such quantum gravity, due to mass, can play a significant role and be detected at very small distances. It is believed that this distance determines the absolute unit of Planck's length, which is 10<sup>−</sup>33 cm. Penetration into the scale of units of length and Planck's time requires the creation

objects. For this you need to build a collider size, probably

from the Milky Way. These are supposedly obvious direct experiments, the technol-

I propose another technology for creating quantum gravity as a macroscopic force precisely on the basis of the conceptual compatibility of quantum mechanics with the general theory of relativity. For this, I propose to assume that quantum gravity, as a force, is the result of the space-time curvature of the field from the point of view of the general theory of relativity. And from the point of view of quantum mechanics, the source of quantum gravity should bend the space-time field at the quantum level. The moving mass creates a curvature of the space-time field in classical space; therefore it is the source of classical gravity. Then, by analogy, quantum gravity should arise as a result of a quantum process that bends the space-time field at the quantum level. Such a process exists and is generally known. This process is the transition of any quantum object from one quantum state to another quantum state, since the wave function of any quantum state transforms itself in space and time, and therefore bends space-time, with any change of

quantum states. This is a well-known and generally accepted experimental fact. It is obvious that the curvature of the space-time field and, therefore, quantum gravity, as a force, will increase with an increase in the number of such quantum transitions. I propose to consider a quantum state called quantum superposition as a kind of quantum space that contains 2*<sup>N</sup>* entangled quantum states, where *N* is the number of quantum objects that participate in quantum superposition. The reason for this

**58**

proposal is simple. Only quantum superposition provides an exponential increase in the number of quantum states and, thus, entangles all quantum states of quantum superposition and provides an exponential increase in the number of transitions of quantum objects from one state to another as a result of decoherence of quantum superposition. Indeed, quantum superposition, for example, from *N* = 1000 quantum objects contains 21000 = 10301 entangled quantum states, which become *N* = 103 stable quantum states in the classical space during the collapse (decoherence) of quantum superposition. Therefore, decoherence of quantum superposition of 1000 objects provides 10298 mutual transitions of quantum states, which is many orders of magnitude greater than the density of quantum states necessary for experimental work on the scale of absolute Planck units.

#### **3.1 The results of the experiment and discussion**

The experimental results of part 2 of this article substantiate the teleportation of quantum dots with a metastable exciton under the action of external classical forces. This teleportation is the result of quantum teleportation of the "metastable exciton" quantum state. This result looks like a fantasy, but this result is a physical reality, since the qubit is a quantum object in two stable basic states. This means that a qubit in the state (QD in the ground state) and a qubit in the state (QD with a metastable exciton) are different quantum objects in the classical space. **Figure 1b** shows the transformation of the pattern of the beam trace profile in the process of achieving a steady state. A nonlinear optical response is formed as a result of a photoinduced change in the refractive index. QDs with metastable excitons are the direct source of this photoinduced refractive index. Therefore, the stationary state of the nonlinear response is established when the concentration of quantum dots with a metastable exciton is established in the stationary state. And this is due to the accumulation of quantum dots with a metastable exciton, as a state with a long relaxation time. Therefore, the unique flattening of the upper half of the beam profile pattern should be associated with the accumulation of QDs in the state. The experimental results of **Figure 5** confirm this statement and show how the beam trace profile "comes" to its stationary state when the colloid was in the position *z* = −25.5 cm = −49*z*0. The input optical beam had a radius *w* = 1374 μm, which causes sufficiently long diffusion times for the accumulation of quantum dots with a metastable exciton. This makes it possible to record all stages of the transformation of the beam trace profile in sufficient detail, since the registration took place with a digital camera with an interval between frames of 40 ms. Another "highlight" of the experiment in this position along the *Z* axis is that the intensity of the input optical beam was ~1 W cm<sup>−</sup><sup>2</sup> .

The fact is that the authors of almost all works consider that if the optical medium absorbs optical radiation, then the nonlinear optical response is thermal nonlinearity. Thermal nonlinearity is a consequence of a decrease in the density of the optical medium as a result of its heating. The non-linear thermal lens is, as a rule, negative and it defocuses the optical beam. The defocusing of the optical beam manifests itself as an increase in the size of the beam trace profile on a remote screen.

**Figure 5** shows, with all the evidence, that the size of the beam trace profile coincides with the size of the input beam trace profile during the entire time of establishment of the steady state. This means that there is no thermal nonlinear lens, and a unique transformation of the output beam profile pattern is present. Therefore, the flattening of the beam trace pattern is a result of the action of forces that increase with the accumulation of QDs with a metastable exciton.

The obvious direction of action of these forces is shown in **Figure 6**, which shows the transformation of the pattern of the beam trace profile in the position of a cell

#### **Figure 5.**

*The photographs represent the profile of the beam trace in the process of establishing a steady state. The numbers have time after the start of the lighting. (a) Represents the beginning of the development of transformation; (b) shows the relaxation of the beam trace size to the stationary mode.*

#### **Figure 6.**

*Transformation of the pattern of the beam traces profile when the cell was in the waist of the input beam. The numbers have time after the start of the lighting.*

with a colloid near the waist of the input optical beam. The input beam has a maximum intensity, and it illuminates the minimum volume of the nonlinear medium in this position. Therefore, the curvature of the wave front of the light-induced lens increases in comparison with the curvature at positions far from the waist of the input beam. The optical power of this lens also increases. The size and number of rings of the beam trace profile pattern increases, and the time to steady state is reduced. The files videos 1–3.gif demonstrates the transformation of the beam trace profile for this position of a colloid cell in real time. Collapse (self-focusing) of the optical beam takes place at the very beginning of illumination of a nonlinear medium. A typical Townes profile [21] is formed in the first 40 ms after the start of

**61**

**Figure 7.**

*through in the vertical direction: from bottom to top.*

*Quantum Dots CdSe/ZnS as a Source Array of Entangled States*

illumination. A dozen rings are formed already to 120 ms after the start of illumination. The increase in the number of rings and the simultaneous "lowering" of the whole pattern of the beam trace profile downward is observed in the time interval 160–600 ms after the start of illumination. Subsequently, the upper half of the beam trace continues to descend, forming only three contrasting rings that do not "go" beyond the horizon, as at *z* = −48*z*0 and the rings of the pattern of the lower half of the beam trace profile "tighten" to their center, which is located on the axis of the input optical beam. As an example, the ninth from the outer ring, marked by a dot in **Figure 6** (280 ms), is shifted to the place of the 11th ring (1600 ms) during the time interval of 280–1600 ms after the start of illumination. Thus, we see that the upper half of the beam trace profile descends almost to the axis of the input beam, while the lower half of the interference pattern descends first and then, after some time, "tightens" up to the axis of the input beam. This is one of the key results of the experiment, and it indicates that the light-induced force is directed to the center of

the input optical beam, i.e., it is directed to the axis of the optical beam.

pletely, and the lower half of the profile is compressed slightly.

The photos in **Figure 7** demonstrate the pattern of the beam trace profile when the colloid shines through in the vertical "bottom-up" direction. It can be seen that the beam trace profile remains axisymmetric all the time. Transformation of different parts

Obviously, the horizontal scanning of the colloid differs from the vertical in that the gravitational force of the Earth is directed perpendicular to the beam axis, whereas with vertical scanning the gravity force is parallel to the beam axis. In other words, we are in a situation where two mechanical forces have different directions. One force is terrestrial gravity, and it is directed vertically downwards, and the other force is light-induced force and it is directed to the axis of the optical beam. Then, the resultant force is the sum of two forces in the upper half of the beam trace profile, and there is the difference of these forces in the lower half of the beam trace profile. As a result, the upper half of the beam profile is compressed almost com-

Section 2.2 of this paper justifies the property of QDs to form quantum superposition with 2*<sup>N</sup>* entangled quantum states under CW-illumination by an optical beam. The continuous repeating cycle "self-assembling quantum superposition decoherence of quantum superposition—and self-assembling again" provides an unimaginably large number of quantum transitions "*N* states—in 2*<sup>N</sup>* quantum states—decoherence in *N* states." These quantum transitions provide, in turn, an unimaginable number of curvatures of the space-time field with quantum objects, which are QDs. And this is quantum gravity in the literal sense: quantum gravity is mechanical force. Judging by the results, for example, in **Figure 5**, the light-induced quantum gravity force somewhat exceeds the force of the earth's gravity, since the

*Profiles of the beam trace profile reflect the transformation of the progeny when the nonlinear medium shines* 

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88558*

of the beam trace profile is absent.

### *Quantum Dots CdSe/ZnS as a Source Array of Entangled States DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88558*

*Quantum Dots - Fundamental and Applications*

**60**

**Figure 6.**

**Figure 5.**

*numbers have time after the start of the lighting.*

with a colloid near the waist of the input optical beam. The input beam has a maximum intensity, and it illuminates the minimum volume of the nonlinear medium in this position. Therefore, the curvature of the wave front of the light-induced lens increases in comparison with the curvature at positions far from the waist of the input beam. The optical power of this lens also increases. The size and number of rings of the beam trace profile pattern increases, and the time to steady state is reduced. The files videos 1–3.gif demonstrates the transformation of the beam trace profile for this position of a colloid cell in real time. Collapse (self-focusing) of the optical beam takes place at the very beginning of illumination of a nonlinear medium. A typical Townes profile [21] is formed in the first 40 ms after the start of

*Transformation of the pattern of the beam traces profile when the cell was in the waist of the input beam. The* 

*The photographs represent the profile of the beam trace in the process of establishing a steady state. The numbers have time after the start of the lighting. (a) Represents the beginning of the development of* 

*transformation; (b) shows the relaxation of the beam trace size to the stationary mode.*

illumination. A dozen rings are formed already to 120 ms after the start of illumination. The increase in the number of rings and the simultaneous "lowering" of the whole pattern of the beam trace profile downward is observed in the time interval 160–600 ms after the start of illumination. Subsequently, the upper half of the beam trace continues to descend, forming only three contrasting rings that do not "go" beyond the horizon, as at *z* = −48*z*0 and the rings of the pattern of the lower half of the beam trace profile "tighten" to their center, which is located on the axis of the input optical beam. As an example, the ninth from the outer ring, marked by a dot in **Figure 6** (280 ms), is shifted to the place of the 11th ring (1600 ms) during the time interval of 280–1600 ms after the start of illumination. Thus, we see that the upper half of the beam trace profile descends almost to the axis of the input beam, while the lower half of the interference pattern descends first and then, after some time, "tightens" up to the axis of the input beam. This is one of the key results of the experiment, and it indicates that the light-induced force is directed to the center of the input optical beam, i.e., it is directed to the axis of the optical beam.

The photos in **Figure 7** demonstrate the pattern of the beam trace profile when the colloid shines through in the vertical "bottom-up" direction. It can be seen that the beam trace profile remains axisymmetric all the time. Transformation of different parts of the beam trace profile is absent.

Obviously, the horizontal scanning of the colloid differs from the vertical in that the gravitational force of the Earth is directed perpendicular to the beam axis, whereas with vertical scanning the gravity force is parallel to the beam axis. In other words, we are in a situation where two mechanical forces have different directions. One force is terrestrial gravity, and it is directed vertically downwards, and the other force is light-induced force and it is directed to the axis of the optical beam. Then, the resultant force is the sum of two forces in the upper half of the beam trace profile, and there is the difference of these forces in the lower half of the beam trace profile. As a result, the upper half of the beam profile is compressed almost completely, and the lower half of the profile is compressed slightly.

Section 2.2 of this paper justifies the property of QDs to form quantum superposition with 2*<sup>N</sup>* entangled quantum states under CW-illumination by an optical beam. The continuous repeating cycle "self-assembling quantum superposition decoherence of quantum superposition—and self-assembling again" provides an unimaginably large number of quantum transitions "*N* states—in 2*<sup>N</sup>* quantum states—decoherence in *N* states." These quantum transitions provide, in turn, an unimaginable number of curvatures of the space-time field with quantum objects, which are QDs. And this is quantum gravity in the literal sense: quantum gravity is mechanical force. Judging by the results, for example, in **Figure 5**, the light-induced quantum gravity force somewhat exceeds the force of the earth's gravity, since the

**Figure 7.**

*Profiles of the beam trace profile reflect the transformation of the progeny when the nonlinear medium shines through in the vertical direction: from bottom to top.*

sum of these forces flattens the pattern of the upper half of the beam almost completely, and the difference of these forces slightly affects the pattern of the lower half of the beam trace profile.

The practical significance of such a force of quantum gravity solves the longterm problem of thermonuclear fusion of nuclei. The modern concept of nuclear synthesis suggests that plasma temperatures of 108 –109 K will provide automatic synthesis of nuclei with a positive energy output. This concept is based on experimental results that are obtained repeatedly on particle accelerators. The real synthesis of nuclei in the *H*-bomb takes place, ostensibly, both because of the high temperature and because of the extremely high pressure, which arises as a result of the material being compressed by *X*-rays. *X*-ray radiation is an external force that can, in principle, compress the material, but this force is external and due to various kinds of fluctuations in the material, uniform compression is impossible, in principle. Quantum gravity is an internal force and, precisely, internal forces are capable of compressing the material evenly. Therefore, the real role of *X*-rays in the *H*-bomb is to create a quantum superposition of such a large *N*, that quantum gravity in the material of the *H*-bomb can be comparable to gravity in the center of the sun. The result is—lit a piece of the sun in terrestrial conditions.
