**Conflict of interest**

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

*Welding Residual Stresses to the Electric Arc DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93533*

*Welding - Modern Topics*

**5. Conclusion**

more is inserted into the system, the cathode point moves to the additional wire, which is being feed, shown in **Figure 14c**. This change in the cathode point for the additional wire allows for a more stable welding, thus there is no erosive effect on the wall base metal, the smallest variation in the heat input value for the CW-GMAW points to the stability of the process and its ability to increase the

It is perceived that identifying, predicting and measuring residual stresses is not an easy labor, the notion of the behavior of residual stresses in a welded component, often implies not only in theoretical terms of their formation and generation, but also to discern which technique best fits to certain types of analysis, although, it is known that all techniques have their advantages and disadvantages. Thus, to help the authors involved in this area to adopt the technique that best suits their research, a broad approach on destructive and non-destructive techniques was explored. Therefore, reaching the conclusion that in addition to the behavior of residual stresses in the welded structure, other parameters must be considered when choosing the technique, for example, the thickness of the joint. Thus, the use of destructive and non-destructive techniques depends not only on having them for use, but also on the need for analysis. In general, non-destructive techniques are more widely used and acoustic birefringence (AB) appears as a promising technique with excellent results compared to more consolidated techniques such as X-ray diffraction. Despite some limitations, the depth of analysis, the ease handling and the low cost of the equipment are very attractive advantages when compared to other methods of the same class or not. Finally, it is clear that, while having knowledge of the mechanisms for generating residual stress by arc welding, its behavior in the weld structure, as well as the techniques used for its measurement, it is certainly more viable to weld without the generation of this voltage, but as this is not possible, a way to control or reduce this voltage is important, and within this perspective there are countless ways to do this, and one result that drew attention within this study was the welding process CW-GMAW, which in addition to reducing the levels of tensile stresses, generates less deformation in the structure. Therefore, in general, a study was successful in its objectives, which was to provide a range of relevant information on arc welding stresses to the community studying the topic.

We would like to thank CAPES for the scholarships that each one had during our study and FINEP for the financing of projects that helped us in the acquisition of the equipment and assembly of the laboratory. And we also thank Proderna (UFPA)

for the opportunity to be part of an excellent research program.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

deposition rate without changing the welding heat input.

**252**

**Acknowledgements**

**Conflict of interest**
