Metal Thermo-Mechanical Processing

*Welding - Modern Topics*

757-761.

331:153-162.

Microstructural aspects of TBC's deposited on internal combustion engine valve materials, Materials Science Forum, 907, 02555476.

[43] He, D.J., Fu, B.J., Jiang, J.M., Li, X.J., Microstructure and wear performance of arc sprayed Fe-FeB-WC coatings, J. Therm. Spray Technol. 17 (2008)

[44] Tillmann, W., Hagen, L., Kokalj, D., Embedment of eutectic tungsten carbides in arc sprayed steel coatings, Surface & Coatings Technology, 2017,

[46] Paulin, C., Chicet, D., Paleu, V., Benchea, M., Lupescu, Ş., & Munteanu, C. Dry friction aspects of Ni-based self-fluxing flame sprayed coatings. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2017, 227, 012091. doi:10.1088/1757-899x/227/1/012091.

[47] Haraga, R.A., Chicet Dl,

Cimpoiesu N, Toma SL, Bejinariu C. Influence of the Stand-off Distance and of the Layers Thickness on the Adhesion and Porosity of the 97MXC Deposits Obtained by Arc Spraying Process, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2020, 877(1)/ DOI:10.1088 / 1757-899X /

[48] Bejinariu, C, Burduhos-Nergis, DP, Cimpoesu, N, Bernevig-Sava, A, Toma, SL, Study on the anticorrosive phosphated steel carabiners used at personal protective equipment Qualityaccess to success, 2019, 20: 71-76

[45] Paleu, V., Georgescu, S., Baciu, C., Istrate, B., & Baciu, ER. Preliminary experimental research on friction characteristics of a thick gravitational casted babbit layer on steel substrate. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2016, 147, 012028. doi:10.1088/1757-899x/147/1/012028.

**160**

877/1/012020.

Supplement 1.

**163**

**Chapter 8**

**Abstract**

**1. Introduction**

of fuel consumption.

Treatments

*and Carlos Capdevila*

thermomechanical control process optimization.

to increase the efficiency of the conventional steam cycle.

High-Chromium (9-12Cr)

Steels: Creep Enhancement by

*Javier Vivas, David San-Martin, Francisca G. Caballero* 

Conventional Thermomechanical

There is a worldwide need to develop materials for advanced power plants with steam temperatures of 700°C and above which have the capacity to achieve high efficiency and low CO2 emissions. This request involves the development of new grades of 9-12Cr heat-resistant steels, with a nanostructured martensite, mainly focusing on the long-term creep rupture strength of base metal and welded joints, creep-fatigue properties, and microstructure evolution during exposure at such elevated temperatures. The main shortcomings of actual 9-12Cr high-chromium steels are that the creep resistance is not enough to fulfill the engineering requirements at temperatures higher than 600°C and the material undergoes a cyclic softening. Creep strength at high temperature could be improved by a microstructural optimization through nano-precipitation, guided by computational thermodynamics, and

**Keywords:** creep-resistant steels, thermomechanical treatment, creep fracture behavior, microstructural degradation, small punch creep tests, ausforming

There is a worldwide need for the sustainability of current energy sources in order to ensure the viability of future generations, as long as these sources are environmentally friendly. In this sense, power plant designs for the future should ensure a cost-efficient reduction of CO2 emissions and improvements in efficiency

The essential function of a power station is to convert energy from fuel (fossil or nuclear) into electrical energy. In the steam power plant, this conversion involves consuming the fuel to produce heat which is then used to produce steam to drive a turbine. The mechanical energy of the turbine is then converted to electrical energy by an alternator. The steam temperature on the entrance of the turbine is essential

The maximum steam temperature and pressure are limited by the performance of certain components. The main components which are critical are steam headers,
