Application of Natural Dyes for Herbal Textiles

*Anupama Mishra and Sapna Gautam*

## **Abstract**

Clothing, the second skin of our body, is of immense importance in human life and has been evolved continuously. Textile products having special properties are used for umpteen purposes, and one such product is herbal textiles. Changing trends in clothing, cosmetics, and aesthetics necessitates the development of newer technologies that can benefit end users by enhancing their health and aesthetics and provide a sense of relief and satisfaction. Herbal textiles are prepared by imparting essential oils and herbal extract finishes to textiles. These treatments provide medicinal value and aroma to the garment, which enhance its value. Herbal extracts and oils can be incorporated in textiles by microencapsulation, sensory perception technology, liposomes, dyes, and coated textile technology. The temperatures of the finish, the duration and concentration of plant extract, the blend of herbs, and the equipment used need to be carefully controlled. Herbal textiles are revitalizing and help in keeping the body fresh and healthy. These fabrics also shown to have therapeutic value in ailments like skin allergies, breathing problems, sleeping disorders, and blood pressure. In this chapter, emphasis is given on the significance of herbal clothing and the use of natural herbal extracts to produce them.

**Keywords:** natural dyeing, herbal finishes, herbal extracts, functional finishes, herbal wear

## **1. Introduction**

Textiles are susceptible to micro-organisms and their products (e.g. toxins) known to cause infection and intoxication. Myriad textile products such as herbal textiles and clothing are available in the market to support healthy lifestyle and hygiene. Most textile products are meant to come in contact with the skin; hence, herbally treated fabrics are better choice as they do not harbor harmful chemicals and thus are ecofriendly. People of yore used to live in harmony with nature and passionately protected their environment; however, nowadays, excessive exploitation of natural resources has led to a phenomenal increase in environmental pollution. This is taking a serious toll on the lives of all living beings on the planet earth. Right kind of fabric is of paramount importance to a healthy lifestyle, and synthetic fabrics' teeming with chemicals and dyes poses severe health threat. One would not like to eat a bowl of pesticide-drenched food. Then, why wear clothing doused in chemicals? Textile dyes obtained from natural sources are usually friendly to human skin and are biodegradable and ecofriendly. Some natural dyes have medicinal properties and impart healing qualities to the fabric. They are ecofriendly, save energy, provide rural employment, and preserve traditional craftsmanship [1].

Clothing is our second skin and plays an important role in human life. Textiles finished or dyed from extracts of various medicinal herbs are called herbal textiles. Textiles and clothing infused with medicinal herbs are becoming popular, especially in urban India. The use of such products helps in providing protection against myriad biological toxins and pathogens. Customers demand for new ranges of technology, owing to upward trend in enhancing beauty, that provide better esthetics along with improved health and a sense of relief and satisfaction during use. This trend has produced Cosmetotextiles.

Among technical textiles, medical textiles are a promising product, which plays an important role in maintaining the human health. Medical textiles consist of textiles used in operative and postoperative tasks on and around the patient and medical practitioners. They are broadly classified as nonimplantable materials, implantable materials, extracorporeal devices, hygiene products, protective, and healthcare textiles. Healthcare, disposable, and nondisposable hygiene products mainly used in hospitals to reduce the chances of contamination by biological toxins and infectious organisms.

India has good potential to produce natural dyes commercially as it is considered as 1 of the 17 mega diversity countries globally [2]. Traditional knowledge facilitates the use of plants and their products for healing the wounds and burn injuries and treating the skin infections. Herbal extracts are being used successfully for imparting antimicrobial finish to textiles [3].

Herbal products derived from plants are gaining popularity worldwide for use in textiles on account of their easy availability, green approach, low toxicity, biocompatibility, and ecofriendly nature [2, 3]. Owing to market demand for textile products having added comfort and functional properties, herbal products may be explored for their potential benefits to produce such products. This mandates scientists to devise methods and techniques to use plants containing bioactive agent in producing value added and more attractive functional textile substrates. Insect repellent, deodorizing/aroma, UV protection, antimicrobial, and flame retardant are some of the new properties, which have been imparted recently to textiles. In recent years, the growing demand for herbal products has led to the idea of developing healthcare textile products using herbal extracts.

Currently, herbal colorants are the most attractive option because of high biodegradability, low toxicity, green chemistry, and potential application in the textile dyeing and finishing industry. Natural colorants from plant sources are considered as novel agents in imparting multifunctional properties such as antimicrobial, insect repellent, deodorizing, and UV protection to textiles. Many natural colorants possess some inherent functions in addition to their coloring attribute. These inherent properties are transferred to the textile substrate dyed with an herbal colorant. Alternatively, dyeing textiles with these herbal colorants can combine dyeing with functionality finishes, an ecofriendly process using less water and energy than currently used separate wet treatments. Recently, increased interest in the use of natural dyes in textile dyeing has been observed due to enforcement of the stringent environmental regulations by many countries because of toxic effects of synthetic dyes. This review gives an overview of the herbal methods available at present for dyeing textile materials with aim to provide other useful finishes [4].

## **2. The herbal textile concept**

Textiles dyed exclusively with herbal extracts without using any chemicals are called herbal textiles. The herbs utilized in dyeing are different from vegetable dyes as they also have medicinal values. These herbs are applied to the fabric using natural ingredients in order to preserve medicinal properties. Further, bleaching

**125**

**technology**

*Application of Natural Dyes for Herbal Textiles DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93183*

combines the meaning life cloth [5].

of cloth is done by exposing it to sunlight without the use of any chemical bleach. The concept of herbal textiles has been derived from Ayurveda, the ancient Indian method of vedic healthcare. Ayurvastra is a branch of Ayurveda. In Sanskrit, *ayur* means health, and *veda* means wisdom, while *vastra* means clothing when it

It is made by embedding essential oils and herbs into textiles. A wide range of herbs such as turmeric, tulsi, neem, rose, Indigo, lemon grass, castor, and ber can be used for this process providing medicinal value and aroma to the fabric. Ayurvastra (marketed as cosmetotextiles) has been used for curing several diseases such as

Herbal clothing is an ancient technique of dyeing textiles in medicinal herbs. This alternative method of treatment originated more than 5000 years ago in India. Its core principles are rooted in the Vedas, which are an ancient book of Hindus. The Vedas date back to around 3000 BC. The science of life or Ayurveda dates back to around 1000 BC. The origins of Ayurveda are also found in the Atharvaveda. It contains incantations and hymns that cure various diseases through mantra. Mythology says that Ayurveda was given to Dhanvantri by Lord Brahma. Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita are the oldest known Ayurvedic texts [6]. About 100 years ago, people from different parts of India were using various forms of natural dyeing in which they repeatedly dipped clothes in herb-based preparations following each wash [7]. These herbs are used traditionally in Ayurvedic treatment and many medical applications. When this fabric is worn, the medicinal property of the fabric is then transferred to the skin. The process of herbal dyeing was developed through extensive research during the age-old dyeing methods practiced since the days of the Indus civilization. Herbs were used to create different colors and to provide various health benefits. The natural/herbal fabrics are 100% organic, completely

diabetes, arthritis, skin infections, hypertension, and hay fever [5].

free of synthetic chemicals, and toxic irritants and are biodegradable [8].

earn carbon credit by consumption of fossil fuel-based synthetic dye [10].

**3. Mode of action of herbal textiles on the body/herbal couture** 

Skin is the largest sense organ in the human body (**Figure 1**). It can act as a barrier as well as a medium for entry of certain substances in the body. Several

Herbal clothing is prepared from organic cotton fabric impregnated with special herbs and oils for health benefits. Since ancient times, herbal clothing (Ayurvastra) is believed to cure diabetes, skin infections, psoriasis, hypertension, asthma, arthritis, rheumatism, high blood pressure, eczema, and cancer. Antimicrobial property or natural dyes such as indigo, pomegranate, myrobalan, and Indian madder of against bacteria such as *Escherichia coli* and *Klebsiella pneumoniae* have been reported [9]. Herbs such as harad, rakta chandana, shweta chandana, and kumkuma are used in Ayurveda for protecting the skin from harmful rays of sun. The herbal preparations act on melanocytes present in the skin, modulate their function, and block the effect of UV rays on the skin. References in different texts of Ayurveda are replete with examples of wearing pure cotton clothes impregnated with herbs such as chandana, haridra usheera, manjista, and nimbi aragwadha to safeguard human body from inclement weather and to keep it healthy. They used herbal products such as soap nut and lime for washing cloths before soaps and detergents were discovered. Herbal textiles and dyes have great vista of applications in diverse walks of human life. These herbal dyes have been used for centuries to produce colors for fabrics, yarns, leather, food, and so on. Natural dyes exhibit better biodegradation and have a better compatibility with the environment. The application of natural dyes has the potential to

### *Application of Natural Dyes for Herbal Textiles DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93183*

*Chemistry and Technology of Natural and Synthetic Dyes and Pigments*

use. This trend has produced Cosmetotextiles.

ing antimicrobial finish to textiles [3].

**2. The herbal textile concept**

oping healthcare textile products using herbal extracts.

Clothing is our second skin and plays an important role in human life. Textiles finished or dyed from extracts of various medicinal herbs are called herbal textiles. Textiles and clothing infused with medicinal herbs are becoming popular, especially in urban India. The use of such products helps in providing protection against myriad biological toxins and pathogens. Customers demand for new ranges of technology, owing to upward trend in enhancing beauty, that provide better esthetics along with improved health and a sense of relief and satisfaction during

Among technical textiles, medical textiles are a promising product, which plays an important role in maintaining the human health. Medical textiles consist of textiles used in operative and postoperative tasks on and around the patient and medical practitioners. They are broadly classified as nonimplantable materials, implantable materials, extracorporeal devices, hygiene products, protective, and healthcare textiles. Healthcare, disposable, and nondisposable hygiene products mainly used in hospitals to reduce the chances of contamination by biological toxins and infectious organisms. India has good potential to produce natural dyes commercially as it is considered as 1 of the 17 mega diversity countries globally [2]. Traditional knowledge facilitates the use of plants and their products for healing the wounds and burn injuries and treating the skin infections. Herbal extracts are being used successfully for impart-

Herbal products derived from plants are gaining popularity worldwide for use in textiles on account of their easy availability, green approach, low toxicity, biocompatibility, and ecofriendly nature [2, 3]. Owing to market demand for textile products having added comfort and functional properties, herbal products may be explored for their potential benefits to produce such products. This mandates scientists to devise methods and techniques to use plants containing bioactive agent in producing value added and more attractive functional textile substrates. Insect repellent, deodorizing/aroma, UV protection, antimicrobial, and flame retardant are some of the new properties, which have been imparted recently to textiles. In recent years, the growing demand for herbal products has led to the idea of devel-

Currently, herbal colorants are the most attractive option because of high biodegradability, low toxicity, green chemistry, and potential application in the textile dyeing and finishing industry. Natural colorants from plant sources are considered as novel agents in imparting multifunctional properties such as antimicrobial, insect repellent, deodorizing, and UV protection to textiles. Many natural colorants possess some inherent functions in addition to their coloring attribute. These inherent properties are transferred to the textile substrate dyed with an herbal colorant. Alternatively, dyeing textiles with these herbal colorants can combine dyeing with functionality finishes, an ecofriendly process using less water and energy than currently used separate wet treatments. Recently, increased interest in the use of natural dyes in textile dyeing has been observed due to enforcement of the stringent environmental regulations by many countries because of toxic effects of synthetic dyes. This review gives an overview of the herbal methods available at present for dyeing textile materials with aim to provide other useful finishes [4].

Textiles dyed exclusively with herbal extracts without using any chemicals are called herbal textiles. The herbs utilized in dyeing are different from vegetable dyes as they also have medicinal values. These herbs are applied to the fabric using natural ingredients in order to preserve medicinal properties. Further, bleaching

**124**

of cloth is done by exposing it to sunlight without the use of any chemical bleach. The concept of herbal textiles has been derived from Ayurveda, the ancient Indian method of vedic healthcare. Ayurvastra is a branch of Ayurveda. In Sanskrit, *ayur* means health, and *veda* means wisdom, while *vastra* means clothing when it combines the meaning life cloth [5].

It is made by embedding essential oils and herbs into textiles. A wide range of herbs such as turmeric, tulsi, neem, rose, Indigo, lemon grass, castor, and ber can be used for this process providing medicinal value and aroma to the fabric. Ayurvastra (marketed as cosmetotextiles) has been used for curing several diseases such as diabetes, arthritis, skin infections, hypertension, and hay fever [5].

Herbal clothing is an ancient technique of dyeing textiles in medicinal herbs. This alternative method of treatment originated more than 5000 years ago in India. Its core principles are rooted in the Vedas, which are an ancient book of Hindus. The Vedas date back to around 3000 BC. The science of life or Ayurveda dates back to around 1000 BC. The origins of Ayurveda are also found in the Atharvaveda. It contains incantations and hymns that cure various diseases through mantra. Mythology says that Ayurveda was given to Dhanvantri by Lord Brahma. Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita are the oldest known Ayurvedic texts [6]. About 100 years ago, people from different parts of India were using various forms of natural dyeing in which they repeatedly dipped clothes in herb-based preparations following each wash [7]. These herbs are used traditionally in Ayurvedic treatment and many medical applications. When this fabric is worn, the medicinal property of the fabric is then transferred to the skin. The process of herbal dyeing was developed through extensive research during the age-old dyeing methods practiced since the days of the Indus civilization. Herbs were used to create different colors and to provide various health benefits. The natural/herbal fabrics are 100% organic, completely free of synthetic chemicals, and toxic irritants and are biodegradable [8].

Herbal clothing is prepared from organic cotton fabric impregnated with special herbs and oils for health benefits. Since ancient times, herbal clothing (Ayurvastra) is believed to cure diabetes, skin infections, psoriasis, hypertension, asthma, arthritis, rheumatism, high blood pressure, eczema, and cancer. Antimicrobial property or natural dyes such as indigo, pomegranate, myrobalan, and Indian madder of against bacteria such as *Escherichia coli* and *Klebsiella pneumoniae* have been reported [9]. Herbs such as harad, rakta chandana, shweta chandana, and kumkuma are used in Ayurveda for protecting the skin from harmful rays of sun. The herbal preparations act on melanocytes present in the skin, modulate their function, and block the effect of UV rays on the skin. References in different texts of Ayurveda are replete with examples of wearing pure cotton clothes impregnated with herbs such as chandana, haridra usheera, manjista, and nimbi aragwadha to safeguard human body from inclement weather and to keep it healthy. They used herbal products such as soap nut and lime for washing cloths before soaps and detergents were discovered. Herbal textiles and dyes have great vista of applications in diverse walks of human life. These herbal dyes have been used for centuries to produce colors for fabrics, yarns, leather, food, and so on. Natural dyes exhibit better biodegradation and have a better compatibility with the environment. The application of natural dyes has the potential to earn carbon credit by consumption of fossil fuel-based synthetic dye [10].

## **3. Mode of action of herbal textiles on the body/herbal couture technology**

Skin is the largest sense organ in the human body (**Figure 1**). It can act as a barrier as well as a medium for entry of certain substances in the body. Several

## *Chemistry and Technology of Natural and Synthetic Dyes and Pigments*

**Figure 1.** *Structure of the human skin [6].*

toxins and chemicals present in the environment get accumulated in the conventional clothing and may enter into the body through the skin. Hence, enhancing skin's ability to resist entry of harmful chemicals and toxins into the body will improve the health. The radiated heat activates herbal molecules of the cloth and is reflected back to the body along with the herbal molecules. Through the blood, the herbal molecules enter deep into the body, show its effects at different levels of the body, and help in curing various diseases [5]. The skin can act not only as a protective barrier but also as a medium for outside substances to enter into the body. In the same way, the skin has the ability to absorb herbs found in our natural dyes. These herbs release their medicinal qualities in the body and strengthen the skin's ability to block and resist the harmful substances. The close contact of herbal clothing next to the skin enhances the body metabolism, which leads to effective elimination of body toxins. The herb-infused and herb-dyed organic fabrics act as healing agents after the herbs being absorbed through the skin [6].

## **3.1 Penetration of herbal molecules across skin**


## **3.2 Herbs and healing effects of herbal textile**

Herbs are garden plants that are grown and harvested for culinary, aromatic, medicinal, and fibrous uses. Plant herbs are placed in the garden for their unmistakable fragrances, attractive textures, appealing colors, and variety of home uses. Due to current ecoconsciousness, there has been a revival of inherent in ecofriendly natural dyes throughout the world. The application of herbal products has given a new direction toward the treatments of various diseases through textile products. The herbs also do not pollute the environment through contamination of water resources in areas close to processing units. All kinds of shades of red, yellow, brown, orange, and green can be obtained with the help of the herbs.

**127**

*Application of Natural Dyes for Herbal Textiles DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93183*

diseases cured by different herbs.

1. **Neem** (*Azadirachta indica*)

2. **Curry leaves** (*Murraya koenigii*)

3. **Shoe flower** (*Hibiscus rosa-sinensis*)

> **Methi** (*Trigonella foenum-graecum*)

5. **Amla** (*Emblica officinalis*) Antifungal, antibacterial,

antiviral

6. **Acacia** (*Catechu*) Antifungal, antibacterial Used for treatment of parasitic

Antibacterial, antiviral,

astringent

cholesterol

Antiseptic, antiinflammatory, controls

14. **Jamun** (*Syzygium cumini*) Controls blood sugar levels Diabetes controls blood sugar

4. **Fenugreek/**

7. **Manjistha** (*Rubia cordifolia*)

9. **Arjuna** (*Terminalia arjuna*)

10. Pomegranate (*Punica granatum*)

11. **Harad/myrobalan**

12. **Aloe vera** (*Aloe barbadensis*)

13. **Gurhal** (*Hibiscus rosa-sinensis*)

8. **Cuscus/Khus khus grass**

(*Chrysopogon zizanioides*)

(*Terminalia chebula*)

Functional finishes using natural dyes have been in the vogue that promotes an ecofriendly lifestyle. Natural dyes are environmental friendly, nontoxic, noncarcinogenic, nonallergic, and renewable resources. Biosphere is being gifted with more than 500 plant species that yield the natural dyes [11]. The roots, flowers, leaves, seeds, and barks of more than 200 medicinal herbs, plants, flowers, roots, and barks are used to make the dyes. In herbal textiles, the color is gained from the medicinal preparation only, and no other colorants are used. As a result, its properties will last as long as the color is there. Since the herbs make beautiful shades, herbal wears are also becoming very popular for its primordial elegance.

Only herbal preparations devoid of any chemical are used in dyeing herbal textiles, whereas chemicals such as copper sulfate and ferrous sulfate are used as catalysts when dyeing is done with vegetable dyes. Thus, herbal dyes are different from vegetable dyes as they also impart some medicinal value. Herbal clothing is believed to help restore the balance within the body's systems and strengthen the immune system. Some of the medi-herbs used in herbal textiles give the magical healing quality to the dyed fabric or yarn (**Table 1**) [12–15]. **Table 1** shows the

**S. no. Name of the herb Medicinal properties Diseases claimed to be cured**

Antibacterial and antifungal Common skin diseases, skin

Medicinal value Beneficial in curing arthritis

Medicinal value Controls cholesterol,

Medicinal value Blood purifier and diuretic,

Medicinal value It helps in fighting asthma

Medicinal value Cardiovascular support,

Antibacterial, antifungal Burns, wounds, common skin

levels

Controls blood sugar levels Diabetes

leprosy

Controls blood sugars Diabetes

levels

inflammation

hypertension

Boosts immunity

infestation and itching

hypertension, asthma

hypertension

Antimicrobial treatment,

diseases, psoriasis, anemia

Hypertension, anemia, asthma cures, wounds, ulcers

allergy, controls blood sugar

suppresses pain and reduces

## *Application of Natural Dyes for Herbal Textiles DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93183*

*Chemistry and Technology of Natural and Synthetic Dyes and Pigments*

toxins and chemicals present in the environment get accumulated in the conventional clothing and may enter into the body through the skin. Hence, enhancing skin's ability to resist entry of harmful chemicals and toxins into the body will improve the health. The radiated heat activates herbal molecules of the cloth and is reflected back to the body along with the herbal molecules. Through the blood, the herbal molecules enter deep into the body, show its effects at different levels of the body, and help in curing various diseases [5]. The skin can act not only as a protective barrier but also as a medium for outside substances to enter into the body. In the same way, the skin has the ability to absorb herbs found in our natural dyes. These herbs release their medicinal qualities in the body and strengthen the skin's ability to block and resist the harmful substances. The close contact of herbal clothing next to the skin enhances the body metabolism, which leads to effective elimination of body toxins. The herb-infused and herb-dyed organic fabrics act as healing agents after the herbs being absorbed

• Skin temperature helps the herbal molecules to be absorbed into the body

• The cloth should be in direct contact with the skin to manifest its curative

Herbs are garden plants that are grown and harvested for culinary, aromatic,

medicinal, and fibrous uses. Plant herbs are placed in the garden for their unmistakable fragrances, attractive textures, appealing colors, and variety of home uses. Due to current ecoconsciousness, there has been a revival of inherent in ecofriendly natural dyes throughout the world. The application of herbal products has given a new direction toward the treatments of various diseases through textile products. The herbs also do not pollute the environment through contamination of water resources in areas close to processing units. All kinds of shades of red, yellow, brown, orange, and green can be obtained with the help

through sweat pores to manifest the desired medicinal effect.

**126**

of the herbs.

through the skin [6].

**Figure 1.**

*Structure of the human skin [6].*

effects.

**3.1 Penetration of herbal molecules across skin**

**3.2 Herbs and healing effects of herbal textile**

Functional finishes using natural dyes have been in the vogue that promotes an ecofriendly lifestyle. Natural dyes are environmental friendly, nontoxic, noncarcinogenic, nonallergic, and renewable resources. Biosphere is being gifted with more than 500 plant species that yield the natural dyes [11]. The roots, flowers, leaves, seeds, and barks of more than 200 medicinal herbs, plants, flowers, roots, and barks are used to make the dyes. In herbal textiles, the color is gained from the medicinal preparation only, and no other colorants are used. As a result, its properties will last as long as the color is there. Since the herbs make beautiful shades, herbal wears are also becoming very popular for its primordial elegance.

Only herbal preparations devoid of any chemical are used in dyeing herbal textiles, whereas chemicals such as copper sulfate and ferrous sulfate are used as catalysts when dyeing is done with vegetable dyes. Thus, herbal dyes are different from vegetable dyes as they also impart some medicinal value. Herbal clothing is believed to help restore the balance within the body's systems and strengthen the immune system. Some of the medi-herbs used in herbal textiles give the magical healing quality to the dyed fabric or yarn (**Table 1**) [12–15]. **Table 1** shows the diseases cured by different herbs.



including sores from leprosy

**129**

and cotton mats [19].

products are used [17].

**Table 1.**

*Application of Natural Dyes for Herbal Textiles DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93183*

30. **Brazil wood** (*Caesalpinia echinata*)

32. **Baheda** (*Terminalia bellirica*)

33. **Guar** (*Cyamopsis tetragonoloba*)

35. **Reetha** (*Sapindus trifoliatus*)

37. **Cluster fig** (*Ficus racemosa*)

38. **Winter cherry** (*Withania somnifera*)

*Some of the medi-herbs used for herbal textiles.*

34. **Safflower** (*Carthamus tinctorius*)

Different parts of the plants namely root, bark, leaf, fruit, wood, seed, and flower are used to extract dyes. It is estimated that over 2000 pigments are found in various parts of plants; however, only about 150 have been commercially utilized [16]. Herbal cloth production by a particular method is accomplished by utilizing extracts of selected herbs for dyeing cotton/silk/linen, yarn, and fabric. Synthetic/chemical dyes are not used at any stage, and for washing, specific

**S. no. Name of the herb Medicinal properties Diseases claimed to be cured**

31. **Castor** (*Ricinus communis*) Blood purifier Skin diseases

36. **Amaltas** (*Cassia fistula*) Therapeutic effect Psoriasis

Blood purifier, anti-irritant Skin diseases such as

Controls cholesterol Hypertension, anemia

Controls cholesterol Hypertension, HIV/AIDS

Medicinal value Psoriasis, skin disease

Therapeutic effect Psoriasis, rheumatism

Controls cholesterol Hypertension

Therapeutic effect Psoriasis

burns, bruises, and skin inflammations

The process of herbal dyeing was developed through extensive research during the age-old dyeing methods practiced since the days of Indus civilization. Manufacturing herbal textile begins with 100% hand-loomed organic cotton or silk wool, linen, jute, hemp, and so on and their natural blends that are dyed exclusively in herbal infusions for both color and health purposes. No chemical process is involved while dyeing and processing the fabric. The fabrics have to pass through various stages of treatment before they are turned into finished products. Herbal textiles are extra smooth and good for transpiration that helps in recovering from various diseases. Each fabric is infused with specific herbs, which are known to cure diseases. It may help to treat a broad range of diseases and skin infections such as eczema and psoriasis; the fabric also helps with conditions such as heart ailments, rheumatism, arthritis, blood pressure, diabetes, and respiratory conditions, such as asthma and sleeping disorders. It also helps in boosting immunity. The antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties of herbal medicated clothing extend its use as dressings and bandages. It can also relieve the general body aches, stimulate the weight loss, and strengthen the immune system. It can also be used as energy booster; mood enhancer, for overall wellbeing, calming, and blood purification; and cooling [18]. The most effective time to wear herbal cured clothing is when the body is at rest, such as during sleep, relaxation, or meditation because this is when the body is naturally healing and re-establishing balance. Hence, most of herbal clothing products are sleepwear, bed sheets, towels, meditation clothes,

*Application of Natural Dyes for Herbal Textiles DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93183*


#### **Table 1.**

*Chemistry and Technology of Natural and Synthetic Dyes and Pigments*

15. **Mahuva** (*Madhuca longifolia*)

(*Magnolia champaca*)

17. **Touch-me-not** (*Mimosa pudica*),

18. **Eucalyptus** (*Eucalyptus globules*)

19. **Tulsi/basil** (*Ocimum tenuiflorum*)

21. Balloon vine

(*Cardiospermum halicacabum*)

22. **Sandalwood** (*Santalum album*)

24. **Indian Madder** (*Rubia cordifolia*)

(*Morinda pubescens*)

25. **Indian Mulberry**

27. **Indigo** (*Indigofera tinctoria*)

28. **Turmeric** (*Curcuma longa*)

16. **Champa flower**

**S. no. Name of the herb Medicinal properties Diseases claimed to be cured**

Antibacterial, antiseptic, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, febrifuge, nervine, controls

Antiphlogistic, analgesic, blood refrigerant, anti-infectious

Alterative, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, astringent, carminative, disinfectant, diuretic, expectorant, hemostatic, refrigerant, sedative, stimulant

23. **Onion** (*Allium cepa*) Antioxidant, antimicrobial Skin diseases, control diabetes

Antibacterial, antiinflammatory, antiseptic, astringent, sedative,

stimulant

Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory

26. **Saffron** (*Crocus sativus*) Medicinal value Controls heart disease

Antihepatotoxic, antioxidant, antimicrobial antiseptic, antiallergic

deodorant, antiseptic

29. **Henna** (*Lawsonia inermis*) Blood purifier, anti-irritant,

Antibacterial, antiallergy, antiseptic and aromatic, anti-inflammatory properties

cholesterol

20. Chitosan Antimicrobial Naturally occurring

Controls blood sugar levels Control diabetes

Controls blood sugar levels Diabetes, anemia

Medicinal value Controls blood sugar levels,

Antiseptic Relieve congestion, prevent

diabetes

AIDS

wounds

fighting stress

HIV/AIDS

diabetes

disorders

infection, ease muscle soreness

Respiratory disorders, viral, bacterial infections. Controls blood sugar levels, boosts immunity, hypertension, HIV/

biopolymer having antimicrobial properties

Cold, fever, renal edema, urinary tract infections,·furuncle, carbuncle, eczema, sprains, external

Headache, acute dermatitis, bronchitis, cystitis, eye diseases, gonorrhea, herpes zoster, infection, palpitations, sunstroke, urethritis cools the skin, curing skin itching, burns, its mild fragrance has a soothing effect that helps in

It removes blood impurities and cures various skin diseases,

It is blood purifier and used for wound healing, control

Controls cholesterol, helps reducing the insulin resistance, thus controls diabetes, boosts immunity, anemia, skin diseases

Fighting skin diseases and helps fight skin disease, anemia, psoriasis, liver

Skin irritations such as heat rashes and skin allergies and to cool the body. Because of this cooling property, henna used as a prophylactic against skin diseases like burns, bruises, and skin inflammations, including sores from leprosy

**128**

*Some of the medi-herbs used for herbal textiles.*

Different parts of the plants namely root, bark, leaf, fruit, wood, seed, and flower are used to extract dyes. It is estimated that over 2000 pigments are found in various parts of plants; however, only about 150 have been commercially utilized [16]. Herbal cloth production by a particular method is accomplished by utilizing extracts of selected herbs for dyeing cotton/silk/linen, yarn, and fabric. Synthetic/chemical dyes are not used at any stage, and for washing, specific products are used [17].

The process of herbal dyeing was developed through extensive research during the age-old dyeing methods practiced since the days of Indus civilization. Manufacturing herbal textile begins with 100% hand-loomed organic cotton or silk wool, linen, jute, hemp, and so on and their natural blends that are dyed exclusively in herbal infusions for both color and health purposes. No chemical process is involved while dyeing and processing the fabric. The fabrics have to pass through various stages of treatment before they are turned into finished products. Herbal textiles are extra smooth and good for transpiration that helps in recovering from various diseases. Each fabric is infused with specific herbs, which are known to cure diseases. It may help to treat a broad range of diseases and skin infections such as eczema and psoriasis; the fabric also helps with conditions such as heart ailments, rheumatism, arthritis, blood pressure, diabetes, and respiratory conditions, such as asthma and sleeping disorders. It also helps in boosting immunity. The antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties of herbal medicated clothing extend its use as dressings and bandages. It can also relieve the general body aches, stimulate the weight loss, and strengthen the immune system. It can also be used as energy booster; mood enhancer, for overall wellbeing, calming, and blood purification; and cooling [18]. The most effective time to wear herbal cured clothing is when the body is at rest, such as during sleep, relaxation, or meditation because this is when the body is naturally healing and re-establishing balance. Hence, most of herbal clothing products are sleepwear, bed sheets, towels, meditation clothes, and cotton mats [19].

## **4. Herbal dyeing process**

The herbal textile production begins with pure organic yarn/fabric, and each step is carefully and meticulously controlled without the use of any chemical process in dyeing and processing. The process starts with the gray cloth going through various stages of treatment before it is dyed and becomes ready to wear. Only certified organic cotton, natural cotton, silk wool, linen, jute, hemp, and their natural blends should be used for herbal dyeing. The herbal dyeing process has been developed following the extensive research and is in practice since the Indus civilization. Machines are not used to prepare herbal clothing, and all the processes namely bleaching, dyeing, and other processes are accomplished in big vessels fabricated according to need. Further, no chemicals are added during spinning, weaving, or enhancing the appearance [20].

Most common fabric used is organic cotton, the cotton that is cultivated without chemical pesticides and fertilizers. Silk, wool, coir, linen, hemp banana, nettle, and bamboo are also used to prepare herbal clothing. For handloom, the process starts with the cotton yarn and goes through a process named desizing (to remove loose particles, debris, etc.). The common processes used in manufacturing of herbal clothing are detailed in the following paragraphs.

#### **4.1 Desizing**

It involves washing of the processed gray cloth with mineral-rich water and sea salt to remove sizing, gums, and oils used in the weaving.

#### **4.2 Bleaching**

This process is actualized with biodegradable, organic cleaning agents, and surfactants and sun dried. The bleaching of cloth is done naturally by exposing it to sunlight on a natural grass base and by using animal manure. The fabric or yarn is first bleached using cow urine, milk, honey, along with biodegradable, naturally derived, organic cleaning agents, and surfactants such as Saptala (*Acacia sinuata*) and Phenila (*Sapindus mukorossi*) [21]. Many Ayurvedic doctors consider cow's urine highly beneficial in balancing an individual's "doshas" or basic constituents of an individual's physiology and psychology, strengthening the immune systems and as an elixir in giving life [22]. The process ends with exposing the fabric or yarn directly to sunlight.

#### **4.3 Mordanting**

To make the colors look bright and retain color fastness, natural mordants such as myroballans, rubhabs leaves, oils, alum, fruit extracts of haritaki, bark of lodhra, minerals, and iron are used. Use of heavy metallic mordants such as copper, chrome, zinc, and tin is avoided as they are not ecofriendly. Mordanting is done before dyeing the fabric or yarn to make the colors look bright and retain fastness.

#### **4.4 Dyeing/medication**

The word medication is used instead of dyeing because the medicinal herbs are used to impart required color to fabric or yarn [20, 23]. The yarn or fabric is then medicated in a carefully controlled mixture of herbal medicinal preparations depending on the disease or ailment being treated. Required herbs are applied directly to the fabric with the help of natural ingredients so as to keep the medicinal value of herbs intact [7, 11]. Steps involved are as follows:

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indicated for the treatment of desired disease(s).

in order to preserve the medicinal value of herbs.

nonabsorbed particles and always dried in shade.

from plants, flowers, roots, and barks.

ment are carefully controlled.

rolls, *Aloe vera*, castor oil, and so on [7, 11].

fields and also to generate the biogas [11].

**5. Technologies used for herbal finishing**

use of herbs.

**4.6 Recycling residue**

carefully controlled [24].

**4.5 Finishing**

• The organic cotton yarn/fabric is dyed carefully with concoction of herbal dyes

• The herbal dyes are prepared by careful blending of medicinal herbs derived

• The temperature, duration, number of the soaks, blend of herbs, and equip-

• Desired herbs with the help of natural ingredients are applied directly on fabric

• Shades of red, yellow, brown, orange, and green can be obtained with careful

• Finally, the medicated cloth is cooled and washed several times to remove the

The finishing process used after herbal dyeing is also organic and is given by sprinkling pure water on the cloth and then stretching under pressure, using hand

After dyeing, residue can be recycled. Solid and liquid wastes are separated by the filtration and used for farming purposes—as biomanure and for watering the

Herbal textile is made by embedding essential oils and herbal extract finishes into textiles. Such textiles have their applications in providing medicinal value and aroma to the garment. Microencapsulation, sensory perception technology, liposomes, dyes, and coated textile technology are used for incorporating the herbal drugs and oils in textiles. The temperatures of the finish, the duration and concentration of plant extract, the blend of herbs, and even the equipment used are

Spray drying, air suspension coating, solvent evaporation, sol-gel microencapsulation, and in-situ polymerization are some commonly used techniques used for textile finishing by microencapsualtion. For encapsulation of flavor, fragrance, and oils, spray drying is used in which core particles dispersed in a polymer solution and sprayed into a hot chamber leading to solidification of shell particles on core material and polynuclear or matrix-type microcapsules are obtained. Air suspension coating is done by suspending solid particles of core material in a hot or cold upward moving steam of air. Coating material may be derived from cellulose derivatives, dextrins, emulsifiers, lipids, protein derivatives, and starch derivatives, which is atomized through nozzles into the chamber and deposits as a thin layer on the surface of suspended particles. Solvent evaporation is a process in which the drug is dissolved, dispersed, or emulsified in an external aqueous or oil phase; it has been used to impart antifungal finish to textiles. Sol-gel microencapsulation is


## **4.5 Finishing**

*Chemistry and Technology of Natural and Synthetic Dyes and Pigments*

The herbal textile production begins with pure organic yarn/fabric, and each step is carefully and meticulously controlled without the use of any chemical process in dyeing and processing. The process starts with the gray cloth going through various stages of treatment before it is dyed and becomes ready to wear. Only certified organic cotton, natural cotton, silk wool, linen, jute, hemp, and their natural blends should be used for herbal dyeing. The herbal dyeing process has been developed following the extensive research and is in practice since the Indus civilization. Machines are not used to prepare herbal clothing, and all the processes namely bleaching, dyeing, and other processes are accomplished in big vessels fabricated according to need. Further, no chemicals are added during spinning, weaving,

Most common fabric used is organic cotton, the cotton that is cultivated without chemical pesticides and fertilizers. Silk, wool, coir, linen, hemp banana, nettle, and bamboo are also used to prepare herbal clothing. For handloom, the process starts with the cotton yarn and goes through a process named desizing (to remove loose particles, debris, etc.). The common processes used in manufacturing of herbal

It involves washing of the processed gray cloth with mineral-rich water and sea

This process is actualized with biodegradable, organic cleaning agents, and surfactants and sun dried. The bleaching of cloth is done naturally by exposing it to sunlight on a natural grass base and by using animal manure. The fabric or yarn is first bleached using cow urine, milk, honey, along with biodegradable, naturally derived, organic cleaning agents, and surfactants such as Saptala (*Acacia sinuata*) and Phenila (*Sapindus mukorossi*) [21]. Many Ayurvedic doctors consider cow's urine highly beneficial in balancing an individual's "doshas" or basic constituents of an individual's physiology and psychology, strengthening the immune systems and as an elixir in giving life [22]. The process ends with exposing the fabric or yarn directly to sunlight.

To make the colors look bright and retain color fastness, natural mordants such as myroballans, rubhabs leaves, oils, alum, fruit extracts of haritaki, bark of lodhra, minerals, and iron are used. Use of heavy metallic mordants such as copper, chrome, zinc, and tin is avoided as they are not ecofriendly. Mordanting is done before dyeing the fabric or yarn to make the colors look bright and retain fastness.

The word medication is used instead of dyeing because the medicinal herbs are used to impart required color to fabric or yarn [20, 23]. The yarn or fabric is then medicated in a carefully controlled mixture of herbal medicinal preparations depending on the disease or ailment being treated. Required herbs are applied directly to the fabric with the help of natural ingredients so as to keep the medicinal

value of herbs intact [7, 11]. Steps involved are as follows:

**4. Herbal dyeing process**

or enhancing the appearance [20].

**4.1 Desizing**

**4.2 Bleaching**

**4.3 Mordanting**

**4.4 Dyeing/medication**

clothing are detailed in the following paragraphs.

salt to remove sizing, gums, and oils used in the weaving.

**130**

The finishing process used after herbal dyeing is also organic and is given by sprinkling pure water on the cloth and then stretching under pressure, using hand rolls, *Aloe vera*, castor oil, and so on [7, 11].

## **4.6 Recycling residue**

After dyeing, residue can be recycled. Solid and liquid wastes are separated by the filtration and used for farming purposes—as biomanure and for watering the fields and also to generate the biogas [11].

## **5. Technologies used for herbal finishing**

Herbal textile is made by embedding essential oils and herbal extract finishes into textiles. Such textiles have their applications in providing medicinal value and aroma to the garment. Microencapsulation, sensory perception technology, liposomes, dyes, and coated textile technology are used for incorporating the herbal drugs and oils in textiles. The temperatures of the finish, the duration and concentration of plant extract, the blend of herbs, and even the equipment used are carefully controlled [24].

Spray drying, air suspension coating, solvent evaporation, sol-gel microencapsulation, and in-situ polymerization are some commonly used techniques used for textile finishing by microencapsualtion. For encapsulation of flavor, fragrance, and oils, spray drying is used in which core particles dispersed in a polymer solution and sprayed into a hot chamber leading to solidification of shell particles on core material and polynuclear or matrix-type microcapsules are obtained. Air suspension coating is done by suspending solid particles of core material in a hot or cold upward moving steam of air. Coating material may be derived from cellulose derivatives, dextrins, emulsifiers, lipids, protein derivatives, and starch derivatives, which is atomized through nozzles into the chamber and deposits as a thin layer on the surface of suspended particles. Solvent evaporation is a process in which the drug is dissolved, dispersed, or emulsified in an external aqueous or oil phase; it has been used to impart antifungal finish to textiles. Sol-gel microencapsulation is

used to produce flame retardant, water/oil repellent, UV protecting, antiwrinkle, self-cleaning, flavor and odor containing, and antibacterial textiles. Sol-gel synthesis involves the hydrolysis of silicone monomer and the condensation of silica into a porous structure with a three-dimensional networked structure, which can be tailored for a wide range of useful properties.

Microencapsulation, widely used in textile finishing, is a process in which small capsules having desired properties are prepared using small particles/droplets surrounded by a coating material. The material inside the microcapsule is known as core material, whereas outer coating is called a shell. Microcapsules may have diameter ranging a few micrometers to a few millimeters. Many special and functional properties can be imparted to the fabrics by microencapsulating the core material. This core material can be any substance having a special function to perform for the fabric. Encapsulation has allowed moisturizers, therapeutic oils, and insecticides to be incorporated into fabrics. Microencapsulation of antimicrobial agents is also gaining popularity in sportswear and medical textiles [25].

For preparation of herbal textile by microencapsulation, the "core material" along with the wall material should give a durable finish. This wall material can be certain substances like gum acacia, and the core material is the desired herbal extract. The microencapsulated herbal extracts have shown antimicrobial activity and wash durability up to 20 washes [26]. Microencapsulation is a very popular technique for incorporating fragrance into fabrics. These capsules applied are unbreakable under the normal conditions, and the application of pressure on fabric releases fragrance, which causes healing in aromatherapy [27]. Microencapsulated herbal extracts such as *Aloe barbadensis* Mill, Bitter Gourd, Ginger, and *Cuminum cyminum* Linn have successful application in which the herbal extracts are used as core material and gum acacia as wall material [28]. According to the study, microencapsulated extracts of *Andrographis paniculata*, when applied on the fabric to impart mosquito repellency finish, gave good mosquito repellent activity up to 30 washes [29].

## **5.1 Microencapsulation in cosmetic textiles**

New textile technologies have enabled the application of cosmetic ingredients on fabric to provide its functional benefit to the end-use product, and therefore, cosmetic textiles are moving from laboratory to showrooms. Fragrance finish is one such finish that falls under this category. A fragrance is made from a pleasant smelling aroma compound. Aromachology is a science that studies the effects of fragrances on the human body and mind. It researches how scents can be used to induce relaxation and make life more pleasant. Fragrances can be used in various forms such as essential oils, perfumes, colognes, household products, and potpourri. Some areas in textiles where fragrance finish can find application include Cosmetotextiles.

The major use of microencapsulation in cosmetic textiles is in the application of vitamins, essential oils, skin moisturizing agents, skin cooling, and antiaging agents [30]. Yamato et al. studied microcapsules having active substances that can improve the physiological conditions of human skin. The microcapsule gradually released its content when the textile structure was subjected to light pressure created due to the movement of human body [31].

Aroma finish is a process by which textile material is treated with the pleasant odor producing essential oils and aromatic compounds so that the wearer gets beneficial effects. Various essential oils such as lavender, rosemary, and jasmine are used.

**133**

*Application of Natural Dyes for Herbal Textiles DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93183*

fiber and thus releasing them slowly [33].

**5.2 Microencapsules for antimicrobial finishes**

cial for textiles for medical and technical uses [34].

bial activity was retained even after 10 cyclic washes [35].

property through bacterial cell wall breakdown [40].

The fragrance compounds and the essential oils are volatile substances, and prolonging life span of their odor is most difficult task in preparation of the textiles for aromatherapy. Microencapsulation is an effective technique to achieve this task. Microcapsules are tiny spherical enclosures containing a liquid or gas and assume the shape of the enclosed particle if containing a solid [32]. With microencapsulation method, fragrance lasts for more number of washes since microencapsulation makes the finished particles more securely attached to the internal structure of the

Bacteria often cause decay of fabrics leading to loss of various useful properties of fabrics. This problem can be prevented by the use of antimicrobial finishes that can be applied with the help of microencapsulation. This finish is especially benefi-

Herbal extracts prepared from Chamomile, sage, and green tea were applied to cotton fabric using pad-dry-cure method. Treated fabrics exhibited antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative, Gram-positive bacteria and yeasts. This antimicro-

Textile materials having antimicrobial activity are used in hygienic, health, personal care, and surgical products. Some products include baby and adult diapers and sanitary pads. Most of the diapers are made by synthetic materials, which are nonbiodegradable and poor antimicrobial properties, and may cause rashes and dermatitis. Natural antimicrobial coatings on diapers obtained by using curcumin, *Aloe vera*, tulsi, and neem have same antimicrobial effect when compared with synthetic antimicrobial coatings [36]. Curcumin or diferuloylmethane (1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione) is the main phytochemical present in turmeric. This polyphenolic compound has several biological activities including antimicrobial activity. Curcumin is suspected to affect the bacterial cytoskeleton, thus producing the antimicrobial effect [37]. The *Aloe vera* leaves secrete a colorless gel-like substance, which contains about 98–99% water and 1–2% active compounds such as aloesin, aloin, aloe emodin, aloe mannan, flavonoids, saponin, sterols, amino acids, and vitamins. Anthraquinones and their derivatives such as barbaloin-IO-aloe emodin-9 anthrone, isobarbaloin, and chromones, which inhibit the bacterial protein synthesis, are potent antimicrobial agents [38]. Antimicrobial property of tulsi (holy basil) may be attributed to essential oils found in leaves. These essential oils contain germacrene-A, clemene, caryophyllene, eugenol, and caryophylline oxide. Additionally, tulsi leaves also have other biologically active phytochemicals such as rosmarinic acid, oleanolic acid, and ursolic acid. These essential oils and phytochemicals have antibacterial properties owing to their damaging effect of bacterial cell membrane and thus causing leakage of cellular potassium [39]. Neem leaf, bark, and seeds have antimicrobial properties, and it is high, moderate, and low, respectively. Neem contains several bioactive constituents like azadirachtin and other compounds such as nimbolinin, nimbin, nimbidin, nimbidol, sodium nimbinate, gedunin, salannin, quercetin, nimbanene, 6-desacetylnimbinene, nimbandiol, nimbolide, ascorbic acid, n-hexacosanol and amino acid, 7-desacetyl-7-benzoylazadiradione, 7-desacetyl-7-benzoylgedunin, 17-hydroxyazadiradione gedunin, and nimbiol. Quercetin and β-sitosterol, polyphenolic flavonoids purified from leaves of neem have antifungal and antibacterial activities. Neem (*Azadirachta indica*) in plant parts shows antimicrobial

## *Application of Natural Dyes for Herbal Textiles DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93183*

*Chemistry and Technology of Natural and Synthetic Dyes and Pigments*

gaining popularity in sportswear and medical textiles [25].

tailored for a wide range of useful properties.

**5.1 Microencapsulation in cosmetic textiles**

used to produce flame retardant, water/oil repellent, UV protecting, antiwrinkle, self-cleaning, flavor and odor containing, and antibacterial textiles. Sol-gel synthesis involves the hydrolysis of silicone monomer and the condensation of silica into a porous structure with a three-dimensional networked structure, which can be

Microencapsulation, widely used in textile finishing, is a process in which small

capsules having desired properties are prepared using small particles/droplets surrounded by a coating material. The material inside the microcapsule is known as core material, whereas outer coating is called a shell. Microcapsules may have diameter ranging a few micrometers to a few millimeters. Many special and functional properties can be imparted to the fabrics by microencapsulating the core material. This core material can be any substance having a special function to perform for the fabric. Encapsulation has allowed moisturizers, therapeutic oils, and insecticides to be incorporated into fabrics. Microencapsulation of antimicrobial agents is also

For preparation of herbal textile by microencapsulation, the "core material" along with the wall material should give a durable finish. This wall material can be certain substances like gum acacia, and the core material is the desired herbal extract. The microencapsulated herbal extracts have shown antimicrobial activity and wash durability up to 20 washes [26]. Microencapsulation is a very popular technique for incorporating fragrance into fabrics. These capsules applied are unbreakable under the normal conditions, and the application of pressure on fabric releases fragrance, which causes healing in aromatherapy [27]. Microencapsulated herbal extracts such as *Aloe barbadensis* Mill, Bitter Gourd, Ginger, and *Cuminum cyminum* Linn have successful application in which the herbal extracts are used as core material and gum acacia as wall material [28]. According to the study, microencapsulated extracts of *Andrographis paniculata*, when applied on the fabric to impart mosquito repellency finish, gave good mosquito repellent activity up to 30

New textile technologies have enabled the application of cosmetic ingredients on fabric to provide its functional benefit to the end-use product, and therefore, cosmetic textiles are moving from laboratory to showrooms. Fragrance finish is one such finish that falls under this category. A fragrance is made from a pleasant smelling aroma compound. Aromachology is a science that studies the effects of fragrances on the human body and mind. It researches how scents can be used to induce relaxation and make life more pleasant. Fragrances can be used in various forms such as essential oils, perfumes, colognes, household products, and potpourri. Some areas in textiles where fragrance finish can find application include

The major use of microencapsulation in cosmetic textiles is in the application of vitamins, essential oils, skin moisturizing agents, skin cooling, and antiaging agents [30]. Yamato et al. studied microcapsules having active substances that can improve the physiological conditions of human skin. The microcapsule gradually released its content when the textile structure was subjected to light pressure created due to the

Aroma finish is a process by which textile material is treated with the pleasant odor producing essential oils and aromatic compounds so that the wearer gets beneficial effects. Various essential oils such as lavender, rosemary, and jasmine

**132**

are used.

washes [29].

Cosmetotextiles.

movement of human body [31].

The fragrance compounds and the essential oils are volatile substances, and prolonging life span of their odor is most difficult task in preparation of the textiles for aromatherapy. Microencapsulation is an effective technique to achieve this task. Microcapsules are tiny spherical enclosures containing a liquid or gas and assume the shape of the enclosed particle if containing a solid [32]. With microencapsulation method, fragrance lasts for more number of washes since microencapsulation makes the finished particles more securely attached to the internal structure of the fiber and thus releasing them slowly [33].

## **5.2 Microencapsules for antimicrobial finishes**

Bacteria often cause decay of fabrics leading to loss of various useful properties of fabrics. This problem can be prevented by the use of antimicrobial finishes that can be applied with the help of microencapsulation. This finish is especially beneficial for textiles for medical and technical uses [34].

Herbal extracts prepared from Chamomile, sage, and green tea were applied to cotton fabric using pad-dry-cure method. Treated fabrics exhibited antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative, Gram-positive bacteria and yeasts. This antimicrobial activity was retained even after 10 cyclic washes [35].

Textile materials having antimicrobial activity are used in hygienic, health, personal care, and surgical products. Some products include baby and adult diapers and sanitary pads. Most of the diapers are made by synthetic materials, which are nonbiodegradable and poor antimicrobial properties, and may cause rashes and dermatitis. Natural antimicrobial coatings on diapers obtained by using curcumin, *Aloe vera*, tulsi, and neem have same antimicrobial effect when compared with synthetic antimicrobial coatings [36]. Curcumin or diferuloylmethane (1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione) is the main phytochemical present in turmeric. This polyphenolic compound has several biological activities including antimicrobial activity. Curcumin is suspected to affect the bacterial cytoskeleton, thus producing the antimicrobial effect [37]. The *Aloe vera* leaves secrete a colorless gel-like substance, which contains about 98–99% water and 1–2% active compounds such as aloesin, aloin, aloe emodin, aloe mannan, flavonoids, saponin, sterols, amino acids, and vitamins. Anthraquinones and their derivatives such as barbaloin-IO-aloe emodin-9 anthrone, isobarbaloin, and chromones, which inhibit the bacterial protein synthesis, are potent antimicrobial agents [38]. Antimicrobial property of tulsi (holy basil) may be attributed to essential oils found in leaves. These essential oils contain germacrene-A, clemene, caryophyllene, eugenol, and caryophylline oxide. Additionally, tulsi leaves also have other biologically active phytochemicals such as rosmarinic acid, oleanolic acid, and ursolic acid. These essential oils and phytochemicals have antibacterial properties owing to their damaging effect of bacterial cell membrane and thus causing leakage of cellular potassium [39]. Neem leaf, bark, and seeds have antimicrobial properties, and it is high, moderate, and low, respectively. Neem contains several bioactive constituents like azadirachtin and other compounds such as nimbolinin, nimbin, nimbidin, nimbidol, sodium nimbinate, gedunin, salannin, quercetin, nimbanene, 6-desacetylnimbinene, nimbandiol, nimbolide, ascorbic acid, n-hexacosanol and amino acid, 7-desacetyl-7-benzoylazadiradione, 7-desacetyl-7-benzoylgedunin, 17-hydroxyazadiradione gedunin, and nimbiol. Quercetin and β-sitosterol, polyphenolic flavonoids purified from leaves of neem have antifungal and antibacterial activities. Neem (*Azadirachta indica*) in plant parts shows antimicrobial property through bacterial cell wall breakdown [40].

## **6. Herbal finishes by natural dyeing**

Wet processing of textile substrates from its preparatory stage to dyeing and then finishing is important for enhancing its esthetic value, removal of impurities, color shade, color pattern, and requisite functionality. Some of the traditional processes used in herbal finishing involve an excessive use of water, energy, and chemicals. Recently, due to global concerns on environmental pollution, sustainability mandates the development of sustainable dyeing and finishing processes using plant waste and nonfood plant extracts [41]. Based on environmental friendly, plant-based products having biocompatibility, biodegradability, and nontoxicity along with insect repellent, deodorizing, flame retardant, UV protection, and antimicrobial activity are in great demand all around the world for producing more appealing and highly functional value-added textiles [42–45]. A wide variety of finishing chemicals from plants are now available in the market that matches the expectations of consumers [46]. Various plants reported as source of natural dyes are teak, mahogany, ketapang, tamarind, mangosteen, mango, suji, pandan, indigofera, guava, banana, and onion [47]. Plant parts including roots, leaves, twigs, stems, heartwood, bark, wood shavings, flowers, fruits, rinds, hulls, husks, and the like used to produce herbal dye. Additionally, most of the herbal dyes have inherent medicinal properties [48].

## **6.1 Herbal textiles having antimicrobial finish**

Natural fibers such as cotton and wool are susceptible to microbial growth and even dust mites because they retain oxygen, water, and nutrients. Hence, antimicrobial finishes should be applied to textiles to destroy or suppress the growth of microorganisms and also to protect the textiles from strength and color loss, unpleasant odor, and quality deterioration [49]. Micro-organisms may deteriorate the clothes in a closet, curtains, carpets, bed, bath and kitchen linens, pillows, and mattresses. Several microorganisms also thrive on the skin, while dust mites live on skin cells sheded on sheets, towels, and clothing. A hospital houses an immense amount of textiles with high volumes of traffic. Because of the constant flow of people, especially those with infectious diseases, specific finish hospital uses are required. Patients, caretakers, and hospital staff are at risk of acquiring infection as inherent properties of the textile fibers susceptible to the growth of micro-organisms.

In past, natural dyes were applied to textiles for simultaneous coloration and antimicrobial finishing successfully. Finish imparted by catechu on wool was found to be effective against *Escherichia coli*, *Staphylococcus aureus*, *Candida albicans*, and *Candida tropicalis*. Observed antimicrobial characteristics and negligible cytotoxicity of catechu indicated the dye as a promising antimicrobial agent for developing bioactive textile materials and herbal clothing [50, 51]. Several natural, nonmetallic, and antimicrobial finishes exist, and one of such antimicrobial finish is chitosan, a deacetylated form of chitin, which is a main component in crustacean shells and reported to be effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria [52]. Many antimicrobial textiles are produced with the combinations of bioactive substances to enhance the antimicrobial efficacy of the finishes and counteract the negative aspects of the treatments. By combining finishes, the occurrence of drugresistant strains arising from the finish is reduced.

Pure cotton woven/knitted fabrics treated with the selected medicinal 16 medicinal herb extracts such as neem, turmeric, holy basil, and sandal wood have been evaluated for curing seven different diseases such as allergic dermatitis, psoriasis, asthma, liver disorders, headache, joint pain, and sinus trouble/cold. Seven different types of curative garments have been developed. The antibacterial assessments of the medicinal

**135**

*Application of Natural Dyes for Herbal Textiles DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93183*

agents for finishing in green dyeing procedures.

whereas inorganic blockers scatter them [47].

**6.2 Herbal textiles with UV protection**

tive fabrics.

herb extracts treated fabrics and clinical trials have confirmed the correlation between the curative performance and its antibacterial activity. The curative property of the garments in all the cases was found to be significant and lasted for 10–15 washes [53]. Although known since long for dyeing and medicinal value, the protective properties of herbal dyes have been noticed only recently. Several plants used for dye production are classified as medicinal, and some have recently been shown to possess significant antimicrobial activity. Several natural dyes have demonstrated to possess antimicrobial activity like curcumin from turmeric; naphthoquinones such as lawsone from *Lawsonia inermis*, juglone from walnut, lapachol from taigu, and catechin from *Acacia catechu*; and several anthraquinones from *Rubia tinctorum*, *Rubia cordifolia*, *Rheum emodi*, *Punica granatum,* and *Quercus infectoria* [54, 55]. These natural antimicrobial agents may significantly reduce the risk of infections especially when they are used in close contact. Natural bioactive compounds present in natural dyes/pigments have also been reported as significant antimicrobial

Ultraviolet (UV) rays, electromagnetic spectrum between visible light and X-rays, influence the physiology of living organisms. Exposure may cause tanning to skin cancers. Sunscreen lotions and clothing provide protection from dangers of UV rays. Change in construction parameters of fabrics with appropriate UV absorbers and adequate finishing methods may be used to prepare the UV protec-

Textiles, as a protective shield against solar radiation, have been since ancient times. Textile structures provide the desired characteristics such as pliability, good mechanical strength, softness, esthetics, and other engineered properties, which are required for preparing good sunscreening apparels. Textiles themselves are not able to provide effective protection against UV rays; hence, UV blocking agents should be applied over the fabric to make them UV protective. Quantum of protection required for different skin types is determined by UV radiation intensity and distribution subject to geographical location, time of day, and season. Several UV protection agents have been developed to enhance the UV protection offered by different textiles. Both organic and inorganic UV blocking agents are available. The organic blockers are also termed as UV absorbers because they absorb UV rays,

Three yellow dyes obtained from *Rheum emodi*, *Gardenia yellow,* and *curcumin* have been successfully used for simultaneous dyeing and functionalization of silk to render its UV protective [56]. Wool fabric dyed with dye obtained from the eucalyptus leaves using pad-batch and pad-dry techniques showed ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) values ranging between very good and excellent [57]. UV protection properties of chlorogenic acid, the main ingredient of water extract from honeysuckle, on wool have been studied. The wool treated with honeysuckle extract showed good UV absorbance; thus, extract of honeysuckle may be developed as a natural UV-absorbing agent [58]. Natural plant colorants such as madder (*Rubia tinctorum*) and indigo (*Indigofera tinctoria*) and of insect origin cochineal (*Dactylopius coccus*) were applied on cotton fabrics, and indigo was found to have higher UPF values [59]. UV rays induce DNA damage, oxidative stress, and inflammatory processes in skin. *Rheum emodi* contains anthraquinones (rhein, emodin, aloe-emodin, chrysophanol, physcion, and rhein), stilbenoids (resveratrol and piceatannol), and flavonoids. UV protective effect of *Rheum emodi* is supposed to be due to flavonoids, which absorb the UV radiation [60]. Main coloring ingredient of

### *Application of Natural Dyes for Herbal Textiles DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93183*

*Chemistry and Technology of Natural and Synthetic Dyes and Pigments*

Wet processing of textile substrates from its preparatory stage to dyeing and then finishing is important for enhancing its esthetic value, removal of impurities, color shade, color pattern, and requisite functionality. Some of the traditional processes used in herbal finishing involve an excessive use of water, energy, and chemicals. Recently, due to global concerns on environmental pollution, sustainability mandates the development of sustainable dyeing and finishing processes using plant waste and nonfood plant extracts [41]. Based on environmental friendly, plant-based products having biocompatibility, biodegradability, and nontoxicity along with insect repellent, deodorizing, flame retardant, UV protection, and antimicrobial activity are in great demand all around the world for producing more appealing and highly functional value-added textiles [42–45]. A wide variety of finishing chemicals from plants are now available in the market that matches the expectations of consumers [46]. Various plants reported as source of natural dyes are teak, mahogany, ketapang, tamarind, mangosteen, mango, suji, pandan, indigofera, guava, banana, and onion [47]. Plant parts including roots, leaves, twigs, stems, heartwood, bark, wood shavings, flowers, fruits, rinds, hulls, husks, and the like used to produce herbal dye. Additionally, most of the herbal dyes have inherent medicinal properties [48].

Natural fibers such as cotton and wool are susceptible to microbial growth and even dust mites because they retain oxygen, water, and nutrients. Hence, antimicrobial finishes should be applied to textiles to destroy or suppress the growth of microorganisms and also to protect the textiles from strength and color loss, unpleasant odor, and quality deterioration [49]. Micro-organisms may deteriorate the clothes in a closet, curtains, carpets, bed, bath and kitchen linens, pillows, and mattresses. Several microorganisms also thrive on the skin, while dust mites live on skin cells sheded on sheets, towels, and clothing. A hospital houses an immense amount of textiles with high volumes of traffic. Because of the constant flow of people, especially those with infectious diseases, specific finish hospital uses are required. Patients, caretakers, and hospital staff are at risk of acquiring infection as inherent properties of the textile fibers susceptible to the growth of micro-organisms. In past, natural dyes were applied to textiles for simultaneous coloration and antimicrobial finishing successfully. Finish imparted by catechu on wool was found to be effective against *Escherichia coli*, *Staphylococcus aureus*, *Candida albicans*, and *Candida tropicalis*. Observed antimicrobial characteristics and negligible cytotoxicity of catechu indicated the dye as a promising antimicrobial agent for developing bioactive textile materials and herbal clothing [50, 51]. Several natural, nonmetallic, and antimicrobial finishes exist, and one of such antimicrobial finish is chitosan, a deacetylated form of chitin, which is a main component in crustacean shells and reported to be effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria [52]. Many antimicrobial textiles are produced with the combinations of bioactive substances to enhance the antimicrobial efficacy of the finishes and counteract the negative aspects of the treatments. By combining finishes, the occurrence of drug-

Pure cotton woven/knitted fabrics treated with the selected medicinal 16 medicinal herb extracts such as neem, turmeric, holy basil, and sandal wood have been evaluated for curing seven different diseases such as allergic dermatitis, psoriasis, asthma, liver disorders, headache, joint pain, and sinus trouble/cold. Seven different types of curative garments have been developed. The antibacterial assessments of the medicinal

**6. Herbal finishes by natural dyeing**

**6.1 Herbal textiles having antimicrobial finish**

resistant strains arising from the finish is reduced.

**134**

herb extracts treated fabrics and clinical trials have confirmed the correlation between the curative performance and its antibacterial activity. The curative property of the garments in all the cases was found to be significant and lasted for 10–15 washes [53].

Although known since long for dyeing and medicinal value, the protective properties of herbal dyes have been noticed only recently. Several plants used for dye production are classified as medicinal, and some have recently been shown to possess significant antimicrobial activity. Several natural dyes have demonstrated to possess antimicrobial activity like curcumin from turmeric; naphthoquinones such as lawsone from *Lawsonia inermis*, juglone from walnut, lapachol from taigu, and catechin from *Acacia catechu*; and several anthraquinones from *Rubia tinctorum*, *Rubia cordifolia*, *Rheum emodi*, *Punica granatum,* and *Quercus infectoria* [54, 55]. These natural antimicrobial agents may significantly reduce the risk of infections especially when they are used in close contact. Natural bioactive compounds present in natural dyes/pigments have also been reported as significant antimicrobial agents for finishing in green dyeing procedures.

## **6.2 Herbal textiles with UV protection**

Ultraviolet (UV) rays, electromagnetic spectrum between visible light and X-rays, influence the physiology of living organisms. Exposure may cause tanning to skin cancers. Sunscreen lotions and clothing provide protection from dangers of UV rays. Change in construction parameters of fabrics with appropriate UV absorbers and adequate finishing methods may be used to prepare the UV protective fabrics.

Textiles, as a protective shield against solar radiation, have been since ancient times. Textile structures provide the desired characteristics such as pliability, good mechanical strength, softness, esthetics, and other engineered properties, which are required for preparing good sunscreening apparels. Textiles themselves are not able to provide effective protection against UV rays; hence, UV blocking agents should be applied over the fabric to make them UV protective. Quantum of protection required for different skin types is determined by UV radiation intensity and distribution subject to geographical location, time of day, and season. Several UV protection agents have been developed to enhance the UV protection offered by different textiles. Both organic and inorganic UV blocking agents are available. The organic blockers are also termed as UV absorbers because they absorb UV rays, whereas inorganic blockers scatter them [47].

Three yellow dyes obtained from *Rheum emodi*, *Gardenia yellow,* and *curcumin* have been successfully used for simultaneous dyeing and functionalization of silk to render its UV protective [56]. Wool fabric dyed with dye obtained from the eucalyptus leaves using pad-batch and pad-dry techniques showed ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) values ranging between very good and excellent [57]. UV protection properties of chlorogenic acid, the main ingredient of water extract from honeysuckle, on wool have been studied. The wool treated with honeysuckle extract showed good UV absorbance; thus, extract of honeysuckle may be developed as a natural UV-absorbing agent [58]. Natural plant colorants such as madder (*Rubia tinctorum*) and indigo (*Indigofera tinctoria*) and of insect origin cochineal (*Dactylopius coccus*) were applied on cotton fabrics, and indigo was found to have higher UPF values [59]. UV rays induce DNA damage, oxidative stress, and inflammatory processes in skin. *Rheum emodi* contains anthraquinones (rhein, emodin, aloe-emodin, chrysophanol, physcion, and rhein), stilbenoids (resveratrol and piceatannol), and flavonoids. UV protective effect of *Rheum emodi* is supposed to be due to flavonoids, which absorb the UV radiation [60]. Main coloring ingredient of

the dye extracted from *Gardenia yellow* is crocin, which is a water soluble carotene, which absorbs the UV rays [61]. Curcumin alleviates the effect of UV rays by reducing the transmittance of UV light across fabric [62]. Madder roots contain anthraquinone derivatives mainly purpurin and munjistin and also small amounts of rubiadin, nordamncanthal, pseudopurpurin, and xanthopurpurin. Anthraquinones are considered to be strong UV absorbers [22].

### **6.3 Deodorizing herbal textiles**

Bacterial growth and/or waste released from human body are the main causes for odor in garments. Recent advances in textile manufacturing have improved the performance of textiles with respect to odor with antimicrobial and UV protection properties. To meet the consumer's growing demand for hygienic clothing, extensive research has been done to deodorizing property to textiles with the application of natural colorants. The deodorizing performance of fabrics dyed with herbal colorants has been compared, and pomegranate was found to be best among gardenia, *Cassia tora* L., coffee sludge, and pomegranate rind [23]. Fabric dyed with gallnut recorded a better deodorizing function against ammonia, trimethyl amine, and acetaldehyde than control fabrics. Dyed fabrics also found to possess an excellent antimicrobial activity against *Staphylococcus aureus* and *Klebsiella pneumoniae* [20]. Young-Hee Lee and co-workers dyed cotton, silk, and wool fabrics with pomegranate (*Punica granatum*) and showed excellent deodorizing property in the dyed fabrics [21]. Cotton fabrics dyed with C.I. Direct Blue 200, a copper complex direct dye, and pre- and post-mordanted with Cu(II) sulfate for deodorization of ethyl mercaptan showed that deodorization effects increased quadratically with the copper ion uptake [63]. These studies indicate that natural and synthetic dyes can be utilized for deodorizing functionalization of textiles.

### **6.4 Moth resistant and insect repellent textiles**

Carpets, blankets, and shawls are prepared from wool, and other similar fibers have properties such as warmth, softness, and flame retardancy protein content of the fiber, which are susceptible to attack by moth as its larvae thrive on the protein present in the wool. Cloth moth (*Tineola bisselliella*) and carpet beetle (*Anthrenus verbasci*) are common moths, which attack the wool items. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), permethrin, permethrin/hexahydro pyrimidine derivative, and cyhalothrin are some of the insecticides used to provide antimoth finish. Nano titanium oxide particles have also been utilized as an antifeeding compound on wool fabric to kill larvae of the carpet beetle, *Anthrenus verbasci*, which feeds on wool fibers [64]. Chemicals used for antimoth finishing are detrimental to the environment; hence, natural colorants may be good alternatives. Shakyawar et al. used saffron flower waste, onion skin, henna, myrobolan, silver oak leaf, madder, walnut, dholkanali, and yellow root natural dyes for antimoth finishing and recorded the best results for silver oak leaves, walnut husk, and pomegranate rind [65]. Natural dyes from cochineal, madder, walnut (quinines), chestnut, fustic, indigo, and logwood (flavonoids) were also applied on wool, and their antimoth properties against black carpet beetles were tested, all except indigo, which increased the insect resistance of the wool fabric. Metallic mordants were found to have no significant effect on insect resistance with all natural dyes used. The anthraquinone dyes including cochineal, madder, and walnut were found to be quite effective in protecting wool fabric against black carpet beetles [66].

**137**

Singapore, and Taiwan [6, 11].

*Application of Natural Dyes for Herbal Textiles DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93183*

and ecofriendly in nature [18, 67].

**7. Production and consumption of herbal textiles**

Synthetic/chemical dyes are increasingly being banned for use in the textile industry, which have led to severe blow to the handloom industry. At the same time, textiles dyed with natural herbal dyes having medicinal attributes are commanding a huge market due to their inherent advantages. Nowadays, the use of herbal dyes in the textile industry is preferred owing to the advantage of dyes extracted from the medicinal plants, origin from the renewable resources, limited chemical reactions involved in their preparation, biodegradable properties, disease-curing properties,

Herbal textiles are of two kinds: one category is for curing diseases and the other

is for wellbeing. The first category of cloths, which are used for curing diseases, includes sleep wear, bed sheets, towels, meditation clothes, and coir mats. Herbal textiles are mostly used in making such garments that stay close to human skin, so that all the medicinal components could be absorbed through the skin. Herbal textiles can fetch more competitive than conventional fabrics owing to low production cost. For example, a common chemical dye costs around \$75 per kg, and a herbal dye costs approximately \$5 per kg. Most of the herbs used in dyeing are cultivated in South Asian countries, namely India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, India being the largest producer. The Handloom Weavers Development Society (HLWDS) of Kerala, India has exported herbal and organic textile worth Rs. 50 Lakh to the United States, Europe, and Japan. The herbal textile is gaining such popularity that the Japanese Government

has accorded HLWDS a \$40,218 grant. Large consignments of herbal textiles have been shipped to international markets of the United States, Canada, France, Denmark, Italy, Poland, Maldives, Mauritius, Japan, and Sri Lanka [17, 68–70].

hair strengthening caps, bandages, and mask are also prepared [68, 71].

Most effective time to wear the herbal-infused clothing is while resting, sleeping, or meditating, when the body is naturally healing and re-establishing balance, so many of the products are created with these factors in mind. The technique for producing the herbal textiles is also used for floor coverings and coir mats. For coir mats, the fibers are first soaked in herbal dyes and then woven into coir mats. Apart from medicated handloom clothes such as sarees, T-shirts, shirts, trousers, kurtas, dhods, chudidhars, nightwear, fashion wear, sportswear, and inner wears, caps for healing headaches, goosery caps for head balance, cooling caps, hair shining caps,

Plant dyes are increasingly being incorporated by designers into their designs contributing to revival of Ayurvastra or herbal clothing. Ayurganic is a line of loungewear inspired from the concept of Ayurvastra. Designer duo Lecoanet and Hemant have revived the tradition of Ayurvastra in Ayurganic, their line of medicinal clothing. The multi-award winning designers who began their journey as couturiers in Paris are now refining the concept of Ayurvastra. Anjelika dreams organic produces fair trade, organic handmade clothing that follows this tradition. Gibie towels specialize in Ayurvastra towels, Ayurvastram in Ayurvastra textiles and yoga mats, and niraamaya in Ayurvastra yoga mats. The handloom weavers' development society in India is producing a wide range of herbal fabrics including sarees, bed sheets, and dress materials using medicinal dyes and exporting them to the United States, Germany, the United Kingdom,

"Herbalfab" ecofriendly fabric brand has developed a unique technique to dye with flowers, fruits, roots, and so on. Turmeric, myrabolams, onion, kesu and dhavadi flowers, and natural indigo are used for preparing the natural dyes. This prevents the water pollution by replacing the petrochemical dyes with herbal dyes and imparts the medicinal value to cloth. The colors obtained are unique, which can kick start a new fashion trend. Herbalfab also encompasses a range of other

*Chemistry and Technology of Natural and Synthetic Dyes and Pigments*

are considered to be strong UV absorbers [22].

**6.4 Moth resistant and insect repellent textiles**

**6.3 Deodorizing herbal textiles**

the dye extracted from *Gardenia yellow* is crocin, which is a water soluble carotene, which absorbs the UV rays [61]. Curcumin alleviates the effect of UV rays by reducing the transmittance of UV light across fabric [62]. Madder roots contain anthraquinone derivatives mainly purpurin and munjistin and also small amounts of rubiadin, nordamncanthal, pseudopurpurin, and xanthopurpurin. Anthraquinones

Bacterial growth and/or waste released from human body are the main causes for odor in garments. Recent advances in textile manufacturing have improved the performance of textiles with respect to odor with antimicrobial and UV protection properties. To meet the consumer's growing demand for hygienic clothing, extensive research has been done to deodorizing property to textiles with the application of natural colorants. The deodorizing performance of fabrics dyed with herbal colorants has been compared, and pomegranate was found to be best among gardenia, *Cassia tora* L., coffee sludge, and pomegranate rind [23]. Fabric dyed with gallnut recorded a better deodorizing function against ammonia, trimethyl amine, and acetaldehyde than control fabrics. Dyed fabrics also found to possess an excellent antimicrobial activity against *Staphylococcus aureus* and *Klebsiella pneumoniae* [20]. Young-Hee Lee and co-workers dyed cotton, silk, and wool fabrics with pomegranate (*Punica granatum*) and showed excellent deodorizing property in the dyed fabrics [21]. Cotton fabrics dyed with C.I. Direct Blue 200, a copper complex direct dye, and pre- and post-mordanted with Cu(II) sulfate for deodorization of ethyl mercaptan showed that deodorization effects increased quadratically with the copper ion uptake [63]. These studies indicate that natural and synthetic dyes can be utilized for deodorizing functionalization

Carpets, blankets, and shawls are prepared from wool, and other similar fibers have properties such as warmth, softness, and flame retardancy protein content of the fiber, which are susceptible to attack by moth as its larvae thrive on the protein present in the wool. Cloth moth (*Tineola bisselliella*) and carpet beetle (*Anthrenus verbasci*) are common moths, which attack the wool items. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), permethrin, permethrin/hexahydro pyrimidine derivative, and cyhalothrin are some of the insecticides used to provide antimoth finish. Nano titanium oxide particles have also been utilized as an antifeeding compound on wool fabric to kill larvae of the carpet beetle, *Anthrenus verbasci*, which feeds on wool fibers [64]. Chemicals used for antimoth finishing are detrimental to the environment; hence, natural colorants may be good alternatives. Shakyawar et al. used saffron flower waste, onion skin, henna, myrobolan, silver oak leaf, madder, walnut, dholkanali, and yellow root natural dyes for antimoth finishing and recorded the best results for silver oak leaves, walnut husk, and pomegranate rind [65]. Natural dyes from cochineal, madder, walnut (quinines), chestnut, fustic, indigo, and logwood (flavonoids) were also applied on wool, and their antimoth properties against black carpet beetles were tested, all except indigo, which increased the insect resistance of the wool fabric. Metallic mordants were found to have no significant effect on insect resistance with all natural dyes used. The anthraquinone dyes including cochineal, madder, and walnut were found to be quite effective in protecting wool fabric against black

**136**

carpet beetles [66].

of textiles.

## **7. Production and consumption of herbal textiles**

Synthetic/chemical dyes are increasingly being banned for use in the textile industry, which have led to severe blow to the handloom industry. At the same time, textiles dyed with natural herbal dyes having medicinal attributes are commanding a huge market due to their inherent advantages. Nowadays, the use of herbal dyes in the textile industry is preferred owing to the advantage of dyes extracted from the medicinal plants, origin from the renewable resources, limited chemical reactions involved in their preparation, biodegradable properties, disease-curing properties, and ecofriendly in nature [18, 67].

Herbal textiles are of two kinds: one category is for curing diseases and the other is for wellbeing. The first category of cloths, which are used for curing diseases, includes sleep wear, bed sheets, towels, meditation clothes, and coir mats. Herbal textiles are mostly used in making such garments that stay close to human skin, so that all the medicinal components could be absorbed through the skin. Herbal textiles can fetch more competitive than conventional fabrics owing to low production cost. For example, a common chemical dye costs around \$75 per kg, and a herbal dye costs approximately \$5 per kg. Most of the herbs used in dyeing are cultivated in South Asian countries, namely India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, India being the largest producer. The Handloom Weavers Development Society (HLWDS) of Kerala, India has exported herbal and organic textile worth Rs. 50 Lakh to the United States, Europe, and Japan. The herbal textile is gaining such popularity that the Japanese Government has accorded HLWDS a \$40,218 grant. Large consignments of herbal textiles have been shipped to international markets of the United States, Canada, France, Denmark, Italy, Poland, Maldives, Mauritius, Japan, and Sri Lanka [17, 68–70].

Most effective time to wear the herbal-infused clothing is while resting, sleeping, or meditating, when the body is naturally healing and re-establishing balance, so many of the products are created with these factors in mind. The technique for producing the herbal textiles is also used for floor coverings and coir mats. For coir mats, the fibers are first soaked in herbal dyes and then woven into coir mats. Apart from medicated handloom clothes such as sarees, T-shirts, shirts, trousers, kurtas, dhods, chudidhars, nightwear, fashion wear, sportswear, and inner wears, caps for healing headaches, goosery caps for head balance, cooling caps, hair shining caps, hair strengthening caps, bandages, and mask are also prepared [68, 71].

Plant dyes are increasingly being incorporated by designers into their designs contributing to revival of Ayurvastra or herbal clothing. Ayurganic is a line of loungewear inspired from the concept of Ayurvastra. Designer duo Lecoanet and Hemant have revived the tradition of Ayurvastra in Ayurganic, their line of medicinal clothing. The multi-award winning designers who began their journey as couturiers in Paris are now refining the concept of Ayurvastra. Anjelika dreams organic produces fair trade, organic handmade clothing that follows this tradition. Gibie towels specialize in Ayurvastra towels, Ayurvastram in Ayurvastra textiles and yoga mats, and niraamaya in Ayurvastra yoga mats. The handloom weavers' development society in India is producing a wide range of herbal fabrics including sarees, bed sheets, and dress materials using medicinal dyes and exporting them to the United States, Germany, the United Kingdom, Singapore, and Taiwan [6, 11].

"Herbalfab" ecofriendly fabric brand has developed a unique technique to dye with flowers, fruits, roots, and so on. Turmeric, myrabolams, onion, kesu and dhavadi flowers, and natural indigo are used for preparing the natural dyes. This prevents the water pollution by replacing the petrochemical dyes with herbal dyes and imparts the medicinal value to cloth. The colors obtained are unique, which can kick start a new fashion trend. Herbalfab also encompasses a range of other

ecofriendly fabrics like khadi, which is handspun and handwoven, nonviolent silk, organic denim, and so on [72].

The Handloom Weavers' Development Society, India produces a variety of home textiles using herbal fabrics in India. They also export herbal clothing such as sarees, bed sheets, and dress materials to other countries. With increasing demand for herbal clothing, companies such as Ayurvastra online have started offering the online products. Many textile industries are getting inclined toward Cosmetotextiles. The brands making herbal clothes are Aura, Cognis, Pantaloons, Quiospheres, and so on. These brands have a range of clothing namely bandee, vest, camisole, men and women's tee, coirs, and so on [73].

## **8. Benefits and drawbacks of herbal textiles**

## **8.1 Health benefits**


**139**

*Application of Natural Dyes for Herbal Textiles DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93183*

garments.

**8.2 Environment benefits**

• Natural dyes are usually moth proof and can replace the synthetic dyes in kids'

• We breathe through our skin more than we do through nose, and chemically dyed textiles having carcinogenic amines and chemicals may be allergic and dangerous to human skin. Organic clothing can help reduce the exposure to

allergens and other irritants and give a comfortable feeling [77–79].

• Preparation of herbal cloths is a labor-intensive industry and hence will

• No heavy metals such as chrome and copper are used in natural/herbal

• Manual farming and organic practices have a lower carbon footprint as the entire process consumes less fuel and energy and emits fewer greenhouse gases

• Herbal dyes are extracted from the plants cultivated without the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, and also no chemical defoliants are

• Processing is in green environment; hence, workers' health is not compromised, and also water and electric use and toxic runoff are reduced.

• Stringent testing ensures that product is free from contaminants such as nickel,

• It improves the soil fertility and soil structure by increasing the soil activity,

• It promotes the development of earthworms and other arthropods leading to improvement in the growth conditions of the crop. Furthermore, organic crops thrive on root symbioses and are better equipped to exploit the soil; hence, fields can accommodate a more number of plants, animals, and microorgan-

Natural fibers and natural dyes used in the preparation of herbal clothing allow its natural breakdown without damaging the environment compared to the synthetic material, which takes hundreds of years to breakdown and leaves the pollut-

and application on textile, food, leather, and so on.

• It promotes the agriculture and balances the ecological cycle.

of petroleum-based synthetic dyes.

lead, formaldehyde, amines, and pesticides.

thus reducing the risk of erosion.

• It is the massive saving of precious water.

• Waste can be used as manure.

Ayurvedic dyeing.

than chemical textiles.

used.

isms [80–82].

ant material in soil [66, 67, 83].

provide the job opportunities for manpower engaged in cultivation, extraction,

• Use of natural dyes may earn the carbon credit as it reduces the consumption

• Some of herbal constituents are antiallergens and hence are safe for skin contact and are mostly nonhazardous to human beings.


## **8.2 Environment benefits**

*Chemistry and Technology of Natural and Synthetic Dyes and Pigments*

camisole, men and women's tee, coirs, and so on [73].

**8. Benefits and drawbacks of herbal textiles**

organic denim, and so on [72].

**8.1 Health benefits**

recommended [74].

asthma, and heart ailments.

the body through the skin [75, 76].

spreads, and carpets.

ecofriendly fabrics like khadi, which is handspun and handwoven, nonviolent silk,

The Handloom Weavers' Development Society, India produces a variety of home textiles using herbal fabrics in India. They also export herbal clothing such as sarees, bed sheets, and dress materials to other countries. With increasing demand for herbal clothing, companies such as Ayurvastra online have started offering the online products. Many textile industries are getting inclined toward Cosmetotextiles. The brands making herbal clothes are Aura, Cognis, Pantaloons, Quiospheres, and so on. These brands have a range of clothing namely bandee, vest,

• It acts as a revitalizing tonic and helps in keeping the body fresh and healthy. The uses of proper herbs in the textiles have proven to cure diseases such as arthritis and fever. We breathe through our body more than we do through nose. It can improve the skin's natural ability to block and resist the harmful chemicals and toxins from entering the body, which will be beneficial to health.

• Herbal cloths have the ability to protect us from various skin diseases and

• No synthetic/chemical dye is used at any stage of herbal cloth production. For washing and cleaning purpose, the nut or nut powder of *Sapindus laurifolia* is

• Medicinal herbs treated fabrics also have a lot of therapeutic value; thus, the fabric has been found very helpful for people suffering from ailments such as skin allergies, breathing problems, sleeping disorders, and blood pressure.

• The health benefits of herbal clothing and its usage depend on the theory of touch. The body loses toxins when it comes in contact with herbal clothing, and this improves the metabolism. Herbal clothing is also known to help fight against many common diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, skin allergies,

• The human body naturally heals itself during sleep or meditation. Thus, when the body is at rest, herbal clothing will work most effectively. The skin is known as the largest organ of the body. Not only it acts as a fence and protects the body, but it can also be the channel for outside germs and toxins to enter into the body. Herbal clothing guards against the harmful toxins trying to enter

• Herbal textiles are mainly used in making sleepwear, undergarments, bed coverings, towels, meditation clothing, and so on, which remain close to the skin absorbing all the benefits it gives out. Herbal textiles are also used in home textile products such as mattresses, coir mats, door mats, bath towels, bed

• Some of herbal constituents are antiallergens and hence are safe for skin

contact and are mostly nonhazardous to human beings.

provide relief from infectious diseases and mental ailments.

**138**


Natural fibers and natural dyes used in the preparation of herbal clothing allow its natural breakdown without damaging the environment compared to the synthetic material, which takes hundreds of years to breakdown and leaves the pollutant material in soil [66, 67, 83].

## **8.3 Other benefits**


## **8.4 Drawbacks**


## **9. Conclusion**

Textile industry has realized its negative contribution to the environmental pollution through the harmful chemicals used in manufacturing processes and is continuously trying to find solution for this problem. Herbal dyeing is one important step toward achieving the organic lifestyle, thus reducing the environmental

**141**

**Author details**

Anupama Mishra1

Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India

provided the original work is properly cited.

*Application of Natural Dyes for Herbal Textiles DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93183*

may have wider industrial applications.

pollution. Herbal textile products are devoid of pesticides, fertilizers, antibiotics, growth hormones, genetically modified organisms, additives, irradiation, or sewage sludge, hence avoiding many ailments that are common with conventional clothing. Modern consumer's demand for novel ecomaterials is expected to increase in future. Recently, efforts have been made toward the development of commercially viable natural colorants by making advances in aspects such as identification of new sources, formulations, extraction, purification, and stability techniques. In spite of enthusiastic studies discussing the socioeconomic viability of natural dye production and applications at commercial scale for sustainable utilization of bioresources, there is a need for investigations related to hygiene and ecosafety, which have great future for the discovery of relatively better and more stable natural pigments that

Herbal textiles have tremendous scope in world textile market and may become a major textile product in future. The blend of herbs and textiles to achieve the health in an ecofriendly manner is the great way of adopting the healthy life. Herbal clothing is receiving the increased awareness all over the world. Herbally treated textiles are one of the great solutions to revive and increase the share of Indian handloom industry in world textile market. Furthermore, herbal clothing is nontoxic, noncarcinogenic, biodegradable, and ecofriendly; these characteristics make them an obvious choice for modern informed costumer looking for a healthy product. Additionally, the production of biocolorants to meet the rising demand shall force entrepreneurs to take up

this venture for greater profits leading to more employment generation.

\* and Sapna Gautam<sup>2</sup>

Central Agricultural Universities, Tura, Meghalaya, India

\*Address all correspondence to: anupamamishra8@gmail.com

1 Department of Textile and Apparel Designing, College of Community Science,

2 Department of Clothing and Textiles, College of Community Science, PSKHPKV,

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

## *Application of Natural Dyes for Herbal Textiles DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93183*

*Chemistry and Technology of Natural and Synthetic Dyes and Pigments*

used for making the other green products.

• Herbal textiles are ecofriendly, and also residues they produce can be further

• Solid and liquid wastes from herbal dyeing are amenable to recycling produc-

• It also promotes the cultivation of herbs required for the production of herbal

• Herbal fabrics are lightweight and so used to construct the perfect breezy

clothes. The biggest advantage of cotton herbal cloth is that it is cool in summer

• The color shades produced by herbal dyes are unique, hence commanding high

• Herbal fabrics and dyes are not good substitutes for synthetic dyes offering

• Retaining color and its herbal benefits demands utmost care in washing; herbal cloths should be washed separately, preferably hand wash or gentle machine wash with bleach-free detergents and should be shed dried. This causes incon-

• The dyeing process is cumbersome and time taking, and each stage should be

• Medicinal herbs impart colors; hence, color choice for consumer is very limited as only few herbs can be used for dyeing a fabric that meant to be used in a

• Though there are no complaints on allergic reaction by the consumers, some people think that the herbal clothing shows side effects on children [87–89].

Textile industry has realized its negative contribution to the environmental pollution through the harmful chemicals used in manufacturing processes and is continuously trying to find solution for this problem. Herbal dyeing is one important step toward achieving the organic lifestyle, thus reducing the environmental

• Herbal cloths show the curative effects, but progress is slow.

• Some of the ecofriendly industries producing the herbal textiles produce organically recycled paper bags by utilizing the residual organic and herbal

dyed fabrics that can reduce the pollution due to plastic bags [84].

• Herbal dyes add value to the cotton fabrics in ecofriendly manner.

**8.3 Other benefits**

ing the organic manure.

textile products.

demand in market.

venience to the user.

carefully controlled.

particular disease condition.

**8.4 Drawbacks**

and warm in winter [85, 86].

broader range and variations.

**140**

**9. Conclusion**

pollution. Herbal textile products are devoid of pesticides, fertilizers, antibiotics, growth hormones, genetically modified organisms, additives, irradiation, or sewage sludge, hence avoiding many ailments that are common with conventional clothing.

Modern consumer's demand for novel ecomaterials is expected to increase in future. Recently, efforts have been made toward the development of commercially viable natural colorants by making advances in aspects such as identification of new sources, formulations, extraction, purification, and stability techniques. In spite of enthusiastic studies discussing the socioeconomic viability of natural dye production and applications at commercial scale for sustainable utilization of bioresources, there is a need for investigations related to hygiene and ecosafety, which have great future for the discovery of relatively better and more stable natural pigments that may have wider industrial applications.

Herbal textiles have tremendous scope in world textile market and may become a major textile product in future. The blend of herbs and textiles to achieve the health in an ecofriendly manner is the great way of adopting the healthy life. Herbal clothing is receiving the increased awareness all over the world. Herbally treated textiles are one of the great solutions to revive and increase the share of Indian handloom industry in world textile market. Furthermore, herbal clothing is nontoxic, noncarcinogenic, biodegradable, and ecofriendly; these characteristics make them an obvious choice for modern informed costumer looking for a healthy product. Additionally, the production of biocolorants to meet the rising demand shall force entrepreneurs to take up this venture for greater profits leading to more employment generation.

## **Author details**

Anupama Mishra1 \* and Sapna Gautam<sup>2</sup>

1 Department of Textile and Apparel Designing, College of Community Science, Central Agricultural Universities, Tura, Meghalaya, India

2 Department of Clothing and Textiles, College of Community Science, PSKHPKV, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India

\*Address all correspondence to: anupamamishra8@gmail.com

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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[24] Shrimali K, Dedhia EM. Microencapsulation for textile finishing. Journal of Polymer and Textile Engineering. 2015;**2**(2):1-4

[25] Hammad H. Microencapsulation: Process, techniques and applications. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences. 2011;**2**(2):474-481

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[32] Sen K, Thomas KA. Microencapsulation in Textile Finishing: Scope and Challenges. IIT Delhi: Department of Textile Technology; 2018

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[35] Sathianarayanan MP. Antibacterial finish for cotton fabric from herbal products. Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research. 2010;**50**:35

[36] Rajput A, Ramachandran M, Gotmare VD, Raichurkar KK. Recent

**142**

*Chemistry and Technology of Natural and Synthetic Dyes and Pigments*

[9] Machado TB, Pinto AV.

2003;**21**(3):279-284

Journal. 1992;**102**:78

Antimicrobial activity of selected plants for medical textiles. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents.

[10] Gupta Gulrajani ML, Agarwal Jain M. Application of natural dyes on bleached coir yarn. Indian Textile

[11] Mahanta D, Tiwari SC. Natural dye yielding plants and indigenous knowledge on dye preparation in Arunachal Pradesh, North East India. Current Sciences. 2005;**88**:1474-1480

[12] Deepak K, Abhishek S, Raghav V, Dharmendra G, Abhishek K. Herbal textiles: Green business, green earth!!!

Ramachandran M. Herbal clothing— An Ayurveda doctor rest. Journal on Emerging Trends in Modelling and Manufacturing. 2015;**1**(1):26-31

Balakumar C, Venkatrajah B, Sudhakar A, Janiga PK. Antibacterial synergistic activity of ofloxacin and ornidazole treated biomedical fabrics against nosocomial pathogens. Asian Textile

Colourage. 2011;**58**(4):54-60

[13] Kolte PP, Shivankar VS,

[14] Elayarajah B, Rajendran R,

[15] Mader LS. Ayurvastra: Dyeing fabric with medicinal ayurvedic plants. American Botanical Council.

[17] Jain M. Ayurvedic textiles: A wonderful approach to handle health disorders. Colourage. 2010;**57**(10):45-52

[18] Rangari NT, Kalyankar TM, Mahajan AA, Lendhe PR, Puranik PK.

[16] Kumar D, Srivastava A, Vidyarthi R, Gupta D, Kumar A. Herbal textiles: Green business, green earth. Colourage.

Journal. 2011;**1**:87-97

2011;**92**:16-18

2011;**58**(4):54

[1] Hana K. Natural dyes: Their past, present, future and sustainability. In: Recent Developments in Fibrous Material Science. Czech Republic: O.p.s.

Kanina; 2015. pp. 59-71

**References**

[2] Mukherjee S, Kanakarajan S. Extraction, optimisation and dyeing of silk yarn using natural dye from *Cosmos* sp. International Journal of Development Research. 2017;**7**(7):13865-13871

[3] Shafei AEI, Shaarawy S,

2016;**4**(1):1-20

2395-4396

Motawe FH, Refaei R. Herbal extract as an ecofriendly antimicrobial finishing of cotton fabric. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry. 2018;**61**(2):317-327

[4] Hasan KMF, Deb H, Rahman MDM, Morshed MN, Azad SAI, Genyang C. A review on antibacterial coloration agent's activity, implementation & efficiency to ensure the ecofriendly & green textiles. American Journal of Polymer Science & Engineering.

[5] Jyothirmai S, Panda S. Ayurvastra— Herbal clothing (A new technology to heal naturally). IJARIIE; 2016;**2**(4):

[6] Rockefeller JD. An Introduction to Ayurveda and Its Benefits. Kindle ed. California, USA: J.D. Rockefeller Book

Club, Scotts Valley; 2018. p. 24

2013;**5**(4):160-166

2006;**86**:233-242

[7] Gupta C, Prakash D, Gupta S. Functional clothing: A novel concept for disease therapeutics. African Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences.

[8] Geissler S. Extraction of natural dyes for textile dyeing from coloured plant wastes released from the food and beverage industry. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture.

bioactive materials for development of eco-friendly dippers: An overview. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2017;**9**(10):1844-1848

[37] Moghadamtousi ZS, Kadir HA, Hassandarvish P, Tajik H, Abubakar S, Zandi K. A review on antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal activity of curcumin. Biomed Research International. 2014;**2014**:1-12. DOI: 10.1155/2014/186864

[38] Goudarzi M, Fazeli M, Azad M, Seyedjavadi SS, Mousavi R. Aloe vera gel: Effective therapeutic agent against multidrug-resistant *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* isolates recovered from burn wound infections. Chemotherapy Research and Practice. 2015;**2015**:1-5. DOI: 10.1155/2015/639806

[39] Mallikarjun S, Rao A, Rajesh G, Shenoy R, Pai M. Antimicrobial efficacy of Tulsi leaf (*Ocimum sanctum*) extract on periodontal pathogens: An in vitro study. Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology. 2016;**20**(2):145-150. DOI: 10.4103/0972-124X.175177

[40] Alzohairy MA. Therapeutics role of *Azadirachta indica* (Neem) and their active constituents in diseases prevention and treatment. Evidence Based-Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2016:1-11. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7382506

[41] Samanta KK, Basak S, Chattopadhyay SK. Sustainable dyeing and finishing of textiles using natural ingredients and water-free technologies. In: Muthu S, editor. Textiles and Clothing Sustainability. 2017

[42] Wai CT, Pui FN, Qun CBF. Dyeing performance of kapok flower colourant on wool fabrics. World Journal of Textile Engineering and Technology. 2015;**1**:23-27

[43] Zhou Y, Tang R-C. Natural flavonoid-functionalized silk fiber presenting antibacterial, antioxidant, and UV protection performance. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 2017;**5**(11):10518-10526

[44] Shahid-ul-Islam M. Perspectives for natural product based agents derived from industrial plants in textile applications—A review. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2013;**57**:2-18

[45] Kartick, Samanta K, Basak S, Chattopadhyay SK. Roadmap to sustainable textiles and clothing. In: Muthu SS, editor. Textile Science and Clothing Technology: Environmental and Social Aspects of Textiles and Clothing Supply Chain. Singapore: Springer; 2006. pp. 263-287

[46] Baliarsingh S, Jena JR, Das T, Das NB. Role of cationic and anionic surfactants in textile dyeing with natural dyes extracted from waste plant materials and their potential antimicrobial properties. Industrial Crops and Products. 2013;**50**:618-624

[47] Hou X, Chen X, Cheng Y, Xu H, Chen L, Yang Y. Dyeing and uv-protection properties of water extracts from orange peel. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2013;**52**:410-419

[48] Yi E, Yoo ES. A novel bioactive fabric dyed with unripe *Citrus grandis* Osbeck extract Part 1: Dyeing properties and antimicrobial activity on cotton knit fabrics. Textile Research Journal. 2000;**80**:2117-2123

[49] Fauziyah N, Hakim L. Plants as natural dyes for Jonegoroan batik processing in Jono cultural Tourism Village, Bojonegoro, East Java. Journal of Indonesian Tourism and Development Studies. 2015;**3**(2) 2338-1647

[50] Paul R. Functional Finishes for Textiles, Improving Comfort Performance and Protection. UK: Wood head Publishing; 2015. pp. 1-14

**145**

*Application of Natural Dyes for Herbal Textiles DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93183*

> [59] Hwang EK, Lee YH, Kim HD. Dyeing, fastness, and deodorizing properties of cotton, silk, and wool fabrics dyed with Gardenia, coffee sludge, *Cassia tora* L., and pomegranate

extracts. Fibers and Polymers.

[60] Pandith SA, Dar RA, Lattoo SK, et al. *Rheum australe*, an endangered high-value medicinal herb of North Western Himalayas: A review of its botany, ethnomedical uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology. Phytochemistry Reviews. 2018;**17**:573- 609. DOI: 10.1007/s11101-018-9551-7

[61] Park J, Seok KJ, Suh HJ, Boo YC. Gardenia jasminoides extract attenuates

the UVB-induced expressions of cytokines in keratinocytes and indirectly inhibits matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression in human dermal fibroblasts. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2014;**2014**:1-10. DOI:

[62] Liu X, Zhang R, Shi H, et al. Protective effect of curcumin against ultraviolet A irradiation-induced photoaging in human dermal fibroblasts. Molecular Medicine Reports. 2018;**17**(5):7227-7237. DOI:

10.1155/2014/429246

10.3892/mmr.2018.8791

2013;**52**(3):1365-1371

2015;**40**(2):200-202

[64] Shakyawar DB, Raja AS, Kumar A, Pareek PK. Antimoth finishing treatment for woollens using tannin containing natural dyes. Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research.

[63] Nazari A, Montazer M, Dehghani-Zahedani M. Chemistry of natural colorants on textiles also discussed with relevance to adsorption in bioresourced colorants, have created a revolution in textile research and development. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research.

2008;**9**(3):334-340

Ramachandran T, Vigneswaran C. Effect of medicinal herb extracts treated garments on selected diseases. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge.

[52] Çalis A, Çelik GY, Katircioglu H. Antimicrobial effect of natural dyes on some pathogenic bacteria. African

[53] Karekar N, Lakhani P, Patel U. Ayurvastra: A Novel Use of Herbal Drugs. Mumbai Educational Trust Institute; 2013. p. 36. Available from:

[54] Dev VG, Venugopal J, Sudha S, Deepika G, Ramakrishna S. Dyeing and antimicrobial characteristics of chitosan treated wool fabrics with henna. Carbohydrate Polymers.

[55] Prusty AK, Das T, Nayak A, Das NB. Colourimetric analysis and antimicrobial study of natural dyes and dyed silk. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2010;**18**(16):1750-1756

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(Bangkok). 2012

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2013;**104**(8):808-818

[58] Zhou Y, Zhang J, Tang RC, Zhang J. Simultaneous dyeing and functionalization of silk with three natural yellow dyes. Industrial Crops and Products. 2015;**64**:224-232

Tubtimthai N, Cholachatpinyo A, Mongkholrattanasit R. UV protection properties of wool fabric dyed with eucalyptus leaf extract by the padding techniques. In: RMUTP International Conference: Textiles and Fashion

Pan NC, Roy AK, Saxena S, Khan A. Development of natural dyed jute fabric with improved colour yield and UV protection characteristics. The Journal of the Textile Institute.

[51] Chandrasekaran K,

2012;**11**(3):493-498

Journal of Biotechnology. 2009;**8**(2):291-293

articles@pharmatutor.org

2009;**75**(4):646-650

*Application of Natural Dyes for Herbal Textiles DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93183*

*Chemistry and Technology of Natural and Synthetic Dyes and Pigments*

presenting antibacterial, antioxidant, and UV protection performance. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering.

[44] Shahid-ul-Islam M. Perspectives for natural product based agents derived from industrial plants in textile applications—A review. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2013;**57**:2-18

Basak S, Chattopadhyay SK. Roadmap to sustainable textiles and clothing. In: Muthu SS, editor. Textile Science and Clothing Technology: Environmental and Social Aspects of Textiles and Clothing Supply Chain. Singapore:

2017;**5**(11):10518-10526

[45] Kartick, Samanta K,

Springer; 2006. pp. 263-287

[46] Baliarsingh S, Jena JR, Das T, Das NB. Role of cationic and anionic surfactants in textile dyeing with natural dyes extracted from waste plant materials and their potential antimicrobial properties. Industrial Crops and Products. 2013;**50**:618-624

[47] Hou X, Chen X, Cheng Y, Xu H, Chen L, Yang Y. Dyeing and uv-protection properties of water extracts from orange peel. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2013;**52**:410-419

[48] Yi E, Yoo ES. A novel bioactive fabric dyed with unripe *Citrus grandis* Osbeck extract Part 1: Dyeing properties and antimicrobial activity on cotton knit fabrics. Textile Research Journal.

[49] Fauziyah N, Hakim L. Plants as natural dyes for Jonegoroan batik processing in Jono cultural Tourism Village, Bojonegoro, East Java. Journal of Indonesian Tourism and Development Studies. 2015;**3**(2)

[50] Paul R. Functional Finishes for Textiles, Improving Comfort

head Publishing; 2015. pp. 1-14

Performance and Protection. UK: Wood

2000;**80**:2117-2123

2338-1647

bioactive materials for development of eco-friendly dippers: An overview. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and

Research. 2017;**9**(10):1844-1848

10.1155/2014/186864

DOI: 10.1155/2015/639806

[37] Moghadamtousi ZS, Kadir HA, Hassandarvish P, Tajik H, Abubakar S, Zandi K. A review on antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal activity of curcumin. Biomed Research International. 2014;**2014**:1-12. DOI:

[38] Goudarzi M, Fazeli M, Azad M, Seyedjavadi SS, Mousavi R. Aloe vera gel: Effective therapeutic agent against multidrug-resistant *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* isolates recovered from burn wound infections. Chemotherapy Research and Practice. 2015;**2015**:1-5.

[39] Mallikarjun S, Rao A, Rajesh G, Shenoy R, Pai M. Antimicrobial efficacy of Tulsi leaf (*Ocimum sanctum*) extract on periodontal pathogens: An in vitro study. Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology. 2016;**20**(2):145-150. DOI: 10.4103/0972-124X.175177

[40] Alzohairy MA. Therapeutics role of *Azadirachta indica* (Neem) and their active constituents in diseases prevention and treatment. Evidence Based-Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2016:1-11. DOI:

10.1155/2016/7382506

[41] Samanta KK, Basak S,

Chattopadhyay SK. Sustainable dyeing and finishing of textiles using natural ingredients and water-free technologies.

[42] Wai CT, Pui FN, Qun CBF. Dyeing performance of kapok flower colourant on wool fabrics. World Journal of Textile Engineering and Technology.

In: Muthu S, editor. Textiles and Clothing Sustainability. 2017

[43] Zhou Y, Tang R-C. Natural flavonoid-functionalized silk fiber

**144**

2015;**1**:23-27

[51] Chandrasekaran K, Ramachandran T, Vigneswaran C. Effect of medicinal herb extracts treated garments on selected diseases. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge. 2012;**11**(3):493-498

[52] Çalis A, Çelik GY, Katircioglu H. Antimicrobial effect of natural dyes on some pathogenic bacteria. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2009;**8**(2):291-293

[53] Karekar N, Lakhani P, Patel U. Ayurvastra: A Novel Use of Herbal Drugs. Mumbai Educational Trust Institute; 2013. p. 36. Available from: articles@pharmatutor.org

[54] Dev VG, Venugopal J, Sudha S, Deepika G, Ramakrishna S. Dyeing and antimicrobial characteristics of chitosan treated wool fabrics with henna. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2009;**75**(4):646-650

[55] Prusty AK, Das T, Nayak A, Das NB. Colourimetric analysis and antimicrobial study of natural dyes and dyed silk. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2010;**18**(16):1750-1756

[56] Rungruangkitkrai N, Tubtimthai N, Cholachatpinyo A, Mongkholrattanasit R. UV protection properties of wool fabric dyed with eucalyptus leaf extract by the padding techniques. In: RMUTP International Conference: Textiles and Fashion (Bangkok). 2012

[57] Chattopadhyay SN, Pan NC, Roy AK, Saxena S, Khan A. Development of natural dyed jute fabric with improved colour yield and UV protection characteristics. The Journal of the Textile Institute. 2013;**104**(8):808-818

[58] Zhou Y, Zhang J, Tang RC, Zhang J. Simultaneous dyeing and functionalization of silk with three natural yellow dyes. Industrial Crops and Products. 2015;**64**:224-232

[59] Hwang EK, Lee YH, Kim HD. Dyeing, fastness, and deodorizing properties of cotton, silk, and wool fabrics dyed with Gardenia, coffee sludge, *Cassia tora* L., and pomegranate extracts. Fibers and Polymers. 2008;**9**(3):334-340

[60] Pandith SA, Dar RA, Lattoo SK, et al. *Rheum australe*, an endangered high-value medicinal herb of North Western Himalayas: A review of its botany, ethnomedical uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology. Phytochemistry Reviews. 2018;**17**:573- 609. DOI: 10.1007/s11101-018-9551-7

[61] Park J, Seok KJ, Suh HJ, Boo YC. Gardenia jasminoides extract attenuates the UVB-induced expressions of cytokines in keratinocytes and indirectly inhibits matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression in human dermal fibroblasts. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2014;**2014**:1-10. DOI: 10.1155/2014/429246

[62] Liu X, Zhang R, Shi H, et al. Protective effect of curcumin against ultraviolet A irradiation-induced photoaging in human dermal fibroblasts. Molecular Medicine Reports. 2018;**17**(5):7227-7237. DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8791

[63] Nazari A, Montazer M, Dehghani-Zahedani M. Chemistry of natural colorants on textiles also discussed with relevance to adsorption in bioresourced colorants, have created a revolution in textile research and development. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 2013;**52**(3):1365-1371

[64] Shakyawar DB, Raja AS, Kumar A, Pareek PK. Antimoth finishing treatment for woollens using tannin containing natural dyes. Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research. 2015;**40**(2):200-202

[65] Park JH, Gatewood BM, Ramaswamy GN. Naturally occurring quinines and flavonoid dyes for wool: Insect feeding deterrents. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2005;**98**(1):322-328

[66] Mapari SA, Nielsen KF, Larsen TO, Frisvad JC, Meyer AS, Thrane U. Exploring fungal biodiversity for the production of water-soluble pigments as potential natural food colorants. Current Opinion of Biotechnology. 2005;**16**(2):231-238

[67] Gupta D, Laha A. Antimicrobial activity of cotton fabric treated with *Quercus infectoria* extract. Indian Journal of Fibre and Textile Research. 2007;**32**(1):88-92

[68] Baid AM. Method of dyeing textile article from medicinally rich herbs. 2014. Available from: http:// www.patentgenius.com. [Accessed: 10 February 2014]

[69] Kumar D, Srivastava A, Vidyarthi R, Shivam A, Kumar A. Herbal Textiles: Green Business, Green Earth!!! Available from: http://www.fibre2fashion.com/ industry-article/34/3357/herbaltextiles-green-business-green-earth1. asp [Accessed: 05 March 2014]

[70] Bagyiilakshmi G. Developing Herbal Antimicrobial Finished Cotton Fabric for Wound Dressing. Coimbatore: Department of Textiles and Clothing, Avinashilingam University for Women; 2019

[71] Singh K, Jain A, Panwar S, Gupta D, Khare SK. Antimicrobial activity of some natural dyes. Dyes and Pigments. 2005;**66**(2):99-102

[72] Mussak RAM, Bechtold T. Natural colorants in textile dyeing. In: Bechtold T, Mussak R, editors. Handbook of Natural Colorants. Chichester: Wiley; 2009. pp. 315-338 [73] Khan SA, Ahmad A, Khan MI, Yusuf M, Shahid M, Manzoor N. Dyeing, fastness and antimicrobial properties of woollen yarns dyed with gallnut (*Quercus infectoria* Olive) extract. Dyes and Pigments. 2012;**95**(2):206-214

[74] Khan MI, Ahmad A, Khan SA, Yusuf M, Shahid M, Manzoor N. Assessment of antimicrobial activity of catechu and its dyed substrate. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2011;**19**(12):1385-1394

[75] Hill DJ. Is there a future of natural dyes? Review of Progress and Coloration. 1997;**27**(1):18-25

[76] Shabbir M, Rather LJ, Bukhari MN, Shahid M, Khan MA, Mohammad F. An eco-friendly dyeing of woolen yarn by *Terminalia chebula* extract with evaluations of kinetic and adsorption characteristics. Journal of Advanced Research. 2016;**7**(3):473-482

[77] Hou X, Yang R, Xu H, Yang Y. Adsorption kinetic and thermodynamic studies of silk dyed with sodium copper chlorophyllin. Industrial and Engineering Chemical Research. 2012;**51**(25):8341-8347

[78] Ramachandran T, Rajendrakumar K, Rajendran R. Antimicrobial textiles— An overview. Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India). Part TX: Textile Engineering Division. 2004;**84**(2):42-47

[79] Joshi M, Wazed AS, Purwar R, Rajendran S. Ecofriendly antimicrobial finishing of textiles using bioactive agents based on natural products. Indian Journal of Fibre and Textile Research. 2009;**34**(3):295-304

[80] Khushwaha A, Singh RP, Gupta V, Singh M. Antimicrobial properties of peels of citrus fruits. International Journal of Universal Pharmacy and Life Sciences. 2012;**2**(2):24-38

**147**

*Application of Natural Dyes for Herbal Textiles DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93183*

[81] Kumar Sampath KP, Debjit B, Duraivel S, Umadevi M. Traditional and medicinal uses of banana. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry.

[82] Arora M, Kaur P. Antimicrobial & antioxidant activity of orange pulp and peel. International Journal of Science and Research. 2013;**2**(11):412-415

[83] Ursache M. Functional finishes of cotton knitted fabrics. Buletinul Institutului Politehnic Din Iasi.

[84] Paul R. Functional finishes for textiles: An overview. In: Improving Comfort, Performance and Protection. Woodhead Publishing; 2015. p. 678

[85] Salah M, Abd-El-Hady A. Ecofriendly dyeing of cotton fabric with natural colorants extracted. In: Textile Science and Clothing Technology.

[86] San YO, Khin O. Investigation on flame retardant effect of Myanmar Banana (*Musa sapientum* Linn) pseudostem sap on cotton fabric. International Journal for Innovative Research in Multidisciplinary Field.

Comparison of natural agents to develop

Singapore: Springer; 2013

2017;**3**(8):139-144

[87] Saravanan M, Dhurai B.

antibacterial kitchen. Textiles International Research Journal of

[88] Teli MD, Sheikh J, Shastrakar P. Eco-friendly antibacterial printing of wool using natural dyes. Journal of

[89] Ortega Z, Morón M, Monzón MD, Pere B, Paz R. Production of banana fiber yarns for technical textile reinforced composites. Materials. 2016;**9**:370

Pharmacy. 2017;**8**(7):93

Textile Science. 2014;**4**:151

2012;**1**(3):51-63

2010;**4**:49-56

*Application of Natural Dyes for Herbal Textiles DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93183*

*Chemistry and Technology of Natural and Synthetic Dyes and Pigments*

[73] Khan SA, Ahmad A, Khan MI, Yusuf M, Shahid M, Manzoor N. Dyeing, fastness and antimicrobial properties of woollen yarns dyed with gallnut (*Quercus infectoria* Olive) extract. Dyes and Pigments.

[74] Khan MI, Ahmad A, Khan SA, Yusuf M, Shahid M, Manzoor N. Assessment of antimicrobial activity of catechu and its dyed substrate. Journal of Cleaner Production.

2012;**95**(2):206-214

2011;**19**(12):1385-1394

[75] Hill DJ. Is there a future of natural dyes? Review of Progress and

Coloration. 1997;**27**(1):18-25

Research. 2016;**7**(3):473-482

[77] Hou X, Yang R, Xu H, Yang Y. Adsorption kinetic and thermodynamic

studies of silk dyed with sodium copper chlorophyllin. Industrial and Engineering Chemical Research.

[78] Ramachandran T, Rajendrakumar K, Rajendran R. Antimicrobial textiles— An overview. Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India). Part TX: Textile Engineering Division. 2004;**84**(2):42-47

[79] Joshi M, Wazed AS, Purwar R, Rajendran S. Ecofriendly antimicrobial finishing of textiles using bioactive agents based on natural products. Indian Journal of Fibre and Textile Research.

[80] Khushwaha A, Singh RP, Gupta V, Singh M. Antimicrobial properties of peels of citrus fruits. International Journal of Universal Pharmacy and Life

2012;**51**(25):8341-8347

2009;**34**(3):295-304

Sciences. 2012;**2**(2):24-38

[76] Shabbir M, Rather LJ, Bukhari MN, Shahid M, Khan MA, Mohammad F. An eco-friendly dyeing of woolen yarn by *Terminalia chebula* extract with evaluations of kinetic and adsorption characteristics. Journal of Advanced

[65] Park JH, Gatewood BM,

2005;**98**(1):322-328

2005;**16**(2):231-238

2007;**32**(1):88-92

February 2014]

Ramaswamy GN. Naturally occurring quinines and flavonoid dyes for wool: Insect feeding deterrents. Journal of Applied Polymer Science.

[66] Mapari SA, Nielsen KF, Larsen TO, Frisvad JC, Meyer AS, Thrane U. Exploring fungal biodiversity for the production of water-soluble pigments as potential natural food colorants. Current Opinion of Biotechnology.

[67] Gupta D, Laha A. Antimicrobial activity of cotton fabric treated with *Quercus infectoria* extract. Indian Journal of Fibre and Textile Research.

[68] Baid AM. Method of dyeing textile article from medicinally rich herbs. 2014. Available from: http:// www.patentgenius.com. [Accessed: 10

[69] Kumar D, Srivastava A, Vidyarthi R, Shivam A, Kumar A. Herbal Textiles: Green Business, Green Earth!!! Available from: http://www.fibre2fashion.com/ industry-article/34/3357/herbaltextiles-green-business-green-earth1. asp [Accessed: 05 March 2014]

[70] Bagyiilakshmi G. Developing Herbal Antimicrobial Finished Cotton Fabric for Wound Dressing. Coimbatore: Department of Textiles and Clothing, Avinashilingam University for Women;

[71] Singh K, Jain A, Panwar S, Gupta D, Khare SK. Antimicrobial activity of some natural dyes. Dyes and Pigments.

**146**

2019

2005;**66**(2):99-102

[72] Mussak RAM, Bechtold T. Natural colorants in textile dyeing. In: Bechtold T, Mussak R, editors. Handbook of Natural Colorants. Chichester: Wiley; 2009. pp. 315-338 [81] Kumar Sampath KP, Debjit B, Duraivel S, Umadevi M. Traditional and medicinal uses of banana. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2012;**1**(3):51-63

[82] Arora M, Kaur P. Antimicrobial & antioxidant activity of orange pulp and peel. International Journal of Science and Research. 2013;**2**(11):412-415

[83] Ursache M. Functional finishes of cotton knitted fabrics. Buletinul Institutului Politehnic Din Iasi. 2010;**4**:49-56

[84] Paul R. Functional finishes for textiles: An overview. In: Improving Comfort, Performance and Protection. Woodhead Publishing; 2015. p. 678

[85] Salah M, Abd-El-Hady A. Ecofriendly dyeing of cotton fabric with natural colorants extracted. In: Textile Science and Clothing Technology. Singapore: Springer; 2013

[86] San YO, Khin O. Investigation on flame retardant effect of Myanmar Banana (*Musa sapientum* Linn) pseudostem sap on cotton fabric. International Journal for Innovative Research in Multidisciplinary Field. 2017;**3**(8):139-144

[87] Saravanan M, Dhurai B. Comparison of natural agents to develop antibacterial kitchen. Textiles International Research Journal of Pharmacy. 2017;**8**(7):93

[88] Teli MD, Sheikh J, Shastrakar P. Eco-friendly antibacterial printing of wool using natural dyes. Journal of Textile Science. 2014;**4**:151

[89] Ortega Z, Morón M, Monzón MD, Pere B, Paz R. Production of banana fiber yarns for technical textile reinforced composites. Materials. 2016;**9**:370

**149**

Section 3

Pantone-Like Shade Book

with Natural Dyes and

Pigments

## Section 3
