Meet the editor

Jinfeng Yang is an Associate Professor of accelerator physics and materials science at the Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Japan. He has worked on the generation and applications of high-brightness femtosecond/picosecond pulsed electron beams in the particle accelerator field for over twenty years. He has published more than 100 papers in indexed scientific journals and international conferences. He developed

a pulse radiolysis with femtosecond resolution. The development opened the first experimental study of radiation chemistry in femtosecond time regions. His current research is concerned with the development of ultrafast electron diffraction/microscopy with relativistic femtosecond electron pulses and the study of ultrafast phenomena including structural dynamics and chemical/biochemical reactions.

Contents

Electron Pulses *by Jinfeng Yang*

*by Hiroaki Matsui*

and Fingerprint Regions

*by Hirohide Serizawa*

Femtosecond Lasers

Imaging in Low Back Pain *by Haider N. Al-Tameemi*

*by Boucerredj Noureddine and Khaled Beggas*

Introductory Chapter: 4D Imaging *by Jinfeng Yang and Hidehiro Yasuda*

Femtosecond Pulse Radiolysis

Femtosecond Electron Diffraction Using Relativistic

*by Jinfeng Yang, Koichi Kan, Masao Gohdo and Yoichi Yoshida*

Surface Plasmons and Optical Dynamics on Vanadium Dioxide

Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Microscopy in C▬H Region of Raman Spectra of Biomolecules and Its Extension to Silent

*by Rajeev Ranjan, Maria Antonietta Ferrara and Luigi Sirleto*

Diffraction by a Rectangular Hole in a Thick Conducting Screen

Nanoplasma Formation From Atomic Clusters Irradiated by Intense

Cone-Beam Computed Tomography in Dentomaxillofacial Radiology

*by Bence Tamás Szabó, Adrienn Dobai and Csaba Dobo-Nagy*

**Preface III**

**Chapter 1 1**

**Chapter 2 9**

**Chapter 3 27**

**Chapter 4 47**

**Chapter 5 63**

**Chapter 6 79**

**Chapter 7 101**

**Chapter 8 113**

**Chapter 9 127**

## Contents


*by Bence Tamás Szabó, Adrienn Dobai and Csaba Dobo-Nagy*

Preface

Since the birth of light microscopy, various imaging and spectroscopic techniques,

including electron microscopy, X-ray imaging, and absorption/emission spectroscopy, have been developed. The technologies have played an important role in physics, chemistry, and life science. Electron microscopy and X-ray imaging have been applied to directly observe three-dimensional (3D) material structures at atomic scales. Spectroscopies have been used to detect, identify, and quantify information on atoms and molecules. Research using imaging and spectroscopic techniques have brought abundant information on material culture to mankind. Many significant physics and chemical laws have been constructed through measurements of how materials respond in these experiments, but to truly understand what is going on, more sophisticated apparatus would be needed.

The material properties or dynamic phenomena we observe on macroscopic scales result from the countless interactions that take place between individual atoms on timescales as fast as a picosecond or femtosecond. For example, the OH stretch of water has a period of 10 femtoseconds. The motions involved are less than 0.1 angstrom. To study the processes on such intricate scales, time-resolved spectroscopies using femtosecond-pulsed lasers were proposed in the 20th century. At the beginning of the 21st century, ultrafast imaging spectroscopy with ultrashortpulsed electrons and X-rays were adapted using real-time and real-space imaging of dynamical processes in matter. Many transient phenomena were revealed, including dynamics of photodissociation and chemical reactions, photon-induced lattice heating and melting on picosecond time scales, other structural phase transitions, etc. The recent developments have opened the femtosecond time domain to

Medical imaging is an indispensable imaging technology in our life. It is undergoing a revolution from analog imaging to digital imaging and has shifted from general X-ray radiographs to new modalities such as computerized tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and isotope imaging. CT, which combines the power of computer processing with X-ray imaging, provides high-resolution images of the bony structures in three different planes. MRI acquires images of internal body structures and becomes the imaging modality of choice for soft tissues and vascular structures. Isotope imaging is applied in the elucidation of hidden causes

In this book, we introduce several novel imaging and spectroscope techniques and

• In Chapter 1, a 4D imaging technique with relativistic femtosecond electron pulses is reviewed. It is also ultra-high voltage pulsed electron microscopy and

• In Chapter 2, a methodology of single-shot time-resolved diffraction imaging with an excellent temporal resolution of femtoseconds is reported for the study

of ultrafast dynamics of photo-induced irreversible phase transitions.

is used for femtosecond atomic imaging with single shot.

atomically resolved dynamics.

of pain such as tumors or cancers.

their applications concerning such subjects:
