**6. Conclusion**

of the intra- and inter-cluster delays in communication. To ensure timely delivery of active safety messages, the total end-to-end delay (i.e., *δE*2*E*) of the safety message should be less than the required delivery delay (i.e., *Tsafety*).

*Moving Broadband Mobile Communications Forward - Intelligent Technologies for 5G…*

**Figures 17** and **18** present the delay analysis of the CBC-V2V algorithm as a function of the total number of clusters formed based on the number of vehicles/ km. **Figure 17** evaluates and compares the peer discovery delay of the ESPD with the 3GPP ProSe peer discovery model described in Section 4. In the proposed ESPD, the peer discovery delay is the time taken by each vehicle for successful registration. In the registration response, each vehicle receives its current traffic profile which contains the list directly reachable vehicle in its vicinity. Due to the less resource utilization and minimal control signaling overhead requirement, ESPD shows the lower delay values for the peer discovery task compared to the existing 3GPP ProSe peer discovery model. **Figure 18** shows the overall end-to-end packet delay of the CBC-V2V. The results show that the CBC-V2V outperforms the traditional approaches such as IEEE 802.11p, LTE-D2D, and LTE for the safety message

transmission in a VANET.

**Figure 17.**

**Figure 18.**

**120**

*Performance comparison in terms of peer discovery delay.*

*Performance comparison in terms of E2E packet delay.*

This chapter has introduced an advanced new cluster-based V2V packet communication architecture combined with an EPC level peer discovery model suitable for vehicular safety applications. The ESPD model reduces the control signaling overhead and end-to-end delay with the awareness of proximity utilizing the GPS information. The CBC-V2V also combines a cluster-based round-robin scheduling technique to distribute the radio resource among the cluster nodes. The CBC-V2V can improve resource utilization and reduce the end-to-end delay to meet the QoS requirements of the safety services in VANETs. Simulation results show that the CBC-V2V offers higher QoS than do the IEEE 802.11p and other LTE networking architectures. The research will be further extended to examine the vehicular network performance in different road terrains and transmission conditions.
