Meet the editors

Assistant Professor Mirjana Rajer, MD, PhD, graduated from the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Ljubljana in 2001. For two years, she worked at the University Clinic Golnik, Slovenia. Currently, she works at the Institute of Oncology Ljubljana. Her main clinical work consists of treatment of lung cancer and mesothelioma patients. She is also involved as principal and co-investigator in several clinical trials of lung cancer, palliative care,

and communication with cancer patients. She serves as an editor for national and international journals and is author of numerous published papers, book chapters, and books. Being a student mentor, Dr. Rajer is actively involved in education. She is an active member of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC), European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO), *International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer* (IASLC), and the Central European Initiative against Lung Cancer.

Eva Segelov, MBBS, PhD, FRACP, is Professor of Medicine at Monash University and Director of Oncology at Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia. She is a practicing medical oncologist with more than 20 years' experience, specializing in gastrointestinal cancer and neuroendocrine tumors, with an international reputation in clinical trials and translational research. Professor Segelov is a board member of the Australasian Gastrointestinal

Trials Group; Gastrointestinal Chair of the Clinical Oncology Society of Australia; European Society of Medical Oncology faculty member for the CUP, Endocrine Tumours, and Others group; co-founder of the Commonwealth Neuroendocrine Tumour Society (CommNETS); Associate Editor of *Journal of Global Oncology* and a cancer editor for the *Journal of Visualized Experiments*. She heads a translational research laboratory specializing in interrogating clinical trial biospecimens. Professor Segelov has published more than 150 articles, expert reviews and book chapters and is a frequent invited speaker at national and international conferences. She is a member of the Australasian L'Oréal-UNESCO for Women in Science jury.

Contents

**Section 1**

**Preface XI**

Basic Science **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

**Chapter 2 39**

**Chapter 3 75**

**Chapter 4 101**

**Chapter 5 129**

Clinical Challenges **145**

**Chapter 6 147**

**Chapter 7 173**

MicroRNA: A Signature for Cancer Diagnostics

*by Sophia Frentzas, Caroline Lum and Ting-Yu Chen*

Microenvironment on Anticancer Immunity

*Fangfang Liu, Kun Huang, Greg Mirt and Fan Xu*

An Overview of Pediatric CNS Malignancies

Role of Sentinel Node Biopsy in Endometrial Cancer

*by Neha Sharma and Deepti Sharma*

*by Begoña Díaz de la Noval*

*Sarah L. Young and Sharon T. Pattison*

*Tariq Mehmood and Nusrat Shafiq*

for Cancer Therapy

*and Meredith O'Keeffe*

**Section 2**

*by Ayesha Siddiqua, Sumaira Kousar, Amer Jamil, Riaz Tabassum,* 

The Influence of Microbial Metabolites in the Gastrointestinal

Dendritic Cells and Their Roles in Anti-Tumour Immunity *by Ee Shan Pang, Christophe Macri, Timothy Patton, Mariam Bafit* 

What Are the New Challenges of the Current Cancer Biomarkers? *by Jie Chen, Liqiong Yang, Yuxi Duan, Tinging Pu, Sha Zheng,* 

*by Silke Neumann, Estelle M. Peyroux, Matt J. Woodall, Nick J. Shields,* 

Angiogenesis and Its Role in the Tumour Microenvironment: A Target
