Meet the editors

Dr. Jeff Grigsby practiced in ophthalmology and optometry practices in West Texas several years before founding Vision Health Specialties. He saw patients, lectured on eye disease, and dabbled in eye care politics. A mid-career change sent him back to school in biology with an emphasis in diabetic retinal disease. Since that time working as an optometrist, teacher, and biologist, he continues to see patients and manage a large eye

care practice. Additionally, he works as a clinic director of a laser refractive center, lectures on diabetic retinopathy and refractive surgical issues, performs clinical and basic science research, writes research and literature reviews on the biological roots of diabetic eye disease, and edits papers and books on diabetic retinopathy.

Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital

in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.

Contents

**Section 1**

*and Andrew Tsin*

of Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic Vitrectomy *by Ogugua N. Okonkwo*

Introductory Chapter: Diabetic Foot

*Mosaab Ghannouchi and Fethi Derbel*

*and Preet Mohinder Singh Bedi*

*Ya-Chin Chang and Chung-Lun Lu*

*by Meriem Braiki, Mohamed Ali Khalifa, Bilel Faidi,* 

Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) and Diabetic Foot: Pathophysiological Findings and Recent Developments in Their Inhibitors of Natural as well as Synthetic Origin

(β-Glucan) and Triterpenes for Diabetic Wound Care *by Shiu-Nan Chen, Yu-Sheng Wu, Sherwin Chen,* 

*by Kirandeep Kaur, Atamjit Singh, Shivani Attri, Danish Malhotra, Aditi Verma, Neena Bedi* 

**Section 2**

**Preface XI**

The Eye in Diabetes **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

**Chapter 2 13**

**Chapter 3 29**

The Foot in Diabetes **47**

**Chapter 4 49**

**Chapter 5 59**

**Chapter 6 85**

Novel Application of Immunomodulatory Mushroom Polysaccharide

Advanced Glycation End Products: Formation, Role in Diabetic

Complications, and Potential in Clinical Applications *by Rujman Khan, Xin Yee Ooi, Matthew Parvus, Laura Valdez* 

Deficient Autophagy Contributes to the Development

*by Jacqueline M. Lopes de Faria and Marcella Neves Dátilo*

## Contents



Preface

Much work has been done in an attempt to understand the mechanisms of disease in the eyes and feet of those who live with diabetes. On July 27, 1921, Banting and Best recovered insulin from a dog pancreas. Previously those diagnosed with type 1 diabetes gradually withered away and died within a year. It was thought that finally a cure was found for what we now refer to as type 1 diabetes. Now we struggle with what was unforeseen at the time, the long-term effects of hyperglycemia in those who have either type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Diabetic retinopathy remains the leading cause of blindness in working age adults around the world. In addition, the foot issues and potential amputation of those who struggle with diabetes are well known

This book covers a range of issues on both the eyes and feet of those with diabetes. The eye section of the book details the molecular and biological origins of diabetic eye disease as well as a chapter on vitrectomy for diabetic retinopathy. The section on the foot also outlines mechanisms of disease, evaluation methods of the diabetic

We are grateful to those contributors who have worked to make this book a reality. It has been an honor to present the work of such a distinguished group of scientists, clinicians, and surgeons. The staff at IntechOpen has also patiently contributed to actualizing this project. It is our hope that these efforts will enable a further understanding of the mechanisms by which diabetes affects not only the eyes and

**Jeff Grigsby**

Texas, USA

**Fethi Derbel**

Tunisia

Clinique les Oliviers,

Vision Health Specialties,

Texas Tech University Health Science Center, University of Houston, College of Optometry,

and remain a struggle for both patients and providers.

foot, and its association with kidney and neurologic disease.

feet, but how that relates to other parts of the body.
