**2. Compilation of basketball models in sports technology**

#### **2.1 Heart rate sensors**

Heart rate is an important indicator of bodywork and effort. Therefore, in spite of some limitations, its measurement is a very practical and useful way of monitoring and controlling the workload and effort of athletes in training and competitions. Therefore, in all sports sectors where an important factor of success is sustainability, therefore, heart rate meters are an indispensable and indispensable tool. T. i. The pulse meter (heart rate gauge) is becoming an almost obligatory part of the equipment even in recreational workouts [9]. In modern times there are a large number of measuring instruments on the market, which mainly enable the monitoring of heart rate values, and depending on various scientific, training or educational requirements, they measure several other parameters such as maximum heart rate, energy consumption, covered distance, time spent in a specific workload zone, difference in altitude, etc. [2].

The performance of basketball depends on many factors. Among them, fitness plays a very important role, and within them also maintainability and functional abilities. In 40 minutes of play, the basketball player carries about 4500 m of paths (**Figures 1** and **2**).

The performance of basketball depends on many factors. Among them, fitness plays a very important role, and within them also maintainability and functional abilities. In 40 minutes of play, the basketball player carries about 4500 m of paths with an average speed of just under 2 m/s [10]. The movements they perform are very diverse, varying in intensity and length. According to some authors [11, 12], basketball is 20 to 30% aerobic and 70 to 80% is anaerobic sports activity (**Figure 3**).

usually burdened with other things to focus on. It is even more closely monitored by the player's heartbeat trainer. The communication between him and the player is, of course, limited, so he closely monitors the heartbeat of the player and his load [9]. This, of course, also means that he cannot respond in a timely manner with the appropriate instructions and instructions to the player. The data from the meter can only be obtained by the trainer after the end of the load, but most often only after the training. A long time ago, a Finnish manufacturer of Polar gauges developed a device, a heart rate measurement system, Team System, which is designed specifically for team sports, and also games from the human. However, this also does not allow immediate feedback or feedback. Online communication between an athlete and a trainer. The data stored on the transponder must be transferred to the

*Heart rate monitor manufactured by POLAR (V800) with the corresponding chest strap (H7). Web source:*

*The heart rate monitor is a compulsory device in all sports sectors where it is an important factor of performance*

*sustainability. Web source: http://www.polar.fi/polar/channels/eng/.*

*Application of Basketball Game Models through Sports Technology*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88432*

In 2001 the Australian Cooperative Research Centre for Micro Technology, under Project 2.5 "Interface Technologies for Athlete Monitoring," began work to

computer afterwards using a special interface [9].

*2.1.1 Wearable tracking devices*

**Figure 1.**

**Figure 2.**

**99**

*www.polar.com.*

Often times students and coaches of basketball systems that in addition to realtime heart rate monitoring for all the players involved in the training process or a game, also enable entering relevant parameters, i.e. workload zones which are determined pursuant to some other protocols (e.g. spiroergometric in laboratory conditions), and based on which more precise intensity levels are individually determined [13]. In common crowds and even contacts between players, we can damage other players with it. This is also the reason that its use is prohibited in the game with rules, and it is often unheard of in trainings between trainers and players. Some players who are not accustomed to using the meter simply disturb it, and thus affect their concentration and accuracy. The next difficulty is that a player often very hardly monitors his heart rate on a small gauge during training, as he is

*Application of Basketball Game Models through Sports Technology DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88432*

#### **Figure 1.**

allows athletes to go higher, move faster, and importantly, stay safer [4, 5]. Technology in sports is a scientific means by which athletes attempt to improve their training and competitive surroundings in order to enhance their overall athletic performance. The real time and rapid feedback systems for collecting and analysis sports data provide innovative and effective support for coaches and athletes [4, 6]. Basketball shooting is one of the most important techniques in basketball. It is the only way to score and it is the key technology in basketball technology, and it is also the core link of basketball tactics. Whatever attack tactics is ultimately to be attributed to the shooting score, while the purpose of defense is to limit the opponent's shooting, so as to create more scoring opportunities for him. So in a sense, the basketball game is a sport that limits the opponent's score by shooting himself [7, 8]. In this chapter will be implemented the application of basketball game models

*Sports Science and Human Health - Different Approaches*

**2. Compilation of basketball models in sports technology**

Heart rate is an important indicator of bodywork and effort. Therefore, in spite of some limitations, its measurement is a very practical and useful way of monitoring and controlling the workload and effort of athletes in training and competitions. Therefore, in all sports sectors where an important factor of success is sustainability, therefore, heart rate meters are an indispensable and indispensable tool. T. i. The pulse meter (heart rate gauge) is becoming an almost obligatory part of the equipment even in recreational workouts [9]. In modern times there are a large number of measuring instruments on the market, which mainly enable the monitoring of heart rate values, and depending on various scientific, training or educational requirements, they measure several other parameters such as maximum heart rate, energy consumption, covered distance, time spent in a specific workload zone,

The performance of basketball depends on many factors. Among them, fitness plays a very important role, and within them also maintainability and functional abilities. In 40 minutes of play, the basketball player carries about 4500 m of paths

The performance of basketball depends on many factors. Among them, fitness plays a very important role, and within them also maintainability and functional abilities. In 40 minutes of play, the basketball player carries about 4500 m of paths with an average speed of just under 2 m/s [10]. The movements they perform are very diverse, varying in intensity and length. According to some authors [11, 12],

Often times students and coaches of basketball systems that in addition to realtime heart rate monitoring for all the players involved in the training process or a game, also enable entering relevant parameters, i.e. workload zones which are determined pursuant to some other protocols (e.g. spiroergometric in laboratory conditions), and based on which more precise intensity levels are individually determined [13]. In common crowds and even contacts between players, we can damage other players with it. This is also the reason that its use is prohibited in the game with rules, and it is often unheard of in trainings between trainers and players. Some players who are not accustomed to using the meter simply disturb it, and thus affect their concentration and accuracy. The next difficulty is that a player often very hardly monitors his heart rate on a small gauge during training, as he is

basketball is 20 to 30% aerobic and 70 to 80% is anaerobic sports activity

through sports technology.

**2.1 Heart rate sensors**

difference in altitude, etc. [2].

(**Figures 1** and **2**).

(**Figure 3**).

**98**

*The heart rate monitor is a compulsory device in all sports sectors where it is an important factor of performance sustainability. Web source: http://www.polar.fi/polar/channels/eng/.*

#### **Figure 2.**

*Heart rate monitor manufactured by POLAR (V800) with the corresponding chest strap (H7). Web source: www.polar.com.*

usually burdened with other things to focus on. It is even more closely monitored by the player's heartbeat trainer. The communication between him and the player is, of course, limited, so he closely monitors the heartbeat of the player and his load [9]. This, of course, also means that he cannot respond in a timely manner with the appropriate instructions and instructions to the player. The data from the meter can only be obtained by the trainer after the end of the load, but most often only after the training. A long time ago, a Finnish manufacturer of Polar gauges developed a device, a heart rate measurement system, Team System, which is designed specifically for team sports, and also games from the human. However, this also does not allow immediate feedback or feedback. Online communication between an athlete and a trainer. The data stored on the transponder must be transferred to the computer afterwards using a special interface [9].

#### *2.1.1 Wearable tracking devices*

In 2001 the Australian Cooperative Research Centre for Micro Technology, under Project 2.5 "Interface Technologies for Athlete Monitoring," began work to

cannot be used to quantify the workloads imposed on athletes during low velocity,

The HR component provides a non-invasive method of measuring HR in team sports [17] and is one of the most commonly used methods to indicate the intensity of exercise [18]. Although accurate in the field [19], HR may be influenced by a number of factors including environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, ambient air), hydration status, altitude [18], state of training, exercise duration, and

The application of gyroscopes to human movement analysis is still developing (84). In team sports, the gyroscope provides information about angular velocity or rotation of a player's body (75). As human movement consists of mainly limb rotations around joints (84), gyroscopes are extensively used in gait analysis (75). However, in team sports the wearable tracking device is positioned on the upper body and this may limit its full potential. Gyroscopes are more commonly used in navigation and automotive fields (e.g., by integrating the rate of angular velocity, change in orientation, and direction from the initial reference orientation, direction can be obtained) [19], as well as in consumer products (e.g., anti-jitter compensation in cameras) [20]. A magnetometer measures the direction and strength of a magnetic field [21]. This data is then used to detect the direction of travel [22]. However, local disturbances in the magnetic field caused by electric currents, close permanent magnetic interference, 32 and large iron bodies can significantly affect its measurements [23]. These can also affect the magnetic field angle of inclination (the angle of the earth's magnetic field with respect to the surface of the earth) that is different at various locations around the world [23]. As a result, this sensor is predominantly not used in team sports. Although, research has shown that a combination of technologies such as accelerometers, gyroscopes and magnetometers can

high intensity movements, such as tackling and bumping in contact sports.

*Application of Basketball Game Models through Sports Technology*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88432*

improve the accuracy and performance of either technology alone [24]. For instance, accelerometers can compensate the drift of the gyroscope about the axes of the horizontal plane, while magnetometers can do the same for the vertical plane [23]. The most relevant sensor to this thesis is the accelerometer. The accelerometer contained within wearable tracking devices is typically triaxial, samples at 100 Hz and has a range anywhere between 6.0 to 12.0 g (Figure 2-8). For example, the MinimaxX S4 wearable tracking device contains a triaxial accelerometer (KXD94,

Konix, USA) with a sampling frequency of 100 Hz and a range of 10.0 g

The OptoJump testing system is a measuring instrument composed of two iden-

tical 1 m-long panels based on optical technology. Each panel contains 96 LEDs

*An accelerometer (left), MinimaxX S4 wearable tracking device (middle), and example sports vest (right).*

**2.2 Diagnostic equipment manufactured by Microgate, IT**

medication [20].

(**Figures 5** and **6**).

**Figure 5.**

**101**

*Web source: http://elite-perf.com/.*

**Figure 3.** *Digital interface representation of the application program Polar Team. Web source: www.polar.com.*

#### **Figure 4.**

*The five sensors contained within a typical wearable tracking device.*

develop unique and unobtrusive real-time athlete monitoring equipment [14]. Recent years have witnessed further development and the introduction of wearable tracking device. Technology to team sports with a view of providing objective and possibly real-time workload monitoring during training and game-play. Wearable tracking devices often contain multiple sensors (**Figure 4**) in a small, lightweight unit worn by players on their upper (dorsal) body (e.g., the MinimaxX S4 wearable tracking device is 0.088 m 0.050 m 0.019 m in dimension weighs 67 g). These devices may include global positioning system (GPS), accelerometer, heart rate (HR), gyroscope, and magnetometer sensors. Thus, time, position, distance, velocity, acceleration, heart rate, angular velocity and orientation can be synchronously recorded.

The GPS component of the wearable tracking device records information in regards to time, distance, position, direction, and velocity. Specifically, the GPS receiver within the device works off a network of satellites to triangulate its position [15]. However, signals from the satellites to the GPS can be influenced by the atmosphere, deviations off various local obstructions (e.g., stadiums), and the number of satellites available to the receiver (four set as a minimum to triangulate the position and altitude of the unit). Therefore, GPS data cannot be collected indoors [16] and are less accurate in enclosed stadiums where team sports are commonly played. Although, newer models have the capability of working off fixed nodes within enclosed stadiums to enable the indoor capture of GPS data (e.g., Optimeye T5, Catapult Innovations, Australia), these Wearable tracking device GPS Accelerometer Heart rate Gyroscope Magnetometer 31 units have only recently been released (end of 2014) and have not been validated. In addition, GPS data

#### *Application of Basketball Game Models through Sports Technology DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88432*

cannot be used to quantify the workloads imposed on athletes during low velocity, high intensity movements, such as tackling and bumping in contact sports.

The HR component provides a non-invasive method of measuring HR in team sports [17] and is one of the most commonly used methods to indicate the intensity of exercise [18]. Although accurate in the field [19], HR may be influenced by a number of factors including environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, ambient air), hydration status, altitude [18], state of training, exercise duration, and medication [20].

The application of gyroscopes to human movement analysis is still developing (84). In team sports, the gyroscope provides information about angular velocity or rotation of a player's body (75). As human movement consists of mainly limb rotations around joints (84), gyroscopes are extensively used in gait analysis (75). However, in team sports the wearable tracking device is positioned on the upper body and this may limit its full potential. Gyroscopes are more commonly used in navigation and automotive fields (e.g., by integrating the rate of angular velocity, change in orientation, and direction from the initial reference orientation, direction can be obtained) [19], as well as in consumer products (e.g., anti-jitter compensation in cameras) [20]. A magnetometer measures the direction and strength of a magnetic field [21]. This data is then used to detect the direction of travel [22]. However, local disturbances in the magnetic field caused by electric currents, close permanent magnetic interference, 32 and large iron bodies can significantly affect its measurements [23]. These can also affect the magnetic field angle of inclination (the angle of the earth's magnetic field with respect to the surface of the earth) that is different at various locations around the world [23]. As a result, this sensor is predominantly not used in team sports. Although, research has shown that a combination of technologies such as accelerometers, gyroscopes and magnetometers can improve the accuracy and performance of either technology alone [24]. For instance, accelerometers can compensate the drift of the gyroscope about the axes of the horizontal plane, while magnetometers can do the same for the vertical plane [23]. The most relevant sensor to this thesis is the accelerometer. The accelerometer contained within wearable tracking devices is typically triaxial, samples at 100 Hz and has a range anywhere between 6.0 to 12.0 g (Figure 2-8). For example, the MinimaxX S4 wearable tracking device contains a triaxial accelerometer (KXD94, Konix, USA) with a sampling frequency of 100 Hz and a range of 10.0 g (**Figures 5** and **6**).

## **2.2 Diagnostic equipment manufactured by Microgate, IT**

The OptoJump testing system is a measuring instrument composed of two identical 1 m-long panels based on optical technology. Each panel contains 96 LEDs

#### **Figure 5.**

*An accelerometer (left), MinimaxX S4 wearable tracking device (middle), and example sports vest (right). Web source: http://elite-perf.com/.*

develop unique and unobtrusive real-time athlete monitoring equipment [14]. Recent years have witnessed further development and the introduction of wearable tracking device. Technology to team sports with a view of providing objective and possibly real-time workload monitoring during training and game-play. Wearable tracking devices often contain multiple sensors (**Figure 4**) in a small, lightweight unit worn by players on their upper (dorsal) body (e.g., the MinimaxX S4 wearable tracking device is 0.088 m 0.050 m 0.019 m in dimension weighs 67 g). These devices may include global positioning system (GPS), accelerometer, heart rate (HR), gyroscope, and magnetometer sensors. Thus, time, position, distance, velocity, acceleration, heart rate, angular velocity and orientation can be synchronously

*The five sensors contained within a typical wearable tracking device.*

*Sports Science and Human Health - Different Approaches*

*Digital interface representation of the application program Polar Team. Web source: www.polar.com.*

The GPS component of the wearable tracking device records information in regards to time, distance, position, direction, and velocity. Specifically, the GPS receiver within the device works off a network of satellites to triangulate its position [15]. However, signals from the satellites to the GPS can be influenced by the atmosphere, deviations off various local obstructions (e.g., stadiums), and the number of satellites available to the receiver (four set as a minimum to triangulate the position and altitude of the unit). Therefore, GPS data cannot be collected indoors [16] and are less accurate in enclosed stadiums where team sports are commonly played. Although, newer models have the capability of working off fixed nodes within enclosed stadiums to enable the indoor capture of GPS data (e.g., Optimeye T5, Catapult Innovations, Australia), these Wearable tracking device GPS Accelerometer Heart rate Gyroscope Magnetometer 31 units have only recently been released (end of 2014) and have not been validated. In addition, GPS data

recorded.

**100**

**Figure 3.**

**Figure 4.**

as in the fact that it can also measure parameters that are manifested during specific movements that players perform in basketball. Considering that explosive leg strength has a significant impact in the specification equation of basketball from the aspect of motor abilities, this instrument can also be used for assessing all the parameters based on which the analysis of the desired results [2]. Moreover, the OptoJump is composed of two video cameras which record a player's motor motion during the performance of a specific test, enabling a standardized analysis of the results obtained from the video recording during subsequent processing. In addition to the above mentioned, in combination with the Gyko device, it allows an assessment of the duration of the concentric and eccentric phase during a basic or specific motor movement. Due to the short duration of the said movements, it is absolutely impossible to obtain the desired results in this sense via subjective assessment. By using video technology, it is also possible, in addition to the obtained data, to analyze the slow movement and detect certain errors, as well as potential

*Application of Basketball Game Models through Sports Technology*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88432*

improvements. The data can also be presented to the student/athlete in order for him/her to determine the accuracy of the analysis for himself/herself. Such an approach is very important because of trust and further motivation, as well as for the formation of the relationship between the teacher/coach and the student/player

This measuring instrument also represents the Microgate technology and it is

Based on the obtained results, it is possible to assess the examinee's score in basic and situational tests for assessing agility, reaction time or coordination, as well as in evaluation processes of acquiring certain motor skills in combination with the

The compact size, ergonomic shape, and innovative design make the Witty timer practical and easy to use. Graphical icons and on-screen instructions on its

tors is composed of a series of LEDs that have the possibility of forming specific marks in the shape of various direction indicators, numbers and letters which are then displayed in different colors. The device is managed by a program console that, in addition to some pre-programmed tests, has the option of designing custom tests that are specific for each particular sport (e.g. basketball [2, 9, 26]) (**Figure 8**).

). Each of the indica-

comprised of several (1–16) sensor indicators (size 7 5 cm2

mentioned motor abilities (e.g. ball dribbling) (**Figure 9**) [9].

and vice-versa [2, 9].

**2.3 Witty SEM system**

**2.4 The chronometer Witty-timer**

*OptoJump system. Web source: www.optojump.com.*

**Figure 8.**

**103**

#### **Figure 6.**

*Triaxial accelerometer unit fitted to the upper back between the shoulder blades of each player using an adjustable harness.*

#### **Figure 7.**

*Polar developed Team System to measure heart rate in team sports. Web source: http://www.polar.fi/polar/cha nnels/eng/.*

which are all interconnected by the impulses that they transmit. The described system is connected by a USB cable to a portable laptop and it is managed via the OptoJump Next application program [2]. The device itself can primarily be used in diagnostics of various parameters in performing different jumps, such as reflection height, duration of contact with the surface, duration of the jump, etc. It can also be applied for determining specific kinematic parameters in walk analysis (OptoGait) and run analysis. The above mentioned ultimately enables objective diagnostics, as well as implementation of corrective kinesiological operators for the purpose of correcting certain established imbalances, which finally aims at enhancing the locomotor system of children. Considering that explosive leg strength has a significant impact in the specification equation of basketball from the aspect of motor abilities, this instrument can also be used for assessing all the parameters based on which the analysis of the desired results can be performed in assessing explosive leg strength (**Figure 7**) [2].

Likewise, in certain basketball research, this device had been used for assessing certain parameters of performing a jump shot in different variable and situational conditions as a means of observing parameters such as duration of contact with the surface, reflection height, duration of the jump, etc. [2, 12, 25]. The practical value of this instrument is in its mobility and applicability in realistic conditions, as well

*Application of Basketball Game Models through Sports Technology DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88432*

as in the fact that it can also measure parameters that are manifested during specific movements that players perform in basketball. Considering that explosive leg strength has a significant impact in the specification equation of basketball from the aspect of motor abilities, this instrument can also be used for assessing all the parameters based on which the analysis of the desired results [2]. Moreover, the OptoJump is composed of two video cameras which record a player's motor motion during the performance of a specific test, enabling a standardized analysis of the results obtained from the video recording during subsequent processing. In addition to the above mentioned, in combination with the Gyko device, it allows an assessment of the duration of the concentric and eccentric phase during a basic or specific motor movement. Due to the short duration of the said movements, it is absolutely impossible to obtain the desired results in this sense via subjective assessment. By using video technology, it is also possible, in addition to the obtained data, to analyze the slow movement and detect certain errors, as well as potential improvements. The data can also be presented to the student/athlete in order for him/her to determine the accuracy of the analysis for himself/herself. Such an approach is very important because of trust and further motivation, as well as for the formation of the relationship between the teacher/coach and the student/player and vice-versa [2, 9].

### **2.3 Witty SEM system**

This measuring instrument also represents the Microgate technology and it is comprised of several (1–16) sensor indicators (size 7 5 cm2 ). Each of the indicators is composed of a series of LEDs that have the possibility of forming specific marks in the shape of various direction indicators, numbers and letters which are then displayed in different colors. The device is managed by a program console that, in addition to some pre-programmed tests, has the option of designing custom tests that are specific for each particular sport (e.g. basketball [2, 9, 26]) (**Figure 8**).

Based on the obtained results, it is possible to assess the examinee's score in basic and situational tests for assessing agility, reaction time or coordination, as well as in evaluation processes of acquiring certain motor skills in combination with the mentioned motor abilities (e.g. ball dribbling) (**Figure 9**) [9].

#### **2.4 The chronometer Witty-timer**

The compact size, ergonomic shape, and innovative design make the Witty timer practical and easy to use. Graphical icons and on-screen instructions on its

**Figure 8.** *OptoJump system. Web source: www.optojump.com.*

which are all interconnected by the impulses that they transmit. The described system is connected by a USB cable to a portable laptop and it is managed via the OptoJump Next application program [2]. The device itself can primarily be used in diagnostics of various parameters in performing different jumps, such as reflection height, duration of contact with the surface, duration of the jump, etc. It can also be applied for determining specific kinematic parameters in walk analysis (OptoGait) and run analysis. The above mentioned ultimately enables objective diagnostics, as well as implementation of corrective kinesiological operators for the purpose of correcting certain established imbalances, which finally aims at enhancing the locomotor system of children. Considering that explosive leg strength has a significant impact in the specification equation of basketball from the aspect of motor abilities, this instrument can also be used for assessing all the parameters based on which the analysis of the desired results can be performed in assessing explosive leg strength

*Polar developed Team System to measure heart rate in team sports. Web source: http://www.polar.fi/polar/cha*

*Triaxial accelerometer unit fitted to the upper back between the shoulder blades of each player using an*

*Sports Science and Human Health - Different Approaches*

Likewise, in certain basketball research, this device had been used for assessing certain parameters of performing a jump shot in different variable and situational conditions as a means of observing parameters such as duration of contact with the surface, reflection height, duration of the jump, etc. [2, 12, 25]. The practical value of this instrument is in its mobility and applicability in realistic conditions, as well

(**Figure 7**) [2].

**102**

**Figure 6.**

**Figure 7.**

*nnels/eng/.*

*adjustable harness.*

return, counter, etc.), plus the user can also create customized test protocols

They are only equipped with a transmitter, which, with the help of an elastic band, is attached to the chest, just like in classical measurements. A sufficiently strong receiver gives the trainer immediate feedback on the heartbeat of the athlete and allows you to monitor real-time exercise intensity. A very useful system for measuring heart rate in team sports was developed by the Swedish company Activio. It was created in cooperation with the Swedish basketball team. He also successfully used it during preparations for the 2003 EP appearance in

The use of telemetric technology brings considerable advantages over the conventional method of measuring heart rate. In particular, they come into force in the games of the man. T. i. telemetry eliminates the majority of weaknesses or the deficiencies that make the measurement blink in the classic way in the mentioned sports are less useful [9]. The basic idea of the telemetric method of measuring heart

In 2015, a literature review was made by Okazaki to identify the factors behind a successful jump shot. In order to do this, the authors divided the potential factors into three categories: ball trajectory, segmental movement organization and variables that influence shooting performance. Below is a summary of the authors'

directly on the timer (**Figures 10** and **11**) [27].

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88432*

*Application of Basketball Game Models through Sports Technology*

**2.5 Telemetric measurement of current utripa**

rate is remote measurement.

**2.6 Shooting critical components**

discussion regarding each of these categories.

*Witty SEM system. Web source: http://www.microgate.it/Training/Witty/WittySEM.*

Sweden [9].

**Figure 10.**

**Figure 11.**

**105**

*The chronometer witty timer.*

#### **Figure 9.**

*Gyko sensor. Web source: http://gyko.microgate.it/en. (a) GyKo inertial measurement tool for the analysis of the movement of any body segment, (b) GyKo mounted on a belt, and (c) using the Gyko device*

color display ensure user-friendliness and ease of use. With8 different radio frequencies to choose from, it is possible to work simultaneously with several Witty timing systems (timer and photocells) in the same training area. Various preconfigured test types are available (single tests, group tests, in-line tests, go and return, counter, etc.), plus the user can also create customized test protocols directly on the timer (**Figures 10** and **11**) [27].
