**4. Conclusions**

Regardless of the type of stimulus imposed by exercise, the key point to ensuring positive myocardial adaptations is in the balance of training manipulation variables (frequency, intensity, and volume) as well as the nature of the modality chosen. Considering the intensity variable, which is widely investigated, it is clear that while low-intensity aerobic exercise improves cardiac remodeling in adult rats by reducing the size of the left atrium and the left ventricular (LV) posterior wall thickness, high-intensity aerobic exercise presents inverse responses, with increased left ventricular mass and LV posterior wall thickness. Dynamic exercise (running), which requires a continuous increase in cardiac function and contractility, differs from powerlifting which requires high blood pressure and a greater need for oxygen perfusion to skeletal muscles. This explains the ability of the circulatory system to differentiate exercise types according to different hematological stresses.

The responses related to the type of exercise are diverse, as they are interpreted from different experimental and clinical designs. Still, it is critical to search for research to assess the chronic effects of exercise, especially at the molecular level to find strategies for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Perspectives point to the integration of studies involving immune response in the brain and heart in order to contribute to the understanding and longitudinal followup of several modalities, including the determination of the threshold of optimal internal and external stimulus loads to avoid cardiac toxicity, which leads to pathological cardiac remodeling, also considering the screening of individuals at risk.
