**4.2 Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)-induced lipodystrophy (LD-HIV)**

LD-HIV can develop in some HIV-infected individuals who are undergoing antiretroviral therapy of more than 2 years [139]. Several cases have been reported since 1998 [140]. The toxicity of the treatment might result from HIV-1 protease inhibitors and nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors [141]. The latter ones have been shown to disrupt lipid metabolism and mitochondrial functions [141]. In patients with LD-HIV, subcutaneous fat loss occurs in the arms, legs, and face throughout the treatment course and does not cease after the therapy is discontinued [139]. Fortunately, this type of APL does not result in diabetes and insulin resistance, but some individuals might experience some conditions such as hypertriglyceridemia and coronary heart disease [139].
