**1. Introduction**

Until recently, central nervous system (CNS) malformations were the second most common congenital abnormalities after congenital cardiac defects [1, 2]. Recent reports have documented CNS malformations to be the most common anomalies among all systems, with a prevalence of 3 to 6% in stillbirth and 0.14 to 0.16% in live births [3]. There is limited information about the precise etiology of congenital CNS anomalies, and most of the cases are idiopathic. It is speculated that a combination of genetic and environmental factors plays a major role in the pathogenesis of these defects [4]. Management and diagnosis of these conditions are challenging and require a proper understanding of their etiology and categories.

CNS anomalies (CNSA) include those of the spinal cord (such as meningocele, myelomeningocele, and encephalocele) and brain (including growth disorders of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem) [5]. CNSA may be associated with other anomalies pertaining to other systems as well, such as those of the heart [6]. These malformations need complex surgeries along with long-term intensive care and impose a significant financial impact on the families and healthcare system. In this chapter, we review the classification, epidemiology, and the newest modalities of treatment of congenital CNS anomalies with respect to NTDs.

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*Congenital Anomalies in Newborn Infants - Clinical and Etiopathological Perspectives*

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