**Table 3.** *Nanoparticles used in clinical (according to clinicaltrials.gov) and pre-clinical work.*

**133**

*Theranostic Nanoparticles and Their Spectrum in Cancer*

**6.1 Theranostic nanoparticles used in the clinic**

cancer diagnosis and therapy are shown.

their properties [17, 19].

strategies [246–248].

**Acknowledgements**

2015-2020.

**Conflict of interest**

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

strategy. It uses electromagnetic radiation in infrared (IR) region and provides high specificity analysis and minimal invasiveness [230]. The nanocarriers used for PTT need to have the capacity to target the tumor site after heat generation under laser irradiation [231]. For this purpose, various drug molecules and targeting ligands are encapsulated into nanoparticles. Gold nanoshells targeting HER2 positive breast cancer proved optical contrast and high tissue penetration under NIR irradiation [218]. Polymer nanoparticles functionalized with IR820 and doxorubicin were used in ovarian cancer and showed prolonged circulation time and drug accumulation at the target site [232]. It is important to mention that the generated temperature is usually between 42 and 45°C and sometimes higher depending on tumor tissue

There are various types of theranostic NPs that can be designed and used for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Their applicability is highlighted by liposomes, which are intensively used in clinical trials due to their specific features. In **Table 3**, several theranostic nanoparticles used in clinical (clinical trials) and pre-clinical work for

Theranostics has the potential to predict and evaluate therapy response, offer

The newest designs focus on hybrid nanostructures for better sensitivity and accuracy. These nanohybrids are currently studied and they proved effectiveness in cancer targeting by combining different imaging techniques with drug delivery

This research was funded by the research grants "Clinical and economic impact of personalized targeted anti-microRNA therapies in reconverting lung cancer chemoresistance"-CANTEMIR, POC-P-37-796/2016, "Innovative advanced approaches for predictive regenerative medicine"—REGMED, no. 65PCCDI/2018, PN-III-P1-1.2-PCCDI-2017-0782, "Increasing the performance of scientific research and technology transfer in translational medicine through the formation of a new generation of young researchers"—ECHITAS, no. 29PFE/18.10.2018, PNCDI III

ing advantageous opportunities to modify the ongoing treatments and to develop new ones even in a personalized manner [245]. Nanoparticles have gained a lot of confidence in becoming important tools for a lot of medical applications due to


*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88097*

[233, 234].

#### *Engineered Nanomaterials - Health and Safety*

*Theranostic Nanoparticles and Their Spectrum in Cancer DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88097*

*Engineered Nanomaterials - Health and Safety*

**132**

**Stage** Preclinical

**Nanoparticle** 

**Therapeutic agent**

Paclitaxel

**Diagnostic agent**

pH-sensitive poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-

modified poly(beta-amino ester) (PbAE)

nanoparticles

Superparamagnetic iron oxide

Pancreatic cancer

Folic acid

[236]

nanocrystals

Iron oxide nanoparticles

Thermal/CT Quantum dots Ultrasmall inorganic hybrid nanoparticles

Transferrin

Melanoma and malignant

ανβ3 integrin

[240]

brain tumors

Solid tumors

Transferrin

[241]

receptor

EPR

[242]

Glioblastoma Breast cancer Many cancers

CD44, folic acid

[239]

EPR

[238]

EGFR

[237]

Ovarian adenocarcinoma

EPR

[235]

**Pathology**

**Target**

**Ref.**

**type**

Liposomes (100–200 nm)

Silica

Paclitaxel and camptothecin

(100–200 nm)

Iron oxide

Anti-EGFRIgG

(10–25 nm)

Gold nanorod

Heat

(10 x 40 nm)

Quantum dots

Paclitaxel, doxorubicin,

5-fluorouracil

cRGDY

(30–50 nm)

Clinical

Silica (6–7 nm)

Cyclodextrin

RNAi

(70 nm)

Silica-gold

Photothermal ablation

Nanoshell (MR and optical)

Head/neck cancer, primary

and/or metastatic lung

tumors

Solid tumors

EPR (passive

[243]

mechanism)

rhTNF (active

mechanism)

none

[244]

nanoshell

Gold (27 nm)

Iron oxide *RNAi, ribonucleic acid interference; MR, magnetic resolution.*

**Table 3.**

*Nanoparticles used in clinical (according to clinicaltrials.gov) and pre-clinical work.*

Endorem (superparamagnetic

Iron oxide *Abbreviations: EPR, enhanced permeability and retention effect; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; cRGDY, peptide cyclo-(Arg-Gly-Asp-Tyr); rhTNF, recombinant human tumor necrosis factor alpha;* 

Healthy volunteers

particles of iron oxide)

Tumor necrosis factor alpha

Gold nanoparticles

trials

strategy. It uses electromagnetic radiation in infrared (IR) region and provides high specificity analysis and minimal invasiveness [230]. The nanocarriers used for PTT need to have the capacity to target the tumor site after heat generation under laser irradiation [231]. For this purpose, various drug molecules and targeting ligands are encapsulated into nanoparticles. Gold nanoshells targeting HER2 positive breast cancer proved optical contrast and high tissue penetration under NIR irradiation [218]. Polymer nanoparticles functionalized with IR820 and doxorubicin were used in ovarian cancer and showed prolonged circulation time and drug accumulation at the target site [232]. It is important to mention that the generated temperature is usually between 42 and 45°C and sometimes higher depending on tumor tissue [233, 234].

#### **6.1 Theranostic nanoparticles used in the clinic**

There are various types of theranostic NPs that can be designed and used for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Their applicability is highlighted by liposomes, which are intensively used in clinical trials due to their specific features. In **Table 3**, several theranostic nanoparticles used in clinical (clinical trials) and pre-clinical work for cancer diagnosis and therapy are shown.

Theranostics has the potential to predict and evaluate therapy response, offering advantageous opportunities to modify the ongoing treatments and to develop new ones even in a personalized manner [245]. Nanoparticles have gained a lot of confidence in becoming important tools for a lot of medical applications due to their properties [17, 19].

The newest designs focus on hybrid nanostructures for better sensitivity and accuracy. These nanohybrids are currently studied and they proved effectiveness in cancer targeting by combining different imaging techniques with drug delivery strategies [246–248].

#### **Acknowledgements**

This research was funded by the research grants "Clinical and economic impact of personalized targeted anti-microRNA therapies in reconverting lung cancer chemoresistance"-CANTEMIR, POC-P-37-796/2016, "Innovative advanced approaches for predictive regenerative medicine"—REGMED, no. 65PCCDI/2018, PN-III-P1-1.2-PCCDI-2017-0782, "Increasing the performance of scientific research and technology transfer in translational medicine through the formation of a new generation of young researchers"—ECHITAS, no. 29PFE/18.10.2018, PNCDI III 2015-2020.

#### **Conflict of interest**

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

#### **Author details**

Anca Onaciu1 , Ancuta Jurj2 , Cristian Moldovan1,2 and Ioana Berindan-Neagoe1,2,3\*

1 MEDFUTURE-Research Center for Advanced Medicine, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania

2 Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania

3 Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental Pathology, The Oncology Institute "Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta", Cluj-Napoca, Romania

\*Address all correspondence to: ioananeagoe29@gmail.com

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**135**

*Theranostic Nanoparticles and Their Spectrum in Cancer*

in Oncology. Cham: Springer; 2017.

[9] Mudshinge SR, Deore AB, Patil S, Bhalgat CM. Nanoparticles: Emerging carriers for drug delivery. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal. 2011;**19**:129- 141. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2011.04.001

Nanoparticles: Properties, applications and toxicities. Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 2017;**10**(4). DOI: 10.1016/J.

[11] Bahrami B, Hojjat-Farsangi M,

[10] Khan I, Saeed K, Khan I.

ARABJC.2017.05.011

imlet.2017.07.015

Mohammadi H, Anvari E, Ghalamfarsa G, Yousefi M, et al. Nanoparticles and targeted drug delivery in cancer therapy. Immunology Letters. 2017;**190**:64-83. DOI: 10.1016/j.

[12] Salata O. Applications of

DOI: 10.1186/1477-3155-2-3

[13] McNamara K, Tofail SAM.

[14] Mauricio MD, Guerra-Ojeda S, Marchio P, Valles SL, Aldasoro M, Escribano-Lopez I, et al. Nanoparticles in medicine: A focus on vascular oxidative stress. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2018;**2018**:1-20.

[15] Roy Chowdhury M, Schumann C, Bhakta-Guha D, Guha G. Cancer nanotheranostics: Strategies, promises and impediments. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2016;**84**:291-304. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.09.035

[16] Janib SM, Moses AS, MacKay JA. Imaging and drug delivery using

DOI: 10.1155/2018/6231482

nanoparticles in biology and medicine. Journal of Nanobiotechnology. 2004;**2**:3.

Nanoparticles in biomedical applications. Advances in Physics: X. 2017;**2**:54-88. DOI: 10.1080/23746149.2016.1254570

pp. 119-128

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88097*

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[2] Nikolaou M, Pavlopoulou A, Georgakilas AG, Kyrodimos E. The challenge of drug resistance in cancer treatment: A current overview. Clinical & Experimental Metastasis. 2018;**35**:309-318. DOI: 10.1007/

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#### **References**

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**134**

**Author details**

, Ancuta Jurj2

provided the original work is properly cited.

, Cristian Moldovan1,2 and Ioana Berindan-Neagoe1,2,3\*

1 MEDFUTURE-Research Center for Advanced Medicine, "Iuliu Hațieganu"

2 Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca,

3 Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental Pathology, The Oncology

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania

Institute "Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta", Cluj-Napoca, Romania

\*Address all correspondence to: ioananeagoe29@gmail.com

Anca Onaciu1

Romania

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for quantification of short

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10.1155/2016/3237250

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*Engineered Nanomaterials - Health and Safety*

theranostic nanoparticles. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 2010;**62**:1052- 1063. DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.08.004 Biotechnology. 2017;**45**:372-379. DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2016.1160403

[24] Han C, Pelaez M, Nadagouda MN, Obare SO, Falaras P, Dunlop PSM, et al. Chapter 5. The green synthesis and Environmental Applications of nanomaterials. In: Sustainable Preparation of Metal Nanoparticles:

Methods and Applications. London: Royal Society of

[25] Roy A, Bulut O, Some S, Mandal AK, Yilmaz MD. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles:

10.1039/C8RA08982E

msec.2015.04.048

Chemistry; 2012. pp. 106-143. DOI: 10.1039/9781849735469-00106

Biomolecule-nanoparticle organizations targeting antimicrobial activity. RSC Advances. 2019;**9**:2673-2702. DOI:

[26] Patra S, Mukherjee S, Barui AK, Ganguly A, Sreedhar B, Patra CR. Green synthesis, characterization of gold and silver nanoparticles and their potential application for cancer therapeutics. Materials Science and Engineering: C. 2015;**53**:298-309. DOI: 10.1016/j.

[27] Lee S, Jun B-H. Silver nanoparticles:

nanomedicine. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019;**20**:865. DOI:

[28] Mirtaheri B, Shokouhimehr M, Beitollahi A. Synthesis of mesoporous tungsten oxide by template-assisted sol-gel method and its photocatalytic degradation activity. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology. 2017;**82**:148- 156. DOI: 10.1007/s10971-016-4289-4

[29] Haghighatzadeh A, Mazinani B, Shokouhimehr M, Samiee L. Preparation of mesoporous TiO2-SiO2 by ultrasonic impregnation method and effect of its calcination temperature on photocatalytic activity. Desalination and Water Treatment. 2017;**92**:145. DOI:

Synthesis and application for

10.3390/ijms20040865

10.5004/dwt.2017.21481

[18] Jurj A, Braicu C, Pop L-A, Tomuleasa C, Gherman C, Berindan-Neagoe I. The new era of nanotechnology, an alternative to change cancer treatment. Drug Design, Development and Therapy. 2017;**11**: 2871-2890. DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S142337

[19] Chen F, Ehlerding EB, Cai W. Theranostic nanoparticles. Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 2014;**55**:1919-1922. DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.114.146019

[20] Wang Y, Xia Y. Bottom-up and top-down approaches to the synthesis of monodispersed spherical colloids of low melting-point metals. Nano Letters. 2004;**4**(10):2047-2050. DOI: 10.1021/

[21] Iravani S, Korbekandi H, Mirmohammadi SV, Zolfaghari B. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles: Chemical, physical and biological methods. Research in Pharmaceutical

Sciences. 2014;**9**:385-406

[22] Saiqa Ikram SA. Silver nanoparticles: One pot green synthesis using *Terminalia arjuna* extract for biological application. Journal of Nanomedicine & Nanotechnology. 2015;**6**:4. DOI: 10.4172/2157-7439.1000309

[23] Arokiyaraj S, Vincent S,

using *Rheum palmatum* root extract and their antibacterial activity against *Staphylococcus aureus* and *Pseudomonas aeruginosa*. Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and

Saravanan M, Lee Y, Oh YK, Kim KH. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles

NL048689J

[17] Zavaleta C, Ho D, Chung EJ. Theranostic nanoparticles for tracking and monitoring disease state. SLAS Technology (Translating Life Sciences Innovation). 2018;**23**:281-293. DOI:

10.1177/2472630317738699

**136**

[31] Baltazar-Encarnación E, Escárcega-González CE, Vasto-Anzaldo XG, Cantú-Cárdenas ME, Morones-Ramírez JR. Silver nanoparticles synthesized through green methods using *Escherichia coli* top 10 (Ec-Ts) growth culture medium exhibit antimicrobial properties against nongrowing bacterial strains. Journal of Nanomaterials. 2019;**2019**:1-8. DOI: 10.1155/2019/4637325

[32] Yu C, Tang J, Liu X, Ren X, Zhen M, Wang L. Green biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using *Eriobotrya japonica* (Thunb.) leaf extract for reductive catalysis. Materials. 2019;**12**:189. DOI: 10.3390/ma12010189

[33] Bastings MMC, Anastassacos FM, Ponnuswamy N, Leifer FG, Cuneo G, Lin C, et al. Modulation of the cellular uptake of DNA origami through control over mass and shape. Nano Letters. 2018;**18**:3557-3564. DOI: 10.1021/acs. nanolett.8b00660

[34] Choi Y, Schmidt C, Tinnefeld P, Bald I, Rödiger S. A new reporter design based on DNA origami nanostructures for quantification of short oligonucleotides using microbeads. Scientific Reports. 2019;**9**:4769. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41136-x

[35] Kasyanenko N, Varshavskii M, Ikonnikov E, Tolstyko E, Belykh R, Sokolov P, et al. DNA modified with metal nanoparticles: Preparation and characterization of ordered metal-DNA nanostructures in a solution and on a substrate. Journal of Nanomaterials. 2016;**2016**:1-12. DOI: 10.1155/2016/3237250

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Shenoy D, Little S, Langer R,

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10.7150/thno.14988

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Theranostic function and immune checkpoint inhibition in a mouse model of colorectal cancer. Nanoscale. 2018;**10**:16738-16749. DOI: 10.1039/ c8nr05803b

*Engineered Nanomaterials - Health and Safety*

near-infrared nanosensor for protease determination in vivo. Nano Letters. 2009;**9**:4412-4416. DOI: 10.1021/

et al. Photodynamic therapy of cancer: An update. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 2011;**61**:250-281. DOI:

Park C, Choi Y, et al. Recent advances in nanoparticle carriers for photodynamic therapy. Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery. 2018;**8**:433-443.

[223] Yi G, Hong SH, Son J, Yoo J,

DOI: 10.21037/qims.2018.05.04

[224] Sun Y, Campisi J, Higano C, Beer TM, Porter P, Coleman I, et al. Treatment-induced damage to the tumor microenvironment promotes prostate cancer therapy resistance through WNT16B. Nature Medicine. 2012;**18**:1359-1368. DOI: 10.1038/

[225] Abrahamse H, Kruger CA, Kadanyo S, Mishra A. Nanoparticles for advanced photodynamic therapy of cancer. Photomedicine and Laser Surgery. 2017;**35**:581-588. DOI: 10.1089/

[226] Li W-T. Nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy. In: Handbook of Biophotonics. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA;

based drug delivery systems for photodynamic therapy of cancer: A review. Molecules. 2016;**21**:342. DOI:

Wang X, McCleese C, Escamilla M, Ramamurthy G, Wang Z, et al. Prostatespecific membrane antigen targeted gold nanoparticles for theranostics of prostate cancer. ACS Nano. 2018;**12**:3714-3725. DOI: 10.1021/

[229] Li Y, Du Y, Liang X, Sun T, Xue H, Tian J, et al. EGFR-targeted liposomal nanohybrid cerasomes:

10.3390/molecules21030342

[228] Mangadlao JD,

acsnano.8b00940

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10.3322/caac.20114

nm.2890

pho.2017.4308

2013. pp. 321-336

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[217] Norregaard K, Jørgensen JT, Simón M, Melander F, Kristensen LK, Bendix PM, et al. 18F-FDG PET/ CT-based early treatment response evaluation of nanoparticle-assisted photothermal cancer therapy. PLoS One. 2017;**12**:e0177997. DOI: 10.1371/

[218] Loo C, Lowery A, Halas N, West J, Drezek R. Immunotargeted nanoshells for integrated cancer imaging and therapy. Nano Letters. 2005;**5**:709-711.

[219] Rapoport N, Gao Z, Kennedy A. Multifunctional nanoparticles for combining ultrasonic tumor imaging and targeted chemotherapy. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2007;**99**: 1095-1106. DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djm043

[220] Sorace AG, Warram JM, Umphrey H, Hoyt K. Microbubblemediated ultrasonic techniques for improved chemotherapeutic delivery in cancer. Journal of Drug Targeting. 2012;**20**:43-54. DOI: 10.3109/1061186X.2011.622397

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[222] Agostinis P, Berg K, Cengel KA, Foster TH, Girotti AW, Gollnick SO,

journal.pone.0177997

DOI: 10.1021/nl050127s

nl902709m

**150**

jconrel.2011.02.015

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[231] Jaque D, Martínez Maestro L, del Rosal B, Haro-Gonzalez P, Benayas A, Plaza JL, et al. Nanoparticles for photothermal therapies. Nanoscale. 2014;**6**:9494-9530. DOI: 10.1039/ c4nr00708e

[232] Lei T, Manchanda R, Fernandez-Fernandez A, Huang Y-C, Wright D, McGoron AJ. Thermal and pH sensitive multifunctional polymer nanoparticles for cancer imaging and therapy. RSC Advances. 2014;**4**: 17959-17968. DOI: 10.1039/C4RA01112K

[233] Zhu X, Feng W, Chang J, Tan Y-W, Li J, Chen M, et al. Temperaturefeedback upconversion nanocomposite for accurate photothermal therapy at facile temperature. Nature Communications. 2016;**7**:10437. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10437

[234] Liu S, Doughty A, West C, Tang Z, Zhou F, Chen WR. Determination of temperature distribution in tissue for interstitial cancer photothermal therapy. International Journal of Hyperthermia. 2018;**34**:756-763. DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2017.1370136

#### [235] Devalapally H,

Shenoy D, Little S, Langer R, Amiji M. Poly(ethylene oxide)-modified poly(beta-amino ester) nanoparticles as a pH-sensitive system for tumortargeted delivery of hydrophobic drugs: Part 3. Therapeutic efficacy and safety studies in ovarian cancer xenograft model. Cancer Chemotherapy and

Pharmacology. 2007;**59**:477-484. DOI: 10.1007/s00280-006-0287-5

[236] Liong M, Lu J, Kovochich M, Xia T, Ruehm SG, Nel AE, et al. Multifunctional inorganic nanoparticles for imaging, targeting, and drug delivery. ACS Nano. 2008;**2**:889-896. DOI: 10.1021/nn800072t

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[238] von Maltzahn G, Park J-H, Agrawal A, Bandaru NK, Das SK, Sailor MJ, et al. Computationally guided photothermal tumor therapy using Long-circulating gold nanorod antennas. Cancer Research. 2009;**69**:3892-3900. DOI: 10.1158/0008- 5472.CAN-08-4242

[239] Matea C, Mocan T, Tabaran F, Pop T, Mosteanu O, Puia C, et al. Quantum dots in imaging, drug delivery and sensor applications. International Journal of Nanomedicine. 2017;**12**:5421-5431. DOI: 10.2147/IJN. S138624

[240] Phillips E, Penate-Medina O, Zanzonico PB, Carvajal RD, Mohan P, Ye Y, et al. Clinical translation of an ultrasmall inorganic optical-PET imaging nanoparticle probe. Science Translational Medicine. 2014;**6**:260ra149-260ra149. DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3009524

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[246] Maniglio D, Benetti F, Minati L, Jovicich J, Valentini A, Speranza G, et al. Theranostic gold-magnetite hybrid nanoparticles for MRI-guided radiosensitization. Nanotechnology. 2018;**29**:315101. DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aac4ce

[247] Saliev T, Akhmetova A, Kulsharova G. Multifunctional hybrid nanoparticles for theranostics. In: Core-Shell Nanostructures Drug delivery and Theranostics: Challenges, Strategies and Prospects for Novel Carrier Systems. Sawston, Cambridge: Elsevier; 2018. pp. 177-244. DOI: 10.1016/ B978-0-08-102198-9.00007-7

[248] Rajkumar S, Prabaharan M. Theranostic application of Fe3O4–Au hybrid nanoparticles. In: Noble Metal-Metal Oxide Hybrid Nanoparticles. Fundamentals and Applications. Sawston, Cambridge: Elsevier; 2019. pp. 607-623. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-814134-2.00029-2

**153**

**Chapter 8**

**Abstract**

biosensors

**1. Introduction**

Biological and Physical

Nanoparticles with Emerging

Among the emerging nanotechnology, nanoparticles get much attention due to their unique physicochemical, optical, electrical, and thermal activities. Nowadays, extensive research on silver nanoparticles is going on due to their wide applicability in different fields. Silver nanoparticles possess excellent anticancer as well as antimicrobial efficacy (hence found major and wide applications as antimicrobial, wound healing, antidiarrheal, and antifungal agents). A huge and advanced perspective of silver nanoparticles is found in environmental hygiene and sterilization due to their magnificent disinfectant properties. The other major applications of silver nanoparticles include diagnostic (as biological tags in biosensors, assays, and quantitative detection), conductive (in conductive inks, pastes, and fillers), optical (metal-enhanced fluorescence and surface-enhanced Raman scattering), and household (pesticides and wastewater treatment) applications. The present review consists of an exhaustive detail about the biological and physical applications of silver nanoparticles along with the analysis of historical evolution, the present

**Keywords:** silver nanoparticles, anticancer, antimicrobial, environmental hygiene,

In this modern era, pharmaceutical research associated with nano-sized products

is rapidly growing. Nanoscience/technology has changed the way of diagnosing, treating, and curing the diseases which proves to be a great change in human life. Nano-sized formulations/products include nano-emulsion, ethosomes, liposomes, nanoparticles, etc. Nanoparticles ranging from 1 to 100 nm are in trend nowadays due to its size-depending optical, thermal, electrical, and biological properties [1]. Nano-sized metallic particles are unique because they can considerably change their chemical, physical, and biological properties because of their surface-tovolume ratio. Silver nanoparticles have unique physical and chemical properties among other metallic nanoparticles; besides this, its wide applications in different fields make them the most catchy and different from all other nano-formulations. Silver nanoparticles are well recognized for their diagnostic (as biological tags in

Trends of Green Synthesis

Applications of Silver

*Atamjit Singh and Kirandeep Kaur*

scenario, and possible future outcomes.

#### **Chapter 8**

*Engineered Nanomaterials - Health and Safety*

[242] Singh P, Pandit S, Mokkapati VRSS, Garg A, Ravikumar V, Mijakovic I, et al. Gold nanoparticles in diagnostics and therapeutics for human cancer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018;**19**:1979. DOI: 10.3390/

hybrid nanoparticles. In: Noble Metal-Metal Oxide Hybrid Nanoparticles. Fundamentals and Applications. Sawston, Cambridge: Elsevier; 2019. pp. 607-623. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-814134-2.00029-2

[243] Libutti SK, Paciotti GF, Byrnes AA, Alexander HR, Gannon WE, Walker M, et al. Phase I and pharmacokinetic studies of CYT-6091, a novel PEGylated colloidal gold-rhTNF nanomedicine. Clinical Cancer Research. 2010;**16**: 6139-6149. DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.

ijms19071979

CCR-10-0978

[244] Richards JMJ, Shaw CA, Lang NN, Williams MC,

CIRCIMAGING.112.972596

10.1038/ncomms13325

2018;**29**:315101. DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aac4ce

[247] Saliev T, Akhmetova A,

Kulsharova G. Multifunctional hybrid nanoparticles for theranostics. In: Core-Shell Nanostructures Drug delivery and Theranostics: Challenges, Strategies and Prospects for Novel Carrier

Systems. Sawston, Cambridge: Elsevier;

2018. pp. 177-244. DOI: 10.1016/ B978-0-08-102198-9.00007-7

[248] Rajkumar S, Prabaharan M. Theranostic application of Fe3O4–Au

[245] Yaari Z, da Silva D, Zinger A, Goldman E, Kajal A, Tshuva R, et al. Theranostic barcoded nanoparticles for personalized cancer medicine. Nature Communications. 2016;**7**:13325. DOI:

[246] Maniglio D, Benetti F, Minati L, Jovicich J, Valentini A, Speranza G, et al. Theranostic gold-magnetite hybrid nanoparticles for MRI-guided radiosensitization. Nanotechnology.

Semple SIK, MacGillivray TJ, et al. In vivo mononuclear cell tracking using superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide. Circulation. Cardiovascular Imaging. 2012;**5**:509-517. DOI: 10.1161/

**152**
