Meet the editors

Dr. Sorin Marius Avramescu is a lecturer PhD at the University of Bucharest, Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Catalysis. He has been working in the environmental protection, multifunctional materials development, and analytical chemistry fields for 15 years and has a background of leading and managing large multidisciplinary, multi-partner research projects. He has been the author/co-author of more than 30 articles indexed in

the Web of Science, Scopus, and other databases, 3 book chapters, and more than 60 participations in national and international scientific conferences. He has also filed 4 patents regarding materials development for ecofriendly processes.

Dr. Kalsoom Akhtar received her Ph.D from the Chemistry Department, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea. Dr. K. Akhtar is an Assist. Professor in the Chemistry Department, King Abdulaziz University and is currently doing research in organic and nano-chemistry, which comprises photo-catalyst, organic synthesis, and metal oxide nanomaterials. She is the author of 2 books and 65 research papers.

Irina Fierascu is a scientific researcher (CS1) at INCDCP-ICE-CHIM Bucharest with competences in analytical chemistry (different modern analytical techniques), nanomaterials – obtaining and characterization, nanotechnology, materials science, archaeometry, superior use of natural resources (obtaining and using natural extracts), photosynthesized nanomaterials, environmental protection, etc. Her PhD is in Material Engineering, and she

has followed postdoctoral programs in Industrial Biotechnology and Environmental Engineering. The habilitation thesis covers "Capitalization of autochthonous vegetal species: from biomedical applications to nanotechnology". She has been the author/ co-author of several papers published in prestigious ISI journals (more than 80) in the field of natural extracts, nanomaterials, and photosynthesized metallic nanoparticles (especially gold and silver nanoparticles), as well as author/co-author of 12 books/ chapter in books. She has experience in managing projects with topics of international relevance: application of nanomaterials in different fields: environment, agriculture or conservation/restoration of cultural heritage artifacts. She has won different awards, from government institutions or other prestigious institutions in the field.

Prof. Dr. Sher Bahadar Khan received his Ph.D from HEJ, Karachi University, Pakistan. After completion of his Ph.D, he started his post-doctoral career in nanochemistry and nanotechnology and continued to work as a post-doctoral research fellow to February 2010 at Yonsei University, South Korea. In March 2010, he joined the Center for Advanced Materials and Nano-engineering, Department of Chemistry, Najran University as an Assistant Pro-

fessor and continued his work to 31 August 2011. He joined the Chemistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia as an Assistant Professor in September 2011. Currently he is Full Professor in the Chemistry Department, King Abdulaziz University and is doing research in nanochemistry and nanotechnology. He was honoured by receiving the top scientist award of KP Science & Technology in 2018. He was also honoured by the Deanship of Scientific Research awards at King Abdulaziz University for book, patent, and highly ranked scientific publication. He is the author of 320 research articles, twelve books, and six patents with almost 1000 ± 10 impact factor, 6665 citations, and 45 h-index.

Fayaz Ali was born in Mardan, Pakistan, and completed his B.Sc. and M.Sc. studies at Islamia College University Peshawar. He obtained his M.Phil. degree in Physical Chemistry from NCEPC, Peshawar, and then completed his PhD degree in 2018 from King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia. He was awarded the Best Graduate Student Excellence Award of 2018 in PhD by the Deanship of Graduate Studies, KAU. He worked as Assistant Professor

Contents

**Section 1**

Preparation of Nanoparticles

*by Takalani Cele*

as Nanofluids

**Section 2**

Nanoparticles

**Preface XI**

Preparation and Characterisation of Nanoparticles **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

**Chapter 2 15**

**Chapter 3 29**

**Chapter 4 61**

**Chapter 5 87**

Biological Properties of Nanoparticles **101**

**Chapter 6 103**

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using *Heterotheca inuloides*

and Its Antimicrobial Activity in Catgut Suture Threads *by Saraí C. Guadarrama-Reyes, Raúl A. Morales-Luckie, Víctor Sánchez-Mendieta, María G. González-Pedroza, Edith Lara-Carrillo, Ulises Velazquez-Enriquez, Victor Toral-Rizo and Rogelio Scougall-Vilchis*

Physicochemical Aspects of Metal Nanoparticle Preparation *by Libor Kvitek, Robert Prucek, Ales Panacek and Jana Soukupova*

Rice Husk Nanosilica Preparation and Its Potential Application

Preparation of Nano-Particles and Their Applications in Adsorption *by Tooba Saeed, Abdul Naeem, Tahira Mahmood and Nazish Huma Khan*

*by Paritosh Patel, Puja Kumari, Suresh K. Verma and M. Anwar Mallick*

Cellular and Molecular Impact of Green Synthesized Silver

*by Huei Ruey Ong, Wan Mohd Eqhwan Iskandar* 

*and Md. Maksudur Rahman Khan*

of Chemistry for one year at the Department of Chemistry, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology. Currently, he is working as a postdoctoral research fellow in the laboratory of Professor Yi Zhun Zhu at Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau. His research focus is on the design, synthesis, and applications of nanoscale materials.

Prof. Abdullah Mohamed Asiri received his PhD from the University of Wales, College of Cardiff, UK in 1995. He has been the Head of the Chemistry Department at King Abdulaziz University since October 2009 and he is the Founder and the Director of the Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR). He is a Professor of Organic Photochemistry. His research interests cover color chemistry, synthesis of novel photochromic, thermo-

chromic systems, synthesis of novel colouring matters and dyeing of textiles, materials chemistry, nanochemistry, nanotechnology, polymers, and plastics. He is the Editor-in-Chief of King Abdulaziz University Journal of Science and is also a member of the Editorial Board of Pigments and Resin Technology (UK), Organic Chemistry in Sight (New Zealand), Recent Patents on Materials Science (USA). He is the Vice-President of the Saudi Chemical Society (Western Province Branch).

## Contents



Preface

Nanotechnologies are extremely diverse, bringing about new opportunities in human lives through countless applications. There are numerous ways to produce dispersed nanomaterials in different shapes, forms, and functionalization, and our perception is challenged in terms of apprehending the complexity and diversity of nanostructures. Materials reduced to small dimensions are considerably different from molecules in a solution, bulk, or crystalline form and this opens the door to emerging new materials with very unique properties. It is for this reason that nanoparticles have made an invasive presence in the agriculture, medicine, and electronics industries, contributing to the unprecedented development of these fields. Nanoparticles prepared by different techniques and chemical composition bring about the question of the delicate balance between their importance and cautions for using them without proper assessment. This book is intended to emphasize a new perspective of knowledge on the environmental and human health impact of engineered nanoparticles in general with a focus on Ag nanoparticles as the most studied and manufactured material in this field. This book shows that friends or foes, nanoparticles can be managed and developed in

environmentally benign ways to keep their outstanding features that drive the scientist to create them in the first place. Editing this book was a meaningful experience and also beneficial to improve knowledge of the field. The authors are renowned specialists from different countries and their expertise allows us to fulfill the difficult task of presenting some insightful data from this vast field. Thus, this study can be considered an important reference for chemists, biochemists, physicians, and materials scientists working with and developing nanoparticle systems with a focus on the possible impact on human health.

It has been a good experience to edit this book and interact with the other authors in the related fields, who are specialized in their area. I strongly acknowledge all of my partner editors, especially Dr. Sher Bahadar Khan for all of his support and precious time.

National Institute for Research and Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry,

Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis,

**Kalsoom Akhtar, Sher Bahadar Khan and Abdullah Asiri**

Macau University of Science and Technology,

**Sorin Marius Avramescu** Faculty of Chemistry,

University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania

King Abdulaziz University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

**Irina Fierascu**

**Fayaz Ali**

Macau, China

Bucharest, Romania

School of Pharmacy,
