*4.2.1 SLE and renal involvement*

The revised American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 1997 criteria specifies that a patient can be diagnosed with SLE if 4 of 11 criteria are met at any interval of observation (**Table 2**). Renal involvement can be considered if patient developed proteinuria of >0.5/day or appearance of cellular cast (red cells, haemoglobin, granular, tubular or mixed) [57]. The 2012 Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) criteria divided SLE features into 11 clinical and 6 immunologic criteria, where SLE can be fulfilled by a) biopsy-proven LN in presence of ANA or anti-DNA antibodies or b) meeting ≥4 of 17 criteria, with at least 1 criterion from each division [58].

European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR)/ACR published a new set of criteria for SLE diagnosis in 2019 [58]. It employs the strategy that ANA must be positive for the diagnosis to be considered, followed by 10 domains with different individual weightage; diagnosis can be made if total score reaches 10 points, again with renal involvement carrying a high weight between 4 and 10 depending on the renal manifestations (**Table 2**) [59].
