**9. References**

128 Studies on Water Management Issues

To achieve improvements in water quality in the two research catchments the use of a combination of several measures and a close cooperation with all key stakeholders

The application of the SWAT model in the Reka and Dragonja catchment has demonstrated that SWAT is able to represent the hydrological behaviour of this heterogeneous catchments and rivers. Within the constraints of the available data the model was able to represent the sediment and nutrients loads, concentrations and cumulative distributions. However, there are a number of issues that the model results can demonstrate as important in the diffuse

1. Research process can demonstrate that because of the lack of monitoring and limited data on sediment, N and P concentrations, proper calibration or validation of the model would not be possible. Mixed sampling frequency on a monthly or fortnightly basis can

2. Although the simulated crops in the model can grow well and therefore taking up nutrients appropriately, the actual on-site spatial distribution of crops, crop rotations and actual management practices (sowing, harvest and fertiliser application dates and rates) are usually not known. These uncertainties further combine with those uncertainties in the spatial and attribute soil data, which can have an important influence on overall contribution to pollution and successful implementation of

3. As an important element of the catchment modelling is detailed analysis of point sources as in certain study areas can represent prevailing source of N and P in the

4. Temporal aggregation of model outputs can improve the performance metrics for all

5. There are important limitations to the treatment of edge of field filter strips within SWAT, which may over-estimate their efficiency of the EVP scenario. The SWAT algorithms relate the fraction of the nutrient load trapped by the buffer to the buffer width, so that additional factors such as slope, vegetation type, soil type and presence of under-drainage are not included. SWAT simulates reduction in pollutant transport across the entire length of a buffer strip, while in reality, as surface flow can concentrate at certain points alongwith buffer strips. SWAT assumes that buffer strips capture the range of particle sizes equally. However, buffer strips may trap coarser sediment with lower P concentrations, suggesting that the finer fraction, enriched in TP, may

6. Base flow represents an important pathway for the transport of dissolved contaminants from the landscape to surface water receptors. The delivery of surface water targets will require the integrated management of land, groundwater base flow and surface water systems. However, SWAT has all the tools and options for setting the initial conditions

preferentially pass through the buffers towards river channels.

model outputs for those variables, which are adequately simulated at daily level and underpinned by appropriate process representation and model parameterization. This demonstrates the importance of ascertaining the reasons for the use of temporal

. Temporal aggregation is appropriate to simplify

provide the basis for imprecise estimates of nutrient loadings in rivers.

(environmental, agricultural, spatial planning) would be necessary.

water pollution control with agri-environmental measures.

**7. Conclusions** 

environmental measures.

the river outputs, including NO3-

aggregation in modelling studies.

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**6** 

*Romania* 

**Evolution of Water Quality in Romania** 

*University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj – Napoca* 

Globally, water is a renewable natural resource, but vulnerable and limited, so it must be treated as a natural heritage to be protected and defended. In our century, one of the largest global problems concerning water management, taking into account that the population of the planet is in continuous growing, is the crisis of drinking water. The structure of water resources is mainly represented by freshwater, which is a rather small percentage of total water on the planet, namely 2.5%, while the percentage of 70% constitutes the water on the surface of the Earth. The fresh water is directly accessible by springs, rivers, lakes, and ground water, the rest being found in glacial ice. It means that only 0.7% of the planet's water is available, as a source of survival for the current population (Dodds, 2002;

For these reasons, conservation, water saving and reuse, and not at least water quality are serious problems that concerns all states. In order to preserve water resources an maintain water quality at best standards by protecting water quality and quantity, states policies are elaborated in order to encourage the above mentioned desiderates by the application of economic stimuli, and by imposing penalties for those wastes or pollute the water

Concerning Romania's case, the authorities confront with the same concerns regarding water quality as all other states, water quality being affected by a wide range of natural and human influences. If human influences concern the result of economical and domestic activities, the natural influences are geological, hydrological, and climatic (Wake, 2005; Shirodkar et al., 2009; Bulut et al., 2010; Odagiu, 2010; Odagiu et al., 2010). The Romanian particularities in the field are conferred by national geographical and economical specific. In this respect, we have to mention that because of the climate changes, especially in recent years, leading to increased drought phenomena, must be taken in view the need to manage water resources in a special manner in order to preserve this resource for future generations (Dodds, 2002; Blenckner, 2005; http://www.anpm.ro/ Mediu/rapoarte, accessed 2011). Another aspect, which must be taken into consideration, is that both economical and social realities recorded in last decade, imposed a better understanding of water quality evolution at national level, in order to find useful solutions for prediction models and reducing

Water resources of Romania are made up of surface water - rivers, lakes, river Danube (~ 90%) -, and groundwater (~ 10%). The main water resource of Romania is the inland

pollutants inputs of a large variety of sources (industry, agriculture, etc.).

http://www.anpm.ro/ Mediu/rapoarte, accessed 2011).

**1. Introduction** 

(Meybeck, 2004).

Ioan Oroian and Antonia Odagiu

