**Part 2**

**Water Quality Management** 

104 Studies on Water Management Issues

Sinclair Knight Merz, SKM (2009a). Melbourne Groundwater Directory Technical Report.

Sinclair Knight Merz, SKM (2009b). Hydrogeological Mapping of Southern Victoria, Project Report, 14th July 2009, Sinclair Knight Merz Ltd., Maffra 3860, Victoria

Southern Rural Water Authority, SRWA (2009). Western Irrigation Futures: A Southern Rural Water 2009 Atlas, Southern Rural Water Authority, Melbourne. SRWA (March 2011) Werribee farmers can now use 75% groundwater – 11.03.2011, *SRW News*. Available for download http://www.srw.com.au/Page/NoticeBoard.asp Theron, J.N.; Gresse, P.G.; Siegfried, H.P. & Rogers, J. (1992). The geology of the Cape Town area. Explanation on Sheet 3318, Geological Survey, South Africa, 140p Tredoux, G. (1982). Articial recharge of the Cape Flats aquifer with reclaimed efuents.

Tredoux, G. & Cave´, L. (2002). Atlantis Aquifer: A Status Report on 20 Years of Groundwater Management at Atlantis. *CSIR Contract Report*, Stellenbosch.

Usher, B.H.; Pretorius, J.A.; Dennis, I.; Jovanovic, N.; Clarke, S.; Titus, R. & Xu, Y. (2004).

Vandoolaeghe, M.A.C. (1989). The Cape Flats groundwater development pilot abstraction

Wright, A. W. & Conrad, J. (1995). The Cape Flats Aquifer – Current Status. *Report* No.

Africa's urban catchments, *WRC Report* No. 1326/1/04

Water Services Act (1997). Act No. 107 of 1997, Republic of South Africa, Pretoria.

Paper presented at a meeting of the Western Cape Group of the IWPC, (February

Identification and prioritisation of groundwater contaminants and sources in South

scheme. *Technical Report,* No. GH3655, Directorate Geohydrology, DWA, Cape

http://www.srw.com.au/Files/Annual\_reports/Annual\_Report\_2006.pdf

http://www.srw.com.au/Files/Annual\_reports/Annual\_Report\_2004.pdf

Unpublished Report no VW03963, Maffra 3860, Victoria

Southern Rural Water Authority, SRWA (2006) Annual Report

Southern Rural Water Authority, SRWA (2004) Annual Report

The Water Act 1989, 2002 Reprint No.6 - 4 April 2002

11/95. CSIR, Stellenbosch.

1982)

Town

**5** 

*Slovenia* 

**Modelling of Surface Water** 

Matjaž Glavan and Marina Pintar

**Quality by Catchment Model SWAT** 

*University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Agronomy Department, Chair for* 

*Agrometeorology, Agricultural Land Management, Economics and Rural Development* 

Catchment represents a logical administrative unit of governance as a biological, physical, economic and social system, which is affected by natural (rain, sun) and human influences (industry, agriculture, population). The effective implementation of the river basin management plans are necessary and should include clear and strong objectives and instructions for maintaining the quality of surface water, even if needs of the society are

The European Union Water Framework Directive (WFD) (2000/60/EC) set new rules for the catchments water management. The main objectives of the WFD are to improve, protect and prevent a further decreasing of water quality and to achieve good quality status of water bodies in Europe by 2015. The lack of studies and data put doubts on ambitious goals as it is difficult to examine the environmental changes associated with nutrients from biology to ecology (Neal & Heathwait, 2005). Volk et al. (2009) showed that to reach the WFD target water quality in German study catchments, dramatically unrealistic socio-economic measures would be needed (reduction of cultivated land from 77% to 46%, 13% of organic farming, increasing pastures from 4% to 15% of the forest from 10% to 21% and wetlands from 0% to 9%. Clean Water Act implemented in 1972 in the USA still did not achieve all objectives for drinking and bathing waters even after more than 30 years (Randhir & Hawes, 2009). Single or uniform integrated catchment management does not meet all the goals in soil and water protection due to usually very heterogeneous catchment characteristics

(precipitation, geomorphology, slope, soils, agricultural crops) (Hatch et al., 2001).

Agricultural intensification since 1940 resulted in higher nutrients leaching to water and increased rate of soil erosion. The soil loss with surface migration of soil particles, which exceeds more than 1 t ha-1 year-1 is regarded as irreversible within a time span of 50-100 years (EUSOILS, 2004). In Europe over 54 million km2 of land is suffering similar or a higher rate of loss (Čarman et al., 2007). Erosion can cause significant reduction of the fertile soil depth, a significant loss of nutrients (Ramos & Martinez-Casasnovas, 2006) and depositions of the fine sediment in rivers, affecting fish spawning and egg development (Lohse, 2008). Nitrogen (N) is an easily available nutrient and to the most crops is the limiting factor in production. Majority of the loss is associated with leaching in to groundwater and minority

**1. Introduction** 

changed in the future (Wagner et al., 2002).
