**8. Acknowledgment**

256 Studies on Water Management Issues

*The problems that the lake has include*: the eutrophication of the lake caused by wastewater, which led to algal blooms in the lake has started in 1980s. After that, even the percentage of domestic wastewaters treated in the basin had increased from 1.7% in 1975 to 78.2% in 2004, and the removal rates of N and P have also been improved, the chemical oxygen demand and the NO3 and PO4 concentrations in the surface layer water have not been improved as expected (Nakano, et al. 2008). The analysis shows that the lack of improvement in the water quality of the lake is that the environmental loads from nonpoint sources are unexpectedly greater than those from point sources such as domestic wastewater. Especially, N and P of agricultural origin have a great effect on the eutrophication of the lake. This citation clearly indicates that without SPP strategy, it is impossible to provide very clean water to the users with the control of point-source pollution only, as the agricultural wastewater has been

*Application of SPP strategy to the lake*: The cause of nutrophication in Biwa lake is very clear: no measured has been taken to separate the agricultural wastewater with the clean rainwater, because this lake has not had the industrial and domestic wastewaters like other lakes in the world. In other words, the water quality of lake Biwa can be improved significantly if N and P from agricultural sources are reduced significantly, but so far no any

Currently, all N and P yielded from farm lands in the basin are collected by the lake, and eventually it mixes with the clean lake water and the mixing leads to the eutrophication in the lake. However, if the 133km inner dike is constructed along the 10m contour, then all unwanted river water with high concentration of N and P will by-pass the lake, and only the clean river flow is allowed to enter the lake. Thus the N and P level in the lake can be

Meeting increasing water demand has always been one of the main challenges of civilization and could be the most difficult problem in the 21st century. With the rapid growth of population together with agricultural and industrial development, the clean water demanded in the 21st century would be increased considerably. On the other hand, the wastewater produced by human being would also increase significantly. The limited clean water may become scarce due to the climate change that may reduce the rainwater supply, increase the evaporation loss, and wastewater pollution that has extremely deteriorated quality of water, especially in large water bodies. In this circumstance, if there is no effective strategy to manage our water resources, the modern civilization may collapse that had happened in the history. Aiming at this, this book chapter proposed the SPP water

1. The analysis shows that the water must be managed for its quality and quantity simultaneously. In other words, the appropriate water management must include

2. Currently the water has been separated into many groups, like wastewater, river water rainwater, floodwater etc. It is suggested that the water can be further separated as wanted and unwanted water based on the purpose of water management. Generally, the unwanted water includes heavily polluted or highly turbid water, and the wanted

significantly lowered to an acceptable level, and no algal blooms will occur.

management strategy. The following conclusions can be drawn from this study:

particle management or impurity management;

water could be excessive floodwater or clean river water;

increased steadily to increase the food production.

technology except SPP can reach this goal.

**7. Conclusions** 

The works are supported, in part, by the open fund provided by State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering at Sichuan University, China (SKLH-OF-1002); the open fund from Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, China (2010SKL005). National Science Foundation of China (50679046 and 51061130547) and the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2007CB714150).

#### **9. References**


**11** 

Ali Erturk

*Turkey* 

*Maslak, Istanbul,* 

**Managing the Effects of the Climate Change** 

**on Water Resources and Watershed Ecology** 

Based on the monitoring data and climate projections, scientists highly agree that freshwater resources are vulnerable and have the potential to be strongly impacted by climate change in the long-run. However, there is no consensus about the degree of impact of human activities on climate change. Using simulation techniques, Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) estimates the expected changes in the climate on a global scale for different emission scenarios. The results from global estimations are used to drive other

Assuming that climate change scenarios will be realized in the future, it is possible to foresee that there will be effects of climate change on watershed ecology and on the water resources. Considering only two of the climate change related variables; temperature and precipitation

• Droughts may happen more frequently and for longer periods directly affecting the

• Increase in water demand may result in insufficient capacity of reservoirs and transfer

• Changes in water quantity and quality will in turn affect food availability, stability,

• Function and operation of existing water infrastructure (including water treatment,

This chapter is devoted to the impacts of climate change on freshwater resources; their availability, quality, quantity, uses and management is evaluated. Impacts on ecology are mentioned. Several management alternatives to reduce the potential adverse effects of climate change are identified; merits and tradeoffs involved are discussed. The discussions on this chapter is about what the ecological impacts of climate change on aquatic ecosystems and water resources will be and what precautions can be taken to sustain watershed ecosystems and water resources together with the demands of our socioeconomic system

simulations that run on regional scaled smaller domains at higher spatial resolution.

water demand changing the quantity and quality of available water.

• Water quality of surface runoff from urban and rural areas may change.

hydropower, drainage and irrigation systems) may be affected.

of water from other watersheds might be necessary.

rather than "how we can prevent the climate change".

**1. Introduction** 

one can conclude that

• Risks of flooding may increase.

access and utilization.

*Istanbul Technical University, Department of Environmental Engineering,* 

