**8. Acknowledgment**

We acknowledge with great appreciation the support of the European Eureka Programme, Life-Environment, Life-Nature, 6FP, 7FP, the University of Ljubljana, LIMNOS Company for Applied Ecology Ltd. and Lutra - Institute for Conservation of Natural Heritage that made it possible to obtain the presented results.

#### **9. References**


We acknowledge with great appreciation the support of the European Eureka Programme, Life-Environment, Life-Nature, 6FP, 7FP, the University of Ljubljana, LIMNOS Company for Applied Ecology Ltd. and Lutra - Institute for Conservation of Natural Heritage that made it

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**9** 

*1Malaysia 2India* 

**Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Oxidation an Effective Tool for** 

Cheng Chee Kaan1, Azrina Abd Aziz1,

**Wastewater Treatment – A Review** 

Shaliza Ibrahim1, Manickam Matheswaran2 and Pichiah Saravanan1 *1Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 2Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli,* 

Heterogeneous photocatalysis has been intensively studied since the discovery of photoactivated water splitting process using titanium dioxide (TiO2) as electrode (Fujishima & Honda, 1972) in 1972. Heterogeneous photocatalysis can be defined as a reaction in which a

Fujishima and co. discovered that water can be split into hydrogen and oxygen through this process in 1972. Hence early studies were focused on the production of hydrogen using solar energy as a clean fuel from water (Kawai & Sakata, 1980; Sato & White, 1980). Further studies found that irradiated semiconductors particles could catalyze a lot of interesting and useful reduction-oxidation reactions of organic and inorganic compounds (Fox & Dulay, 1993). Some of the semiconductor particles were found to be able to completely mineralize various organic and inorganic substances which are known as environmental pollutants (Fujishima et al., 2007). Since then, many researches were carried out based on the environmental applications of heterogeneous photocatalysis (Herrmann, 1999; Hoffman et

Various studies had been carried out to search for an ideal semiconductor photocatalyst, but titanium dioxide (TiO2) remains as a benchmark among other semiconductors. CdS, SnO2, WO3, SiO2, ZrO2, ZnO, Nb2O3, Fe2O3, SrTiO3 etc. were among the semiconductor materials that were being studied but titanium dioxide (TiO2) remained an excellent photocatalyst for its high resistance to photocorrosion and desirable band-gap energy (Ye & Ohmori, 2002). It can be used to degrade a variety of organic and inorganic pollutants (Fox & Dulay, 1993; Herrmann et al., 2007). Besides, titanium dioxide (TiO2) is easily available in the market,

In contrast with other conventional methods in environmental cleanup, heterogeneous photocatalysis involved the breakdown of the pollutants from complex molecules into simple and non-hazardous substances. Hence no residue is left and no sludge is produced from the process. Furthermore, no secondary treatment is needed to process the sludge.

**1. Introduction** 

catalytic process is initiated by the action of light.

al., 1995; Rajeshwar et al., 2001; Saravanan et al., 2009).

chemically inert and durable (Saravanan et al., 2009) and non-toxic.

Žegura, B.; Heath, E.; Černoša, A.; Filipič, M. (2009). Combination of in vitro bioassays for the determination of cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of wastewater, surface water and drinking water samples. *Chemosphere*, 75, pp. 1453–1460
