**6. Future perspective**

Developments in cancer immunotherapy during the last years have significantly increased our hopes for successfully treating different cancer types. However, the development of new, more effective anticancer immunotherapeutic agents and strategies urges a thorough understanding of the aspects that allow cancer cells to escape elimination by immune cells.

In addition, there are important clinical, industrial, regulatory, and economic issues that must be addressed, outside the realm of advances in cancer immunology and biology, and that would make all the difference between success or failure in real life. Under the clinical perspective, for instance, there is a strong need to develop a community of trained interventional radiologists/oncologists able to actually translate the presented approaches into practice. This is an issue basically in the hands of training centers and schools of medicine abroad. Of foremost relevance is also the involvement of the industry for all new approaches to actually become available to patients worldwide.
