**4. Clinical trials on intratumorally delivered pathogens and pathogen-associated molecules**

Immunotherapies do not come without adverse effects and complications. In addition, patients have their own peculiarities and it is vital that clinicians identify the best therapeutic options for each one of them. In this light, there are various ongoing clinical trials evaluating intratumoral immunotherapies based on pathogen-associated molecules, alone or in combination with other therapies [25]. Poly-ICLC (Hiltonol) is in phase I against prostate cancer (NCT03262103); TLR7 agonist (Imiquimod) is in phase III against melanoma (NCT01720407);

TLR9 agonist (CMP-001) in combination with Anti-PD-1 (Nivolumab) is in phase II against melanoma and lymph node cancer (NCT03618641); and TLR8 agonist (VTX-2337) in combination with Anti-PD-1 (Tislelizumab) is in phase I against head and neck cancer (NCT03906526). JX-594 (Oncolytic virus) is in phase II against colorectal carcinoma (NCT01329809); and T-VEC (Oncolytic virus) is in phase II against melanoma (NCT02211131), in combination with Anti-PD-L1 (Atezolizumab) in phase I against breast cancer (NCT03802604), in combination with chemotherapy in phase I/II against breast cancer (NCT02779855), in combination with Anti-PD-1 (Pembrolizumab) in phase II against melanoma (NCT03842943), in combination with BRAF Inhibitor and MEK Inhibitor in phase II against melanoma (NCT03972046), in combination with radiotherapy in phase I/ II against soft tissue sarcoma (NCT02453191), in combination with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, in phase I against rectal cancer (NCT03300544). Rilimogene galvacirepvec (PROSTVAC) in combination with Anti-PD-L1 (Atezolizumab) is in phase II against prostate adenocarcinoma (NCT04020094); GMCI (Adenovirus) in combination with radiotherapy, chemotherapy, is in phase II against pancreatic adenocarcinoma (NCT02446093); and HF10 (Oncolytic virus) in combination with Anti-PD-1 (Nivolumab) is in phase II against melanoma (NCT03259425). OrienX010 (Oncolytic virus) in combination with Anti-PD-1 (Treprizumab) is in phase I against melanoma (NCT04197882).
