**1. Introduction**

At the end of the twentieth century, humanity had great scientific advances, one of the main ones being the development of telecommunications. Today they have become particularly important since these technologies have allowed globalization and thereby improve both life in general and business life. Year after year, telecommunications technology evolves and with it, different applications have been created, which spread rapidly in all regions of the planet. Together with this communication phenomenon, electromagnetic signals, which have a certain influence on the environment, have increased due to the power of electromagnetic irradiation. This is how the electromagnetic spectrum for its irradiation depends on its wavelength and its frequency, concentrating a certain amount of propagated energy in the form of packages called quanta, postulated by Max Planck (1858–1947).

$$E = h\nu \tag{1}$$

where h is the Planck's constant (6.626 × 10–34 J × s−1) and ν is the wave frequency (Hz).

In consideration of this Planck's postulate, the propagation of the energy of the irradiation of the electromagnetic field has an influence of interaction with matter; in addition, the living organisms of the planet are considered to be biochemical and bioelectric, which adapt to different conditions of the environment where it is evident that today pollution has increased compared to previous times. For this

reason, the propagation analysis of electromagnetic waves must be based on the optical properties of interaction with matter that, depending on the distance to the source and the time of exposure, more electromagnetic energy can be concentrated.

Consequently, it is important to consider that the electromagnetic force is composed of electric and magnetic fields, which are intrinsic properties of matter and can be presented statically and/or dynamically, where the emission of these variables is known as "electromagnetic radiation." The moving electric charges produce electric currents of different intensity, giving rise to the propagation of electromagnetic waves in the medium. **Figure 1** shows the schematic distribution of the electromagnetic spectrum.

It is important to note that electromagnetic waves are transverse, between the intensities of the magnetic field E and the magnetic field H, generating an irradiation called the Poynting S vector, in honor of John Henry Poynting [1].

$$S = E \times H \tag{2}$$

Electromagnetic radiation does not need a medium to propagate; however, air is known as a propagation medium which has certain conduction impedance, defined by the following equation:

$$Z = \sqrt{\frac{K\mu\_0}{K\varepsilon\_0}} = \text{gg}\,\text{\textdegree[\Omega]}\tag{3}$$

where Z is the air impedance, μ0 is the magnetic permeability, ε0 is the electric permittivity, and K is the dielectric constant. According to Milford et al., K is 1.00059 [2].

The air impedance must be quasi-constant. Additionally, the interaction of electromagnetic fields with matter must be considered, where different behaviors are expected, which is due to the different electromagnetic optical properties. According to Kraus and Fleisch, other properties of electromagnetic radiation emission are attenuation, which consists of the interaction of the electromagnetic

#### **Figure 1.**

*Schematic presentation of electromagnetic spectrum (source: http://emc2-igcse-help.blogspot.com/2017/02/311 identify-order-of-electromagnetic.html).*

**9**

**Figure 2.**

*UPM.pdf).*

*The Influence of Electromagnetic Fields on the Behavior of Mice*

initial value and is given by the following equation:

movements [3]. It is given by the following equation:

field with some material, which has the property of exponentially decreasing its

wms

(4)

2

where ∝ is the attenuation constant (Np × m−1), μ is the permeability of the medium (H × m−1), σ is the conductivity of the medium (Ω−1 × m−1), and ω is the

The wave penetration consists of a damping of the incident waves, since it is inversely proportional to the thickness of the material, which dissipates its energy as it travels. This energy is transformed into heat, which occurs by incidence of the wave that when crossing causes the molecules to vibrate causing molecular

pms

where δ is the penetration constant (m), μ is the permeability of the medium (H × m−1), σ is the conductivity of the medium (Ω−1 × m−1), and π is number pi. It is noted that these forms of communication have reached the general public, thanks to the constant innovations in systems and infrastructures introduced by mobile phone companies. Despite the fact that a large part of the current terminals belong to the second generation of mobile telephony, the current and future new developments are focused on the evolution of the third and even the fourth generation (3.5G, 3.75G, and 4G) [4]. However, we must consider in the last 2 years, there has been a great technological advance in 5G technology. Although it is still under

<sup>1</sup> (5)

µ=

d=

development and testing, it will be implemented very soon (**Figure 2**).

Given this description, it clarifies that information and communication technology (ICT) is applied today, which facilitate new roles to work efficiently. For this reason, the work carried out by Ruiz-Palmeros and his collaborators in this technology concludes with the following context: "The first factor, excessive or inappropriate use of the mobile phone, included the difficulty in controlling behavior and impulses. The second factor was abstinence and the grouped elements in which concern was expressed about the possibility of not having a telephone. The third factor, by elements, referred to the difficulty of stopping the use of the telephone and family problems. The fourth factor explains the increase in data consumption" [5]. This situation leads to raise a critical and reflective

*Cell phone evolution timeline (source: https://cienciaysociedad/documentos/doc/El\_Telefono\_Movil\_ETSIT-*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93320*

frequency (rad × s−1).

*Rodents*

the electromagnetic spectrum.

by the following equation:

1.00059 [2].

reason, the propagation analysis of electromagnetic waves must be based on the optical properties of interaction with matter that, depending on the distance to the source and the time of exposure, more electromagnetic energy can be concentrated. Consequently, it is important to consider that the electromagnetic force is composed of electric and magnetic fields, which are intrinsic properties of matter and can be presented statically and/or dynamically, where the emission of these variables is known as "electromagnetic radiation." The moving electric charges produce electric currents of different intensity, giving rise to the propagation of electromagnetic waves in the medium. **Figure 1** shows the schematic distribution of

It is important to note that electromagnetic waves are transverse, between the intensities of the magnetic field E and the magnetic field H, generating an irradiation

Electromagnetic radiation does not need a medium to propagate; however, air is known as a propagation medium which has certain conduction impedance, defined

> 0 = =W m

where Z is the air impedance, μ0 is the magnetic permeability, ε0 is the electric

The air impedance must be quasi-constant. Additionally, the interaction of electromagnetic fields with matter must be considered, where different behaviors are expected, which is due to the different electromagnetic optical properties. According to Kraus and Fleisch, other properties of electromagnetic radiation emission are attenuation, which consists of the interaction of the electromagnetic

*Schematic presentation of electromagnetic spectrum (source: http://emc2-igcse-help.blogspot.com/2017/02/311-*

e

permittivity, and K is the dielectric constant. According to Milford et al., K is

*<sup>K</sup> <sup>Z</sup>*

[ ] <sup>0</sup>

377

*S EH* = ´ (2)

*<sup>K</sup>* (3)

called the Poynting S vector, in honor of John Henry Poynting [1].

**8**

**Figure 1.**

*identify-order-of-electromagnetic.html).*

field with some material, which has the property of exponentially decreasing its initial value and is given by the following equation:

$$
\omega = \sqrt{\frac{\alpha \mu \sigma}{2}} \tag{4}
$$

where ∝ is the attenuation constant (Np × m−1), μ is the permeability of the medium (H × m−1), σ is the conductivity of the medium (Ω−1 × m−1), and ω is the frequency (rad × s−1).

The wave penetration consists of a damping of the incident waves, since it is inversely proportional to the thickness of the material, which dissipates its energy as it travels. This energy is transformed into heat, which occurs by incidence of the wave that when crossing causes the molecules to vibrate causing molecular movements [3]. It is given by the following equation:

$$
\delta = \frac{\mathbf{1}}{\sqrt{\pi \mu \sigma}} \tag{5}
$$

where δ is the penetration constant (m), μ is the permeability of the medium (H × m−1), σ is the conductivity of the medium (Ω−1 × m−1), and π is number pi.

It is noted that these forms of communication have reached the general public, thanks to the constant innovations in systems and infrastructures introduced by mobile phone companies. Despite the fact that a large part of the current terminals belong to the second generation of mobile telephony, the current and future new developments are focused on the evolution of the third and even the fourth generation (3.5G, 3.75G, and 4G) [4]. However, we must consider in the last 2 years, there has been a great technological advance in 5G technology. Although it is still under development and testing, it will be implemented very soon (**Figure 2**).

Given this description, it clarifies that information and communication technology (ICT) is applied today, which facilitate new roles to work efficiently. For this reason, the work carried out by Ruiz-Palmeros and his collaborators in this technology concludes with the following context: "The first factor, excessive or inappropriate use of the mobile phone, included the difficulty in controlling behavior and impulses. The second factor was abstinence and the grouped elements in which concern was expressed about the possibility of not having a telephone. The third factor, by elements, referred to the difficulty of stopping the use of the telephone and family problems. The fourth factor explains the increase in data consumption" [5]. This situation leads to raise a critical and reflective

#### **Figure 2.**

*Cell phone evolution timeline (source: https://cienciaysociedad/documentos/doc/El\_Telefono\_Movil\_ETSIT-UPM.pdf).*

aspect of the gravity or influence that communication technology has on biological bodies; so, the interest of this work focuses on observing the behavior of the direct and indirect influence of the emission of electromagnetic fields with a thorough analysis of experimentation in laboratory organisms, such as mice.

Mice are one of the most fertile and numerous groups of mammals on Earth due to the extraordinary ability of their populations to reproduce. They have large numbers of offspring, which is one of the primary reasons they make up the largest group of mammals; the second is that they have a short gestation (pregnancy) period. They are grouped in the Rodentia order and are characterized by very sharp and curved teeth like a chisel that is used to gnaw hard objects.

Rodents are the order with the most species within the group of mammals; there are more than 400 genera and some 2000 species. Among the best known species are mice, rats, chinchillas, and squirrels. Rodents that are closely related to humans (commensal rodents) such as the brown, Norwegian, or water rat (*Rattus norvegicus*), the black or roof rat (*Rattus rattus*), and the house mouse (*Mus domesticus* and *M. musculus*), which have spread throughout the world, taking advantage of their simple body designs, a high reproductive rate, a general diet, and a sophisticated behavior pattern that allowed them to avoid the most cunning attempts at eradication. Knowledge of the response of rodents to their environment can help explain their behavior patterns and allow us to propose or establish control methods [6]. Based on these considerations, it is important to note Mary Johnson's manuscript: "*Genetically defined and genetically modified mice and rats are widely used in research to analyze the function of specific genes, and to serve as experimental models for different human diseases. Thousands of these strains are available, with infinity of genetic alterations, selection of the strain and several applications*" [7].

Given these described aspects, the interest of this document focuses on verifying in a qualitative and quantitative way the real behavior of the exposure of mice to non-ionizing electromagnetic fields. Additionally, it is important to take the main biological aspects of mice according to the laboratory animal management guide. These groups mark their vital areas with urine, forming a network of odors that then allows them to overcome narrow bridges in total darkness. Dominant males and reproductive females create 3-cm-high olfactory stalagmites that announce the presence of their territories to animals nearby. In addition, it is important to take note of the sensory characteristics that they have, which are as follows:


**11**

*The Influence of Electromagnetic Fields on the Behavior of Mice*

they do not detect colors, capturing them as gray variants; yellow and green are

• Taste: the sense of taste is highly developed; they have a great ability to detect minimum amounts of bitter, acidic, toxic, or unpleasant substances, which

It is also important to consider the predominant physical abilities: digging, climbing, jumping, and mainly gnawing, where their upper and lower incisors constantly grow, being worn away by this action [6]. This is how these conditions set the characteristics for experimentation and development of executed work.

Based on the statements described above, it is important to consider the main behavioral characteristics that developed when mice exposed to electromagnetic fields. For this situation, it is important to reflect on the geographical place where it was made, the city of Potosí, with an average altitude of 3950 m above sea level, with temperatures ranging from 18°C in spring and summer to less than 5°C in the

The procedure carried out in this quasi-experimental evaluation starts from an exhaustive analysis in the control and observation of mice before and after irradiation to electromagnetic fields generated by mobile phones and signals that exist in the environment. For this reason, the evaluation is carried out in stages or phases, the selection of samples in an organized and equitable manner in each glass box. The first phase consisting of the time of adaptation and acclimatization to the environmental conditions of the region; in this, the metabolic data that the mouse undergoes and its behavior within its habit are registered before being affected by electromagnetic fields, learn about the different abilities particular of mice. Also, at this stage, it is important to record the levels of non-ionizing radiations, for its analysis and to subsequently observe the increase that is made with mobile sources such as cellular sources. In the second phase, it analyzes the characteristics of the cell phones, where the irradiation power must not exceed the permissible limits established in the ICNIRP. Subsequently, the phones are introduced gradually, observing and recording the behavior of the mice within their habit, applying the Likert scale method to demonstrate the level of behavior that each mouse has and thus, demonstrate the influence caused by the fields electromagnetic on mice.

Thus, the mice are housed in glass boxes with appropriate dimensions which are

• facilitate the access or extraction of animals to verify their increase or decrease

• have adequate, safe space and protect them from external threats;

• provide ease of cleaning and are resistant to frequent disinfection and

probably the most attractive colors being perceived as light gray.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93320*

complicates control with toxic baits.

designed to facilitate their behavior since they:

• provide adequate ventilation;

• allow the observation of the animal;

sterilization;

in body mass;

**2. Materials and methods**

autumn and winter seasons.

they do not detect colors, capturing them as gray variants; yellow and green are probably the most attractive colors being perceived as light gray.

• Taste: the sense of taste is highly developed; they have a great ability to detect minimum amounts of bitter, acidic, toxic, or unpleasant substances, which complicates control with toxic baits.

It is also important to consider the predominant physical abilities: digging, climbing, jumping, and mainly gnawing, where their upper and lower incisors constantly grow, being worn away by this action [6]. This is how these conditions set the characteristics for experimentation and development of executed work.
