Meet the editor

Shahin Aghaei, MD, graduated from Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, in 2004. He was awarded a fellowship of International Society of Dermatopathology (ISD) from Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic, in 2008 and a fellowship of Dermatologic Surgery from the Medical University of Graz, Austria, in 2010. He is currently editor in chief of the *Journal of Surgical Dermatology* in Singapore and associate

professor of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery at Iran University of Medical Sciences School of Medicine, Tehran, Iran. He is also a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, American Society for Laser Medicine and Surgery, International Society of Dermatology, International Hyperhidrosis Society, and Iranian Society of Dermatology.

Contents

**Section 1**

**Section 2**

**Preface III**

Hypertrophic Scars and Keloids **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

**Chapter 2 21**

Chronic Ulcers **63**

**Chapter 3 65**

**Chapter 4 83**

**Chapter 5 99**

Biomaterials for Wound Healing **119**

**Chapter 6 121**

Interferon Therapy for Hypertrophic Scars and Keloids *by Amalorpava Mary Loordhuswamy and Santhini Elango*

The Need for Basic, Translational, and Clinical Research

*by Bonnie C. Carney, Jeffrey W. Shupp and Taryn E. Travis*

Pharyngocutaneous Fistulas Following Total Laryngectomy

Combined Administration of Stem Cells and Photobiomodulation

Polymeric Biomaterials for Wound Healing Incorporating Plant Extracts and Extracellular Matrix Components *by Margaret O. Ilomuanya, Ibilola M. Cardoso-Daodu, Uloma N. Ubani-Ukoma and Adannaya C. Adebona*

*by Alexandru Nicolaescu, Șerban V.G. Berteșteanu, Raluca Grigore, Mihnea Cojocărița-Condeescu, Bogdan Popescu, Catrinel Simion-Antonie, Paula Bejenaru and Simona Gloria Munteanu*

in the Field of Hypertrophic Scars

on Wound Healing in Diabetes *by Mohammad Bayat and Sufan Chien*

Chronic Venous Ulcer *by Walid A.M. Ganod*

**Section 3**

## Contents



Preface

Wound healing is a multifaceted and dynamic procedure of revitalizing lost cellular organizations and flesh layers in the human body [1]. The human wound-healing process could be divided into three or four discrete phases. Formerly, contributors denoted three phases, that is, inflammatory, fibroblastic, and maturation, but the human wound-healing process has also been indicated as inflammatory, proliferation, and remodeling [2]. In the four-phase model, there are the hemostasis, the inflammatory, the proliferation, and the remodeling phase. In the three-phase approach, the hemostasis phase is enclosed within the inflammatory phase [3].

For a wound to be healed efficaciously, all four phases must sequentially happen at an expected time setting. Numerous aspects can hinder one or more stages of this procedure and thus can cause inappropriate or diminished wound healing. This book reviews the recent literature on the most significant factors that affect wound healing and the potential cellular and/or molecular mechanisms involved. The factors discussed include physiology of wound healing, interferon, stem cells and photobiomodulation, a chronic venous ulcer, chronic fistula, bionanomaterials, topical antiseptic agents, including silver and sodium hypochlorite solution, diabetic ulcers, and nutritional supplements such as copper. A better understanding of the effects of these elements on wound mending may lead to therapeutics that progress wound healing and resolve compromised wounds [4]. This book includes 4 sections

and 10 chapters as follows:

literature support are discussed.

Hypertrophic Scars"

of HTS.

**Section 1: Hypertrophic Scars and Keloids**

Chapter 1 "Interferon Therapy for Hypertrophic Scars and Keloids"

Interferons (IFNs) from the family of cytokines are widely used to treat keloids because of their ability to increase collagenase activity, thereby reducing the production of collagen and other extracellular matrices (ECM). In this chapter, the benefits and limitations of IFN-mediated therapy for the treatment of scars and keloids and the advantages of combinatorial therapy with the appropriate

Chapter 2 "The Need for Basic, Translational, and Clinical Research in the Field of

Hypertrophic scar (HTS) is a fibrotic skin disorder marked by excessive inflammation and extracellular matrix deposition in response to cutaneous traumatic injuries such as burns, lacerations, incisions, and abrasions. Additional fibrotic skin disorders such as keloid scars are often thought of as being the same pathophysiology existing along the continuum of severity of HTS and hence are often studied as one scar type, despite their varied etiology. This chapter will review current in vitro and in vivo modeling and highlight research needs to address gaps in the study
