**7. Scales**

Standardized psychological tests such as the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale or the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility (SHSS) measure hypnotizability. The Stanford Profile Scales of Hypnotic Susceptibility (SPSHS), in two forms (I and II), evaluates individual strengths and weaknesses. On the individually administered Stanford Scales, each of 12 test suggestions, scored pass-fail, yield a sum score of hypnotizability on a 0-12 scale. The Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C (SHSS:C), that contains cognitive suggestions including hallucination and age regression, is the gold standard for measuring hypnotizability.

**13**

**8. Mechanism**

**Table 3.**

*and consistent associations [43].*

*Hypnosis and Hypnotherapy: Emerging of Science-Based Hypnosis*

The SWASH (Sussex-Waterloo Scale of Hypnotizability) is a 10-item modified Waterloo-Stanford Group C Scale of Hypnotic Suggestibility (WSGC) to reduce screening time and supplement objective scoring. It measures capacity and altering conscious experience. The Dissociative Experiences Scale, a 28-item scale, assesses dissociative experiences. The Tellegen Absorption Scale, a 34-item questionnaire evaluates the capacity of absorption. Dyadic Interactional Harmony questionnaire (DIH) assesses four domains of hypnotist-subject interaction: intimacy, communion, playfulness, and tension. *Valencia Scale of Attitudes and Beliefs Toward Hypnosis scale (VSABTH) considers two reliable measures of attitudes,* response expectancies and emotional distress *toward hypnosis as mediator of hypnotic effects.* PCI-HAP (Phenomenology of Consciousness: Inventory-Hypnotic Assessment

*Summary of state of the scientific findings regarding biological, psychological and social factors that contribute to response to hypnosis and hypnotic suggestions. +/− indicates that the factor has demonstrated both positive and negative associations with hypnotic responding: + indicates that the factor has demonstrated mostly positive* 

The process of hypnosis consists of a hypnotic induction, a deepening procedure, and symptom-specific suggestions. Hypnosis is a state of highly focused attention, with dissociation of thoughts and sensations toward awareness. It is comprised of three components: absorption, dissociation, and suggestibility. Absorption is full involvement in a perceptual, imaginative or ideational experience for self-altering attention. Dissociation is a mental segregation of components of behavior in a dream-like state of being both actor and observer when re-experiencing autobiographical memories in involuntary motor functions or discontinuities in the sensations of one part of the body compared with another. Suggestibility complies with hypnotic instructions. It is not a loss of will but rather a suspension of judgment due to the absorption and effortless self -loss in what is concentrating on. The hypnotized person does not have control over his/her thoughts

Procedure) set out to predict hypnotic depth scores [44–46].

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94089*

*Hypnosis and Hypnotherapy: Emerging of Science-Based Hypnosis DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94089*

#### **Table 3.**

*Hypnotherapy and Hypnosis*

consciousness

of brain function

periods

**Table 1.**

states of consciousness

*State and non-state theories [37].*

Hypnotic inductions produce an altered state of

Hypnotic "trance" is associated with an altered state

Responses to hypnotic suggestions are a result of special processes such as dissociation or other altered

Hypnotizability is remarkably stable over long

**State theories Non-state theories**

Participants respond to suggestion almost as well

Participants in hypnosis experiments are actively

Responses to suggestions are a product of normal psychological processes such as attitudes,

Suggestibility can be modified with drugs or

without hypnosis

expectancies, and motivation

psychological procedures

engaged

**The social-psychobiological or biopsychosocial model of hypnosis** emphasizes the interaction of the hypnotist and the subject, considering their personal characteristics and physiological mechanisms and the contributing role of biological, psychological, and social factors. Hypnotic depth integrates the behavioral aspect (the role of the subject), the phenomenological component (the subjective

**The empathic involvement theory (EIT) of hypnosis** proposes a bridging of two incongruent neo dissociative versus socio-cognitive theories of hypnosis. Non-

Standardized psychological tests such as the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale or the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility (SHSS) measure hypnotizability. The Stanford Profile Scales of Hypnotic Susceptibility (SPSHS), in two forms (I and II), evaluates individual strengths and weaknesses. On the individually administered Stanford Scales, each of 12 test suggestions, scored pass-fail, yield a sum score of hypnotizability on a 0-12 scale. The Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C (SHSS:C), that contains cognitive suggestions including hallucination and age regression, is the gold standard for measuring hypnotizability.

empathic individuals benefit less from hypnosis (**Tables 1**–**3**) [39–42].

feeling of trance), and an emotional dimension.

*Illustration of Hilgard's neodissociation theory of hypnosis [38].*

**12**

**7. Scales**

**Table 2.**

*Summary of state of the scientific findings regarding biological, psychological and social factors that contribute to response to hypnosis and hypnotic suggestions. +/− indicates that the factor has demonstrated both positive and negative associations with hypnotic responding: + indicates that the factor has demonstrated mostly positive and consistent associations [43].*

The SWASH (Sussex-Waterloo Scale of Hypnotizability) is a 10-item modified Waterloo-Stanford Group C Scale of Hypnotic Suggestibility (WSGC) to reduce screening time and supplement objective scoring. It measures capacity and altering conscious experience. The Dissociative Experiences Scale, a 28-item scale, assesses dissociative experiences. The Tellegen Absorption Scale, a 34-item questionnaire evaluates the capacity of absorption. Dyadic Interactional Harmony questionnaire (DIH) assesses four domains of hypnotist-subject interaction: intimacy, communion, playfulness, and tension. *Valencia Scale of Attitudes and Beliefs Toward Hypnosis scale (VSABTH) considers two reliable measures of attitudes,* response expectancies and emotional distress *toward hypnosis as mediator of hypnotic effects.* PCI-HAP (Phenomenology of Consciousness: Inventory-Hypnotic Assessment Procedure) set out to predict hypnotic depth scores [44–46].
