*4.4.3 Psychotherapy results according to psychometric data*

Psychotherapy results according to psychometric data are shown in **Tables 4**–**6**. The combined psychotherapy results are presented in **Table 4**. Comparing before and after data in the main group and analyzing these data in comparison with WLC group data, we can observe a significant decrease of all clinical scales' scores in the main group (SCL-90 DEP, SCL-90 ANX, SCL-90 GSI, STAI-S, STAI-T, BDI, ShARS) practically to the level of the nonclinical norm.

For the STAI-T scale, the effect size is moderate (0.73); for the other six clinical scales, the effect size is large (from 0.87 to 1.28). The mindfulness scores (FFMQ-SF, MAAS) increased significantly with large (FFMQ-SF = 0.98) and moderate (MAAS = 0.71) effect sizes. There were no such changes in the WLC group during 3 weeks of waiting period.

Psychotherapy results in the PD and GAD groups are shown in **Table 5**. Significant changes of all clinical scales'scores are observed in both groups. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups at the end of the therapy. The effect size for clinical scales (SCL-90 DEP, SCL-90 ANX, SCL-90 GSI, STAI-S, STAI-T, BDI, ShARS) was bigger in the PD group, in which for all the scales it was large (from 0.99 to 1.75), but moderate for STAI-T (0.69). In the GAD group, the effect size was moderate (from 0.53 to 0.74) for five scales (SCL-90 DEP, SCL-90 ANX, SCL-90 GSI, STAI-T, ShARS) and large (from 1.06 to 1.20) for two scales (STAI-S, BDI). Changes in mindfulness scores in the PD group were moderate (FFMQ-SF, 0.78; MAAS, 0.62); in the GAD group, the effect size was large for FFMQ-SF (1.20) and moderate for MAAS (0.61).

Results for the groups of MPT and psychotherapy with gradual withdrawal of psychopharmacotherapy (PT + PPT) are presented in **Table 6**. It is important to notice significant differences between MPT and PT + PPT groups at the end of the therapy according to six scales of 9 (SCL-90 DEP, SCL-90 ANX, ACL-90 GSI, STAI-S, STAI-T, ShARS), which is confirmed by a larger effect for the MPT group. Comparing before and after the scores in the MPT group, there is a significant decrease of all scales'scores to the level of the nonclinical norm (SCL-90 DEP, SCL-90 ANX, SCL-90 GSI, STAI-S, STAI-T, BDI, ShARS). For all seven scales, the effect size is large (from 1.13 to 1.91). Mindfulness scores increased significantly with large (FFMQ-SF = 1.17) and moderate (MAAS = 0.64) effect sizes.

Comparing before and after the data in the PT + PPT group, a moderate significant decrease was observed for six clinical scales'scores (SCL-90 ANX, SCL-90 GSI, STAI-S, STAI-T, BDI, ShARS). There were no significant changes in SCL-90 DEP scores. The effect sizes are large for three scales (STAI-S, 0.94; BDI, 0.84; ShARS, 1.11), moderate for one scale (SCL-90 ANX, 0.56), and weak for two scales (SCL-90 GSI, 0.39; STAI-T, 0.46). Mindfulness scores significantly increased with a moderate effect size (FFMQ-SF, 0.75; MAAS, 0.57).

Results of this controlled study show high effectiveness of PDP for PD and GAD, which is confirmed by mainly high or moderate size effects in psychometric data.

The correctness of distinction of the groups of MPT and PT + PPT is confirmed by statistical analysis of psychometric data. The effectiveness of MPT is significantly higher than the combination of PT + PPT, while the duration of MPT is significantly lower.

The use of instruments in this research for mindfulness evaluation (FFMQ-SF, MAAS) was justified, because for the first time the significant increase of these parameters (with moderate effect size) was shown for the UH (PDP). Additionally, the effectiveness of the PDP was compared with MBCT [53] and MBSR [54] methods for several psychometric clinical scales and mindfulness scales

(see **Table 7**), which demonstrated comparable effect sizes for the three methods. The received data expand the representation about mindfulness phenomenon, taking it beyond the boundaries of traditional meditation and bringing closer to the basic mechanisms of UH activation of the psychological process of normal coping

**Scale Therapy group (***n* **= 52) Waiting list control group (***n* **= 25)**

At the end of treatment 0.94<sup>1</sup> 0.83 0.87 1.742 0.90 0.18 0.92

At the end of treatment 0.93<sup>1</sup> 0.84 1.04 1.962 1.00 0.22 1.12

At the end of treatment 0.741 0.59 0.89 1.35<sup>2</sup> 0.58 0.03 1.04

At the end of treatment 24.81<sup>1</sup> 10.11 1.18 36.00<sup>2</sup> 12.04 0.01 1.01

At the end of treatment 48.12<sup>1</sup> 9.27 0.73 55.56<sup>3</sup> 9.90 0.22 0.78

At the end of treatment 9.65<sup>1</sup> 7.41 1.11 19.08<sup>2</sup> 9.87 0.07 1.08

At the end of treatment 22.04<sup>1</sup> 14.99 1.28 48.40<sup>2</sup> 29.43 0.13 1.13

At the end of treatment 80.12<sup>1</sup> 8.06 0.98 70.40<sup>2</sup> 9.99 0.13 1.07

At the end of treatment 4.35<sup>1</sup> 0.71 0.63 3.82<sup>4</sup> 0.68 0.07 0.76 *SCL-90 DEP, ANX, GSI—depression, anxiety and global severity index of symptom checklist 90; STAI-S—Spielberger Anxiety Inventory, state anxiety; STAI-T—Spielberger Anxiety Inventory, trait anxiety; BDI—Beck Depression Inventory; ShARS— Sheehan Clinical Anxiety Rating Scale; FFMQ-SF—Five-Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire, short version, total score; MAAS— Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale; MPT group—monopsychotherapy group; PT + PPT group—psychotherapy +*

**after)**

*M* **SD d (before-**

**after)**

**d (between the groups)**

*M* **SD d (before-**

At baseline 1.66 0.82 1.59 0.81

*The Integrative Theory of Hypnosis in the Light of Clinical Hypnotherapy*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92761*

At baseline 1.85 0.93 1.75 0.89

At baseline 1.29 0.62 1.33 0.58

At baseline 37.35 11.11 36.16 11.12

At baseline 55.08 9.79 53.72 6.71

At baseline 19.54 10.24 19.80 10.20

At baseline 48.77 25.47 51.76 22.10

At baseline 71.54 9.28 71.68 8.95

At baseline 3.90 0.72 3.87 0.70

*psychopharmacotherapy group with later psychopharmacotherapy withdrawal.*

*<sup>p</sup> <sup>&</sup>lt; 0.0001 (comparing to the baseline figures). <sup>2</sup> <sup>p</sup>* <sup>≤</sup> *0.0001 (comparing to therapy group). <sup>3</sup> <sup>p</sup> <sup>&</sup>lt; 0.001 (comparing to therapy group). <sup>4</sup> p < 0.002 (comparing to therapy group).*

**SCL-90 DEP**

**SCL-90 ANX**

**SCL-90 GSI**

**STAI-S**

**STAI-T**

**BDI**

**ShARS**

**FFMQ-SF**

**MAAS**

*1*

**63**

**Table 4.** *Treatment effect.*

by means of distancing.


### *The Integrative Theory of Hypnosis in the Light of Clinical Hypnotherapy DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92761*

*SCL-90 DEP, ANX, GSI—depression, anxiety and global severity index of symptom checklist 90; STAI-S—Spielberger Anxiety Inventory, state anxiety; STAI-T—Spielberger Anxiety Inventory, trait anxiety; BDI—Beck Depression Inventory; ShARS— Sheehan Clinical Anxiety Rating Scale; FFMQ-SF—Five-Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire, short version, total score; MAAS— Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale; MPT group—monopsychotherapy group; PT + PPT group—psychotherapy + psychopharmacotherapy group with later psychopharmacotherapy withdrawal.*

*1 <sup>p</sup> <sup>&</sup>lt; 0.0001 (comparing to the baseline figures). <sup>2</sup>*

*<sup>p</sup>* <sup>≤</sup> *0.0001 (comparing to therapy group). <sup>3</sup>*

*<sup>p</sup> <sup>&</sup>lt; 0.001 (comparing to therapy group). <sup>4</sup>*

*p < 0.002 (comparing to therapy group).*

#### **Table 4.**

*4.4.3 Psychotherapy results according to psychometric data*

BDI, ShARS) practically to the level of the nonclinical norm.

FFMQ-SF (1.20) and moderate for MAAS (0.61).

moderate effect size (FFMQ-SF, 0.75; MAAS, 0.57).

significantly lower.

**62**

3 weeks of waiting period.

*Hypnotherapy and Hypnosis*

Psychotherapy results according to psychometric data are shown in **Tables 4**–**6**. The combined psychotherapy results are presented in **Table 4**. Comparing before and after data in the main group and analyzing these data in comparison with WLC group data, we can observe a significant decrease of all clinical scales' scores in the main group (SCL-90 DEP, SCL-90 ANX, SCL-90 GSI, STAI-S, STAI-T,

For the STAI-T scale, the effect size is moderate (0.73); for the other six clinical scales, the effect size is large (from 0.87 to 1.28). The mindfulness scores (FFMQ-SF, MAAS) increased significantly with large (FFMQ-SF = 0.98) and moderate (MAAS = 0.71) effect sizes. There were no such changes in the WLC group during

Psychotherapy results in the PD and GAD groups are shown in **Table 5**. Significant changes of all clinical scales'scores are observed in both groups. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups at the end of the therapy. The effect size for clinical scales (SCL-90 DEP, SCL-90 ANX, SCL-90 GSI, STAI-S, STAI-T, BDI, ShARS) was bigger in the PD group, in which for all the scales it was large (from 0.99 to 1.75), but moderate for STAI-T (0.69). In the GAD group, the effect size was moderate (from 0.53 to 0.74) for five scales (SCL-90 DEP, SCL-90 ANX, SCL-90 GSI, STAI-T, ShARS) and large (from 1.06 to 1.20) for two scales (STAI-S, BDI). Changes in mindfulness scores in the PD group were moderate (FFMQ-SF, 0.78; MAAS, 0.62); in the GAD group, the effect size was large for

Results for the groups of MPT and psychotherapy with gradual withdrawal of psychopharmacotherapy (PT + PPT) are presented in **Table 6**. It is important to notice significant differences between MPT and PT + PPT groups at the end of the therapy according to six scales of 9 (SCL-90 DEP, SCL-90 ANX, ACL-90 GSI, STAI-S, STAI-T, ShARS), which is confirmed by a larger effect for the MPT group. Comparing before and after the scores in the MPT group, there is a significant decrease of all scales'scores to the level of the nonclinical norm (SCL-90 DEP, SCL-90 ANX, SCL-90 GSI, STAI-S, STAI-T, BDI, ShARS). For all seven scales, the effect size is large (from 1.13 to 1.91). Mindfulness scores increased significantly with

Comparing before and after the data in the PT + PPT group, a moderate significant decrease was observed for six clinical scales'scores (SCL-90 ANX, SCL-90 GSI, STAI-S, STAI-T, BDI, ShARS). There were no significant changes in SCL-90 DEP scores. The effect sizes are large for three scales (STAI-S, 0.94; BDI, 0.84; ShARS, 1.11), moderate for one scale (SCL-90 ANX, 0.56), and weak for two scales (SCL-90 GSI, 0.39; STAI-T, 0.46). Mindfulness scores significantly increased with a

Results of this controlled study show high effectiveness of PDP for PD and GAD, which is confirmed by mainly high or moderate size effects in psychometric data. The correctness of distinction of the groups of MPT and PT + PPT is confirmed by statistical analysis of psychometric data. The effectiveness of MPT is significantly higher than the combination of PT + PPT, while the duration of MPT is

The use of instruments in this research for mindfulness evaluation (FFMQ-SF, MAAS) was justified, because for the first time the significant increase of these parameters (with moderate effect size) was shown for the UH (PDP). Additionally, the effectiveness of the PDP was compared with MBCT [53] and MBSR [54] methods for several psychometric clinical scales and mindfulness scales

large (FFMQ-SF = 1.17) and moderate (MAAS = 0.64) effect sizes.

*Treatment effect.*

(see **Table 7**), which demonstrated comparable effect sizes for the three methods. The received data expand the representation about mindfulness phenomenon, taking it beyond the boundaries of traditional meditation and bringing closer to the basic mechanisms of UH activation of the psychological process of normal coping by means of distancing.
