**4. Conclusions**

292 Urban Development

**mean\_D** Pearson Correl. 1 -0,319\* -0,103 -0,048

**LQ\_Agr** Pearson Correl. -0,319\* 1 0,043 0,081

**LQ\_Manufac** Pearson Correl. -0,103 0,043 1 0,090

**LQ\_Constr** Pearson Correl. -0,048 0,081 0,090 1

**LQ\_Turism** Pearson Correl. **0,608\*\*** -0,204 -0,321\* 0,037

Table 2. Binomial correlation results between the mean coastal population density and the

A similar procedure to the Local Qualification analysis is applied at the following, in order to provide an answer to the question if the Level of Prosperity in coastal prefectures can be considered greater than the terrestrial ones. The available data of this case regard the calculation results of the Index of Wealth for the prefectures of Greece, for the year 2006, as presented by Polyzos (2011). The analytic process is composed by the same with the previous analysis steps. Firstly, the data available are presented graphically to the box plots of figure 9, in order to provide some information for the distribution, and, secondly, the

Fig. 9. Box plots of the Index of Prosperity for coastal and non coastal prefectures (data of

mean values of the box plots are tested for statistical significance equality.

Local Qualification Indices values.

**3.4 Coastal cities prosperity** 

year 2006).

Sig. (2-tailed) 0,019 0,461 0,730 N 54 54 54 54

Sig. (2-tailed) 0,019 0,758 0,562 N 54 54 54 54

Sig. (2-tailed) 0,461 0,758 0,516 N 54 54 54 54

Sig. (2-tailed) 0,730 0,562 0,516

Sig. (2-tailed) 0,000 0,138 0,018 0,789 N 54 54 54 54

N 54 54 54 54

**mean\_D LQ\_Agr LQ\_Manufac LQ\_Constr** 

This chapter dealt with the population transformation of Greek coastal cities, held during the last 50 years. Coastal cities over 5.000 citizens were studied, by using spatial, econometric and statistic measures and models. During the study period, the Greek urban population coverage changed in an amount of 29,5%, from 56,21% (presented in 1961) to 72,79% (in 2001). By observing the trends in the Mediterranean level (Cori, 1999), a similar transposition in the demographic status can be concluded. Urban population of coastal countries presented an amount of 50% growth during the period 1950-2005, percentage which is higher in comparison with the corresponding Greek, probably due to significant urbanization rates of South Mediterranean countries and Turkey. The growing Greek coastal cities cover the 16,42% of the total country's population in 1961, whereas in 2001 they reached to represent approximately 2.100.000 inhabitants, with a coverage of 19,43% in total population. The augmentative trends appear to be strong during the first two decades of the study period, but they diminish from 1981 and forward. This fact implies, firstly, the structural changes that the Greek economic model was subjected (the meanwhile period) to, which suggests the country's transposition from the agricultural-based economy model (primary sector) to the services provision economy model (tertiary sector). Secondly, the meanwhile urban growth can be related to the phenomenon of agglomeration that benefited the two Hellenic metropolitan cities, "*Athens*" and "*Thessaloniki*".

One of the general conclusions, which was extracted by this study, verified the general demographic transformation that the Greek cities (in general) were subjected to and moved from the phase of intense urbanization (during the decades of 60's and 70's, where the

The Evolution and Spatial Dynamics of Coastal Cities in Greece 295

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centers of the Metropolitan cities of "*Athens*" and "*Thessaloniki*" grown) to the phase of suburbanization (in the decade of 1980's and after, where the suburban zones of the two metropolitan Hellenic cities expanded). The above transformation also affected the Greek coastal cities and moved their status into a new balance, described by the strengthening of mainly the "*Attica*" prefecture's cities-satellites, which suggests the phenomenon of counterurbanization and secondly the south-eastern insular regions of Greece.

Nevertheless, the non-metropolitan coastal population growth procedure in Greece seems to stay indifferent to the eruptive urbanization phenomena of the period 1960-1980, presenting an equable increase. This observation leads to the conclusion that the Greek coastal population growth suggests a product of a mature chronicle augmentative process. This state of maturity implies the result that coastal infrastructures, which were constructed in order to host the population augmentative process, were obviously developed through a natural, unpressured and unbiased procedure, in comparison with the intense metropolitan urbanization cases (which led to an unscheduled and without plan construction of these cities). Consequently, the infrastructure of coastal areas are, more probable, supposed to present a receptor of investments and of further developmental acts, so as to provide a developmental bus for the country's economical crisis management.

Regarding the Local Qualification dynamics, Greek coastal cities present better developmental performance than the terrestrial ones in the Tourism case, lower in Agriculture and in the Constructions and statistically equal in the Manufacture case. The Tourism case performance seems to be expected, since Greece is a country with a vast amount of coast lines, a significant maritime environment, a sunshine weather and a voluminous amount of islands (with various morphologies), parameters which suggest attractors of touristic development. On the other hand, this obvious ascendancy of the coastal tourism elects questions about the unexploited field of development that the forest and agro tourism activities can provide to the national economy. However, the coastal case of tourism, although it consists the fundamental axis of touristic Greek development, it has to be further subjected to standardized procedures and policies, as also to scheduled orientation through education, in order to suggest the dominant developmental tool, which may be able to recover the country from the economic crisis. The cases of Agriculture and Constructions do not perform in coastal prefectures better than in terrestrial, ought, firstly, to the lack of arable areas and to transportation ease and facilities. The equal performance of coastal and terrestrial prefectures in Manufactures elects the creativity potentials of the Greek nation that it appears to be adaptable to geographical specifications.

On the other hand, the overall level of wealth in coastal prefectures resulted to be higher than the terrestrial ones. This conclusion seems critical for the decision making policy consideration, especially during the current period of crisis that Greece is subjected to. On one hand, through a microscopic perspective, this result reveals some directions for the citizens, in order to request better employment and living conditions and, on the other hand, through a macroscopic perspective, it should motivate the terrestrial economic development (such as agro tourism for example), without impoverish the healthier coastal.

It is commonly accepted that the long-lasting neglect of the regional perspective is able to create economically, social and environmental problems, which may decrease any positive result that is achieved until now and is reflected to the improvement of certain macroeconomic national sizes. For this reason, a total re-planning of regional policy should be practised in Greece, combined with actions that will totally alternate the territorial balances.
