**2.1 Study area description and selection**

The study area was Himo settlement in Kilimanjaro region, particularly, Kitotoloni Village and Himo Savings Cooperative Society. The villages and Himo SACCOS are located on the foot of Mount Kilimanjaro between 2,500 and 3,000 meters above sea level. River Saghana and Whona, traverses the settlement, which are Pangani drainage basin tributaries. It is located about 30 kilometers from Moshi urban centre with a population of 18,872 people, of which 10,024 are females and the rest are men (Ward Population Census Report, 2008). The area receives mean rainfall between 800 mm and 1,400 mm; sometimes reaching up to 1,600 mm. Mean daily temperature is 10–12 centigrade while annual range of temperature is 4–6 centigrade. The present size of household farm ranges from 1 acre to 2 acres (as per Ward data from August 2008). Other households have less than 1 acre (48%). Most of all household expenditures are expected to come from this small piece of land. The average size of the household is seven people, which indicates increasing future land problems in the township.

Existence of unsolved land use planning conflicts of landholders against the council remained undetermined by the court of law for many years. Existence of land property mortgage/collateral conflicts within Himo SACCOS, land tenure conflicts, unorganized farming practices are some of the remarkable factors used for selection of the study cases. Urban planners *inter alia,* were and still are totally stuck and unable to regulate land use change in the entire territory under the customary land tenure system within the township dominant by farming. This has resulted in conflicts and confrontations of local authorities and landholders, which appear revealing the interests, real rationalities, notions, values and ethics underlying the actor's decisions and actions in land development. In addition, landholders in Himo organized a protest to struggle to seek space in the formal planning system to influence decisions, which negatively affected their lives. On the other hand, Himo SACCOS organized an Auction for selling a member based housing property for loan recovery, which both increase conflicts and therefore the cases might clarify the factors underpinning the poor performance of land use planning and cooperative development in social solidarity economy within Sub-Saharan African Cities. The selection of the case did not mean that other factors found rational were not considered, but the one proposed provided a profound for indepth case exploration and therefore others cases were taken and reflected in the study context.


A number of respondents who participated in providing data and information for this study are depicted in Table 1.

Source: Field Data (2010-March 2011)

258 Urban Development

project were taken as case studies in Moshi Rural District Council. A list of SACCOS, urban farming association groups and informal settlements involved in land use planning project in Moshi were obtained and used as sample frame in selection of the study areas. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected from both primary and secondary data sources, where a total of 292 respondents were involved in this study (Table 1). The study employed qualitative data collection approach with periodic use of quantitative data gathered to enable the use of information from different sources for the purpose of triangulation. The mix of qualitative and quantitative data collection approach was preferred so as to enhance the search for different types of information from diverse sources to capture the existing relationships, partnership, values and contribution of land use planning and cooperative development in poverty reduction effort in urban development

The study area was Himo settlement in Kilimanjaro region, particularly, Kitotoloni Village and Himo Savings Cooperative Society. The villages and Himo SACCOS are located on the foot of Mount Kilimanjaro between 2,500 and 3,000 meters above sea level. River Saghana and Whona, traverses the settlement, which are Pangani drainage basin tributaries. It is located about 30 kilometers from Moshi urban centre with a population of 18,872 people, of which 10,024 are females and the rest are men (Ward Population Census Report, 2008). The area receives mean rainfall between 800 mm and 1,400 mm; sometimes reaching up to 1,600 mm. Mean daily temperature is 10–12 centigrade while annual range of temperature is 4–6 centigrade. The present size of household farm ranges from 1 acre to 2 acres (as per Ward data from August 2008). Other households have less than 1 acre (48%). Most of all household expenditures are expected to come from this small piece of land. The average size of the household is seven people, which indicates increasing future

Existence of unsolved land use planning conflicts of landholders against the council remained undetermined by the court of law for many years. Existence of land property mortgage/collateral conflicts within Himo SACCOS, land tenure conflicts, unorganized farming practices are some of the remarkable factors used for selection of the study cases. Urban planners *inter alia,* were and still are totally stuck and unable to regulate land use change in the entire territory under the customary land tenure system within the township dominant by farming. This has resulted in conflicts and confrontations of local authorities and landholders, which appear revealing the interests, real rationalities, notions, values and ethics underlying the actor's decisions and actions in land development. In addition, landholders in Himo organized a protest to struggle to seek space in the formal planning system to influence decisions, which negatively affected their lives. On the other hand, Himo SACCOS organized an Auction for selling a member based housing property for loan recovery, which both increase conflicts and therefore the cases might clarify the factors underpinning the poor performance of land use planning and cooperative development in social solidarity economy within Sub-Saharan African Cities. The selection of the case did not mean that other factors found rational were not considered, but the one proposed provided a profound for indepth case exploration and therefore others cases were taken and

agenda.

**2.1 Study area description and selection** 

land problems in the township.

reflected in the study context.

Table 1. Number and Location of respondents in the case study
