**7. References**

198 Urban Development

 Minimum Use of Energy and Resources: All of the immigrant houses in the peripheries are costructed with reinforced concrete and have inadequate standarts of environmental control. Therefore they are not suitable for ecological sustainability. Being away from the city center, the residents of these settlements have to use motor vehicles more than the ones near to the city center. This situation makes the reduction

As a result of archival data analysis and observations made in the selected immigrant housing neighborhoods, physical, historical and socio-demographic data have been obtained regarding these areas. The analysis of data connote that, immigrant housing areas both around the historic city center and in the periphery of the city have negative impacts on the sustainable urban development of Bursa. Immigrant settlements both around the historic city center and in the periphery of the city-, damage the identity of the city in terms of spatial and socio-cultural components, which are significant for achieving physical and socio-cultural sustainability of the city. Especially gecekondus around the city core threaten the uniqueness of the architectural and cultural heritage of the historic city. On the other hand, immigrant settlements in the periphery of the city increase urban dispersal which cause the agricultural land to be lost. They divide the city into sub-centers that are not easy to access. In most of these settlements "quality of life", that is the overall aim of sustainable urban development, is low in all its aspects. These settlements are faced with most of the indicators of unsustainability like inadequate infrastructure, unhealthy environments,

**5.3 Conclusion: The impact of immigrant housing on the sustainable urban** 

deficient open and green space, poor access to the services and transport systems.

**6. Discussion: Strategies for sustainable urban development of Bursa** 

urban development of historic cities in developing countries, like Bursa.

There is an urgent need for new strategies and policies to strengthen the role of Bursa as a historic city, providing socio-cultural integration, economic vitality and sustainable living environments. More flexible and responsive planning tools that require a strategic understanding and good local knowledge are needed to manage these development goals. It must be highlighted that a considerable effort in developed countries has been devoted to the measurement of sustainability indicators. To adopt this approach may be the starting point for Turkey, as for the other developing countries. Research and analysis of specific realities in different urban settlements are required in order to find possible ways of achieving sustainable

As understood from the related literature and successful implementations all over the world, achieving sustainable development requires appropriate policies of planned higher density, mixed – used development in city centers and in peripheries along corridors well served with public transportation. The planning approach to the development of historic city center in Bursa should be more sensitive to the existing traditional fabric, which can accommodate a whole range of economic activities. The value of the social network of traditional neighbourhoods, cultural diversity and economic opportunities should be recognized and, rather than being swept away, they should undergo environmental improvement in order to increase carrying capacity of the historic city core. On the other hand, the ongoing migration and urbanization processes and location of the existing

of car use and traffic emmisions impossible.

**development of Bursa** 

Altaban, Ö.,1999, "A Balance Sheet for Urban Development in Bursa : Planning Form of Urban Land Presentation Illegal Developments and Problems of 'Nontransformation' in the Urban Area". in *Bursa and Its Region in the 700th. Anniversary of the Establishment of the Ottoman State,* Congress Book, Bursa, pp.169- 192.

Bourne, L., 1981, *The Geography of Housing*, Halsted Press, London.


**1. Introduction** 

(Aksoy, Sarkis 2009).

(McAdams 2007).

This article will focus on the following issues:

infrastructures of older parts of the city.

spatially separated, especially from the Ottoman time.

**10** 

Martin Seger

*Austria* 

*Alpen-Adria Universität Klagenfurt* 

**Istanbul's Backbone – A Chain of** 

**Central Business Districts (CBDs)** 

Istanbul is one of the most attractive metropolis of Europe today*. Cultural capital of Europe in 2010*, the city is invaded by millions of tourists and ten thousands of business people every year. Istanbul is the primate city of a very self-confident Turko-Islamic state which is inhabited by nearly as many people as the population of Germany. The city is Turkey's keystone to Europe – that is more important as the commonly mentioned link between the continents. Recently Istanbul's position within Europe has been cemented by being chosen as Europe's capital of culture 2010. A remarkable exhibition (Istanbul 1910–2010) gave a detailed view to the urban development and structure of the city (catalogue: Bilgin 2010). Just before this, in 2009, the Urban Age Conference took place in Istanbul. Within a publication (Urban Age 2009) joined to that conference some relevant topics for modern Istanbul are mentioned: globalisation and the city's position (Keyder, Sudjic 2009), urban development (Güvenc & Ünlü-Yücesoy, Geniş 2009) and local trends

The urban development is hard to describe because it is changing very fast: what is constant in Istanbul is its permanent change. The growth of the city and the fragmentation of its core areas are well documented in different publications starting in the 1990s (Heller & Gerdes 1991, Dökmeci & Berköz 1994, Tokateli & Boyaci 1999) and continuing until recently (Ersoy

Our attempt to characterise the metropolis and its development *focuses on its central business districts*. Recognising the urban morphology, several areas with special central functions, CBDs of the past or in action, create the unique diversity of ambience and richness of culture



2009, Güvenc 2010). Seger & Palencsar contributed with a monography 2006.

