**13. References**

42 Urban Development

network that would facilitate unrestricted transport of all goods and persons in all thinkable volumes. The dense grid of motorways that planners had drawn to accommodate the growing traffic was not built. Instead traffic concentrated on a few major corridors. Building homes and workplaces in these corridors exposed the population to their environmental impact. The major concern voiced by infrastructure planners was that the environmental impact could require that restrictions were imposed on specific goods and the volumes of vehicles that used these corridors. The construction of a tunnel represented more than just a local solution. Policy makers wrote in this context literally about the precedence and the irreversibility of such a solution. Unintended Leidsche Rijn may have become the poster boy

Once the struggle was decided and it became clear that city and infrastructure had to life

Fig. 17. Artist rendering of the Landtunnel Utrecht at Leidsche Rijn (Maxwan, 2009).

The construction of the Landtunnel Utrecht at Leidsche Rijn signals the changing relation between the planning of infrastructure and the development of urban areas, as well as the coming of age of the Dutch multifunctional tunnel. With few references to fall back on, it took the involved stakeholders almost a decade (1995-2006) to agree that the environmental impact of an expanded A2 motorway required a landtunnel in order to develop Leidsche Rijn into a high-quality residential area for 30,000 homes. All stakeholders had to go through a collective learning process before they realised this fact. Environmental issues were intertwined with safety and financial issues for a long time, until a deal was reached

After more than a decade, it was decided in 2006 to construct the Landtunnel Utrecht as a 1650-m full-length covered tunnel, which resembles closely the initial concept that was included in the 1995 Master Plan. The path-finding process that took place between 1995 and 2006 required a unique and in-depth investigation into the interaction between (partly) covered tunnelling concepts, safety issues, noise production, air quality, financing, and urban development. Not all decisions were made according to the evidence that was

of a more generic planning challenge in the Randstad.

**12. Conclusion: A first of its kind** 

on the project financing.

together, the length of the tunnel or its cover no longer mattered.


**1. Introduction** 

access information and ideas.

municipal operations.

is the first step toward community revitalization in a city.

and environments can interact in a smart way.

**3** 

Uk Kim

*Korea* 

*Hongik University, Seoul,* 

**Digital Amenities of a Smart City** 

Urbanization is essential and necessary to compete with other global cities in a networked world with vague boundaries between countries. A city is a place where creative ideas are exchanged, and, consequently, these ideas blossom a fruit of entrepreneur. Silicon valley is a good example of a melting pot for creative ideas, which was made possible by universities and low rental cost-offices (Glaeser, 2011). However, for already packed cities, it is difficult to provide such an amenity, thus a mechanism must be established by which people can

One major defect of urbanized society is a lack of community kinship. Human are social and reciprocal in the game of survival (Giddens, 1991). We feel comfortable when we are surrounded by family members and neighbors. A community is necessary from the psychological viewpoint and the manual cooperation as well. In a busy urban life a community tie is very loose or does not exist at all. Strongly digitized time schedule and work labor of modern era prohibit the conglomeration of a community. Connecting people

Deepened urbanization of modern societies, advancement of technology development, and industrial systems have had an impact on social and cultural paradigms from our lifestyles to the way we work (Nei et al., 2007). Especially, development of IT (Information Telecommunication) technology has led to dramatic changes in the urban environment and human activities, and has looked for a way to an integrated model of smart cities where men

A book titled "Creative city" was published in England by Charles Landry. It suggests conditions and objectives in becoming a smart city, where citizens would live in a safer, and securer manner. It also emphasizes the restoration of a community (Landry, 1995). The suggestions were derived from the socio-economical, and political point of view, though there were a few technological ideas for efficiency of administrative and

Researches about a ubiquitous city or a smart city have been undergone recently, actively in Korea. The Korean government granted a big research fund for a national level project. They aimed at conceptualizing and realizing a smart city. Even though the project is in its final stages, the results are insignificant because it failed in figuring out a concrete service framework that supports human activities in a smart city environment. It brought up a

