**5. References**

250 Urban Development

necessary green area requirements, this only helps to increase a small amount of the unit park area ratio at the metropolitan level. The spatial distribution of green areas varies according to the different characteristics of districts. Yet gaining an understanding of the changes in green areas has been hindered by a lack of systematic analysis. The purpose of this paper is to provide some insights into the spatial distribution of green areas in Istanbul and changes that have occurred overtime. The relationships between the characteristics of districts and provision of parks have been investigated to understand how the interaction between socio-economic and planning forces vary overtime and space in different districts. This study can provide a comprehensive background for the planning of a green area framework and it pinpoints the need for the development of new park areas. The major originality of the research lies in the attempt to span a bridge between legislative requirements of green area and planning practice under the pressure of real estate

While the historical Central Business District (CBD) has the highest unit park area ratio due to the palace gardens and the use of the Hippodrome square as a public park, squatter areas in the periphery have very low unit park area ratios since they are not planned

According to the results of the study, population, distance to the Central Business District (CBD) and planning ratio of the districts have an effect on the unit park ratio per person of the districts. However, despite prior expectations, no relationships between income per capita and the unit park area ratio of the districts were determined. This can be explained by the fact that high density construction is being used to respond to the higher demand for

Population rates and distance to the Central Business District (CBD) have a negative effect which means that as the population and distance to the Central Business District (CBD), increase, unit park area decreases. This phenomenon is due to the large numbers of squatter settlements in these areas. On the other hand, there is a positive relationship between the unit park area of the districts and the planning ratio, as it is expected. This means that as the ratio of planned areas in the districts increases, so will unit park area per person. Thus, it is necessary to improve the existing unit park area ratio, especially in the peripheral districts and to support the restructuring of squatter areas in the periphery by improving urban planning standards. The analysis as it is developed here enables the calculation of necessary

Thus, the analysis illustrates that wide discrepancies exist among the districts with respect to unit park area ratios. This situation should be corrected during the ongoing restructuring

The model and results presented here have important implications for the development of planning policies. They can be useful for landscape and urban planners. Developing and understanding the dynamic spatial patterns of green areas can improve our ability to assess

There is a widespread public support for green area provision at the metropolitan level with the condition that the land and budget are available in the districts of local level. At the same time, efforts to limit urban expansion should also be considered in the case of Istanbul.

and create future planning scenarios by combining appropriate spatial models.

developments according to legislative requirements.

green areas by linking it to demographic data.

higher income neighborhoods.

process of squatter areas.

pressures.


An Evaluation of Distribution and Quantity of Parks in Istanbul 253

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**13** 

*Tanzania* 

**Cooperative Development and** 

**Land Use Planning Dynamics in** 

**Sustainable Urban Development** 

*Moshi University College of Cooperative and Business Studies* 

W. Magigi, K. Faustine Bee and E. B. Danda

**Sub-Saharan Africa: A Quest for Socio Solidarity Economy and Partnership in** 

*A Constituent College of Sokoine University of Agriculture, Moshi-Kilimanjaro* 

Urbanisation is the key factor underpinning and catalysing changes in land use, land transactions, increased rural-urban immigration, cooperative development and the overall poverty increase in Cities of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The increase of urban population leads to changes in the life style of the people, where land used for farming is changed into different land uses including housing and institutional development. The changing life style demand people to think more on how to get finance to sustain their life and living styles in urban areas, and therefore financial and agricultural cooperatives becomes a fundamental demand in urban development. The need for development of these cooperatives is encouraged due to life changes caused by among other reasons urbanisation processes leading and catalysing people into forming associations and voluntary pressure groups as room for manoeuvre, which ultimately help them to access different financial betterments from financial institutions to improve their income levels. Paradoxically, rural dwellers make use of goods and services including money remittances in terms of money flows from

The rural and urban inhabitants both depend on agricultural activities, in which case the success in marketing of agricultural products whereby improved productivity depends much on group organisation in the form of cooperatives, mainly Agriculture Cooperatives. In this respect agriculture land use allocation for farming becomes an essential ingredient for enhancing farmers' productivity in both urban and rural settings. However, there exists a strong relationship, which seems not to be clearly known between cooperative development principles and values with land use planning in the fight against poverty in Africa especially SSA. Thus, discussing urban development is inseparable from rural development context in view of the synergy of urbanisation processes, particularly when one wants to understand access to the city economy, in terms of capital outsourcing from relatives and friends, labour and exchange of goods and services, and strong

**1. Introduction** 

urban settings.

