**1. Introduction**

44 Urban Development

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Ministerie van Volkshuisvesting, Ruimtelijke Ordening en Milieu, Ministerie van Landbouw, Natuurbeheer en Visserij, Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat and Urbanization is essential and necessary to compete with other global cities in a networked world with vague boundaries between countries. A city is a place where creative ideas are exchanged, and, consequently, these ideas blossom a fruit of entrepreneur. Silicon valley is a good example of a melting pot for creative ideas, which was made possible by universities and low rental cost-offices (Glaeser, 2011). However, for already packed cities, it is difficult to provide such an amenity, thus a mechanism must be established by which people can access information and ideas.

One major defect of urbanized society is a lack of community kinship. Human are social and reciprocal in the game of survival (Giddens, 1991). We feel comfortable when we are surrounded by family members and neighbors. A community is necessary from the psychological viewpoint and the manual cooperation as well. In a busy urban life a community tie is very loose or does not exist at all. Strongly digitized time schedule and work labor of modern era prohibit the conglomeration of a community. Connecting people is the first step toward community revitalization in a city.

Deepened urbanization of modern societies, advancement of technology development, and industrial systems have had an impact on social and cultural paradigms from our lifestyles to the way we work (Nei et al., 2007). Especially, development of IT (Information Telecommunication) technology has led to dramatic changes in the urban environment and human activities, and has looked for a way to an integrated model of smart cities where men and environments can interact in a smart way.

A book titled "Creative city" was published in England by Charles Landry. It suggests conditions and objectives in becoming a smart city, where citizens would live in a safer, and securer manner. It also emphasizes the restoration of a community (Landry, 1995). The suggestions were derived from the socio-economical, and political point of view, though there were a few technological ideas for efficiency of administrative and municipal operations.

Researches about a ubiquitous city or a smart city have been undergone recently, actively in Korea. The Korean government granted a big research fund for a national level project. They aimed at conceptualizing and realizing a smart city. Even though the project is in its final stages, the results are insignificant because it failed in figuring out a concrete service framework that supports human activities in a smart city environment. It brought up a

Digital Amenities of a Smart City 47

The first step to implement a digital amenity is to find out the required civil services. By reviewing significant footsteps of cultural innovation in human history, the crucial aspects of conception about environment, materials, relationships and commodities can be

Along with the invention of tools, time was digitalized in the form of the calendar, and human life has been scheduled far more densely than ever before. Densely scheduled life

Following the invention of the calendar, the invention of the printing press presented human kind with a way to share, reserve, and transmit knowledge to future generations. Such following communication technologies as radio, television, cellular phone and internet

As seen in figure 2, there have been four essential factors at the center of the innovation of technology and human culture; time, space, resources and people. Digital amenities will focus on these factors in the development of necessary civil services for the sustainability of a smart city. At the same time, citizens are exposed to life long learnings of innovative technology and evolving culture, which is critical for creative living in a smart city. Therefore, it is needed to collect information, monitor collected data, and broadcast to

Fig. 2. Time, space, resource and people. (Uk Kim, ubiquitous amenities lab, Hongik

Existing spaces of a city are classified into four classes shown in table 1, in which the necessary services are extracted to meet civil requests in a city. These services are designed

The spatial model of the four classes is based on a computational model of life events (Rucker, 2005) for predictability, including Class 01: uniform type, Class 02: queuing type, Class 03: random type, and Class 04: clustered type. The Class 01: uniform type spaces can be found in a structured form, making up a block of a city. The Class 02: queuing type is a linear space that flows in one direction. A plaza or agora can be considered as a Class 03: random type. Further, a random but focused space is classified as a Class 04: clustered type

categorized by the following: time, space, resource and people (Pinker, 1997, 2007).

gives human the opportunity for the development of innovative technology.

allow real time information to be transmitted globally.

**3. Computational model of urban spaces** 

in a scenario format that represent realistic patterns of urban life.

the public.

University)

space.

gigantic picture of covering all domains from safety and security to education and health. It remained as a picture, but did not proceed into an elaborate model with detailed execution information.

Fig. 1. Digital amenity. (Uk Kim, ubiquitous amenities lab, Hongik University)

In the urban environment, 'quality of life' is a fundamental requirement for human life. As modernization and urbanization proceeds faster than any previous period since human enlightenment, life has become unpredictable, thus making the sustenance of quality of life the most important goal among architects, planners and urban designers. Recently utilization of IT technology is actively searched in pursuit of smart cities that guarantee in sustaining quality of urban life.

The value of human dignity should not be undermined, and the minimum standard of health and comfort must be secured. Ergo amenity should be considered as the most basic component in providing smart spaces of this purpose (Bell, 2000). Referring to amenity, it includes various factors such as nature, architecture, climate, social character and personal emotion. Thus, amenity should resolve cultural, ecological, political and social conflicts of human needs and provide necessary civil services, individually and collectively. Digitally complemented amenities (figure 1) are suggested here to enhance the services based on digital infra-structure. In this study, essential services of digital amenities are realized using ubiquitous technologies, and are entitled as "u-services" of a smart city (Kim et al., 2009, 2010).
