**8. References**

122 Urban Development

territorial scales, all new questions with their own stakes that the accumulated experience in urban development doesn't necessarily help to treat. Secondly, the margin of manoeuvre is limited for a municipal actor-network in dealing with well-established and organized actornetworks on the national level with large resources. In a situation of confrontation, the latter's wills will prevail in the long run, since they're capable of interesting local actors and destabilizing municipal actor-networks. Municipal planning is hardly a guaranteed outcome

Bricolage planning could furtherdevelop on an intercommunal level. Again here, the experience of the municipalities in Lebanon is interesting in that regard. To get a say on strategic issues, mainly economic ones, municipalities are creating or integrating municipal unions. In fact, in the last three or four years, a number of unions are engaging in studies and strategies for constructing a common territory based on territorial planning schemes where the economic dimension is central. This process is still in its first phases and it is too soon to comment it, but it is clear that it is largely in the continuity of the municipal revival in Lebanon. It builds on its experience, and is here to complement the shortcomings of the municipal actor-networks on the planning dimension. Time will tell of the fate of an intercommunal bricolage planning actor-network approach. This may well just be a headlong rush to escape the limitations of the municipal level, or just a rebound by municipal actor-network leadership seeking by the change of scale to restore stability in a actor-network wary of exhaustion, but that will ultimately be caught up by its structural

We surely have presented and commented here three sample cases, but in reality, we consider they represent the same central case, that of networks trying to restructure their urban environments and bring in development to their areas. Local divergences are surely important variables leading the municipal actor-networks on different tracks; but at the end we see clearly that the stakes are practically the same: linking a complex governance to a fragmented socio-spatial urban space, while securing the stability of the network and restructuring the urban landscape. All three samples have gone from problematization to generalization differently but, all the same, they all walked this bricolage planning path. In fact, this path is as ANT has shown that of every network trying to move into action and

As presented by different authors, urban planning practice seems largely domesticated by powerful interests ascepticized from any political dimension. Though we concur with the overall impression on the actual trends in the profession of planners, we believe that urban planning practice however, is on the contrary strongly repoliticizing. In fact, planning is more and more thought and developed by other actors than planners, actors that want to use planning to find their place in complex governance landscapes. Fragmentation has led to the multiplication of these actors, especially on the local level. Beirut's experience shows that these actors are capable of networking, experimenting and learning, moving to larger scale perspective even in extreme conflictual conditions. The bricoleurs of Beirut are hardly alone. Urban planning is indeed in reconstruction. Its renaissance may well be through the things that it tried long to escape: embracing politicization, small scale and fragmentation.

of ad hoc development.

limitations.

keep its stability.

Bricolage planning is indeed a step in that direction


Bricolage Planning: Understanding Planning in a Fragmented City 125

Murdoch J. (1997b). Towards a Geography of Heterogeneous Associations. *Progress in* 

Murdoch J. (1998). The spaces of actor-network theory. *Geoforum*, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 357-374,

Murdoch J. (2006). Post-structural geograhy, a guide to relational space, Sage publications,

Pinson, G. (2009). Gouverner la ville par projet: urbanisme et gouvernance des villes européennes, Presses de sciences po, ISBN 9782724611014, Paris, France Rowe, C. & Koetter, F. (1978). Collage city, MIT Press, ISBN 9780262180863, Cambridge,

Rydin, Y. (2010). Actor-network theory and planning theory: a response to Boelens. *Planning* 

Sassen, S. (2001). The global city: New York, London, Tokyo, Princeton university press,

Scharpf, F.W. (1997). Games Real Actors Play: Actor Centered Institutionalism in Policy

Smith, R.G. (2003a). World city actor-networks. *Progress in human geography*, Vol. 27, No. 1,

Smith, R.G. (2003b). World city topologies. *Progress in human geography*, Vol. 27, No. 5, pp.

Soja, E.W. & Hooper B. (2002). The spaces that difference makes : notes on the geographical

Stone, C. (2005). Looking back to look forward: reflections on urban regie analysis. *Urban* 

Tait, M. (2002). Room for manoeuvre? An actor-network strudy of central-local relations in

Thévenot, L. (1995). L'action en plan. Sociologie du travail, No. 3/95, pp. 411-434, ISSN

Thrift, N. (1996). New Urban Eras and Old Technological Fears; Reconfiguring the

Toussaint, Y. & Zimmermann, M. (1998). Projet urbain: ménager les gens, aménager la ville,

Van Kempen, E.T. (1994). The dual city and the poor. Social polarization, social

Pierre Mardaga éditeurs, ISBN 978-2870096871, Sprimont, Belgium

Research, Westview Press, ISBN 978-0813399683, Boulder, United States of

margins of new cultural politics, In: *The spaces of postmodernity : readings in human geography*, Dear M. & Flusty S. (eds.), pp. 377-389, ISBN 978-0631217824, Blackwell,

development plan making. *Planning Theory & Practice*, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 69-85, ISSN

Goodwill of Electronic Age. *Urban Studies* Vol. 33, No. 8, pp. 1463-1493, ISSN

segregation and life chances. *Urban studies*, Vol 31, No.7, pp. 995-1019, ISSN 0042-

*Human Geography, Vol.* 21, pp. 321–37, ISSN 1477-0288

ISBN 978-0761974246, London, United Kingdom

*theory*, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp 265-268, ISSN 1473-0952

ISBN 978-0691070636, New Jersey, United States of America

*affairs review*, Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 309-341, ISSN 1078-0874

0263-7758

America.

1464-9357

0038-0296

0042-0980

0980

ISSN 0016-7185

United States of America

pp. 25-44, ISSN 0309-1325

561-582, ISSN 0309-1325

Oxford, United Kingdom

*Environment and Planning D: Society and Space,* Vol. 15, No. 6, pp. 731 – 756, ISSN


Gunder, M. and Hillier, J. (2004). Conforming to the Expectations of the Profession: A

Hajer, M. (1995) The Politics of Environmental Discourse - ecological Modernization and the

Hajer, M. and Reijndorp, A. (2001). In Search of a New Public Domain; Analysis and

Harvey, D. (1996). Justice, nature and the geography of difference, Basil Blackwell, ISBN

Healey, P. (1997). Collaborative Planning: Shaping Places in a Fragmented Society, Macmillan, ISBN 978- 0774805988, New York , United States of America Hillier, J. (2007). Stretching Beyond the Horizon: A Multiplanar Theory of Spatial

Hommels, A. (2005). Studying obducracy in the city: towards a productive fusion between

Ingallina P. (2001). Le projet urbain, Presses universitaires de France, ISBN 9782130566106,

Innes, J. (1995). Planning Theory's Emerging Paradigm: Communicative Action an

Lacaze, J-P. (1995). Introduction à la planification urbaine: imprecise d'urbanisme à la

Latour, B. (2005). Reassembling the social: an introduction to actor-network theory, Oxford

Law, J. (2004). After Method: Mess in Social Science Research, Routledge, ISBN 978-

Ley, D. & Mills, C. (2002). Can there be a postmodernism of resistance in the urban

Mangin, D. & Panerai, P. (1999). Projet urbain, Parenthèses, ISBN 978-2863646045, Marseille,

Martin, E.M. (2000). Actor-networks and implementation: examples from conservation GIS

Massey, D. (ed.) (1999). Human Geography Today, Polity Press, ISBN 9780745621883,

Murdoch J. (1997a). Inhuman/nonhuman/human: actor-network theory and the

landscape, In: *The spaces of postmodernity : readings in human geography*, Dear M. & Flusty S. (eds.), pp. 371-377, ISBN 978-0631217824, Blackwell, Oxford, Unted

in Ecuador. *International journal of geographical information science*, Vol. 14, No. 8, pp.

prospects for a nondualistic and symmetrical perspective on nature and society.

University Press, ISBN 978-0199256044, Oxford, United Kingdom

Levi-Strauss, C. (1962). La pensée sauvage, Plon, ISBN 978-2259002110, Paris, France

*Practice,* Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 217–235, ISSN 1464-9357

978-1557866813, Oxford, United Kingdom

No. 3, pp. 323-351, ISSN 0162-2439

Strategy, NAI, ISBN 9789056622015, Rottedam, Netherlands

States of America

Kingdom

Paris, France

Kingdom

France

189, ISSN 0739-456X

2859782337, Paris, France

715-738, ISSN 1365-8816

Cambridge, United Kingdom

0415341745 Oxford, United Kingdom.

Lacanian Perspective on Planning Practice, Norms and Values. *Planning Theory and* 

Policy Process, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780198279693, New York, United

Planning and Governance, Ashgate, ISBN 978-0754647492, Aldershot, United

technology studies and urban studies. *Science, technology & human values*, Vol. 30,

Interactive Practice. *Journal of Planning Education & Research,* Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 183-

française, Presses de l'École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, ISBN 978-

*Environment and Planning D: Society and Space,* Vol. 15, No. 6, pp. 731 – 756, ISSN 0263-7758


**Part 2** 

**Ecosystems and Urban Environment** 

