**4.1 Type of nanoparticles**

The binding of the antigenic peptides with the water-soluble polymer has multiple effects. Some of those are as follows:


NPs are spherical polymeric carriers. The particles that are below 1000 nanometers (nm) are called nanoparticles. These particles with superior properties are used in many fields such as electricity, electronics, biotechnology, automotive, medical. NPs are morphologically and physicochemically influenced by the physical and chemical properties of the starting material used. The nanoparticles used as polymeric carriers are solid colloidal structure. The active substance can be encapsulated, absorbed or dissolved in the particle. Polysaccharides, polyanhydride, polycaprolactone, polyacrylic acid and polylactic-co-glycolic acid is also used for producing an effective nanoparticles and produce a co-polymer system such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-Nps and poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone) copolymers (PEG-PCL) copolymers. The copolymers of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone with acrylic acid (P(VP-co-AA)), PLGA, NPs loaded with the antigenic peptide can be used for future vaccine prototypes [32]. PLGA NPs is approved by U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and using for peptide carrier in vivo because of strong immune response [33].

Polymeric NPs are used for therapeutic applications and some of popular NPs are as follows:

**31**

shown.

methods [35].

**5.2 Conjugation methods**

*New Generation Peptide-Based Vaccine Prototype DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89115*

7.Stimuli-sensitive polymeric micelles

9.pH-sensitive polymeric micelles

10.Reduction sensitive polymeric micelles

11.Thermo-sensitive polymeric micelles

13.Light-sensitive polymeric micelles

**biopolymers preparation**

8.Endogenous stimuli-sensitive polymeric micelles

12.Exogenous stimuli-sensitive polymeric micelles

14.Magnetic field-sensitive polymeric micelles

16.Margination of micro/NPs: Requirement for optimum drug delivery

We have mentioned that the peptides alone cannot produce an adequate immune response and also have poor stability with the internalization problem while crossing cell membranes. To solve all these limitations, peptides are loaded nanoparticle systems or conjugated biopolymers. Biopolymers are generally nontoxic products are generally preferred for producing continuously release systems with long term effect [34]. Here, the applicable and most common strategies for the synthesis of peptide-based NPs and encapsulation or conjugated methods of biopolymers are

The emulsion solvent evaporation technique is known as the most successful and useful method in the preparation of peptide loaded NPs and this technique is studied under two groups as single and double emulsion solvent evaporation

Conjugation is a technique for achieving peptide and biopolymer complexes. The covalently linked peptide biopolymer conjugates can be linked using the water-soluble carbodiimide method as a cross-linker and synthesis with microwave

**5. Established methods for peptide loaded NPs or conjugated** 

15.Ultra-sound sensitive polymeric micelles

**5.1 Emulsification-solvent evaporation method**

3.PEG-PCL

4.PEG-Lipid

5.PEG-PLGA

6.PEG-poly (amino acids)

1.Pluronics®

2.PEG–PLA

*New Generation Peptide-Based Vaccine Prototype DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89115*

3.PEG-PCL

*Current and Future Aspects of Nanomedicine*

equipment [27, 29].

**4.1 Type of nanoparticles**

• to raise regional impact,

peptide sequences in a shorter time and high throughput. Time and temperature conditions, reagents and synthesis cycle for microwave assisted SPPS with using Boc or Fmoc are represented below in **Table 1**. The disadvantage of this technique could be the cost of resin (the binding procedure of the first binding amino acid to the resin in peptide synthesis can requires different and complex processes) and

Synthetic peptides alone are not sufficient to develop vaccine prototypes because they cannot stimulate the cellular and humoral protection system sufficiently. So, different adjuvant systems are formed by conjugating the peptides biopolymers or loading them into NPs, resulting in a high immune response [30]. The use of peptide-polymer complexes and peptide loaded nanoparticles are the best way for

The binding of the antigenic peptides with the water-soluble polymer has

• to increase the water solubility of those with hydrophobic properties,

NPs are spherical polymeric carriers. The particles that are below 1000 nanometers (nm) are called nanoparticles. These particles with superior properties are used in many fields such as electricity, electronics, biotechnology, automotive, medical. NPs are morphologically and physicochemically influenced by the physical and chemical properties of the starting material used. The nanoparticles used as polymeric carriers are solid colloidal structure. The active substance can be encapsulated, absorbed or dissolved in the particle. Polysaccharides, polyanhydride, polycaprolactone, polyacrylic acid and polylactic-co-glycolic acid is also used for producing an effective nanoparticles and produce a co-polymer system such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-Nps and poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone) copolymers (PEG-PCL) copolymers. The copolymers of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone with acrylic acid (P(VP-co-AA)), PLGA, NPs loaded with the antigenic peptide can be used for future vaccine prototypes [32]. PLGA NPs is approved by U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and using for peptide carrier in vivo because of strong

Polymeric NPs are used for therapeutic applications and some of popular NPs

• to increase immunogenic effects and immunoreactivity, and

• to be more effective in the living organism [31].

**4. Peptide-based vaccine for nanotechnological prototypes**

the developing the peptide-based vaccine prototypes.

multiple effects. Some of those are as follows:

• to provide modification of peptides,

**30**

immune response [33].

are as follows:

1.Pluronics®

2.PEG–PLA

