*3.4.1.2 Non-Persian scales without Iranian norms*


## *3.4.2 Children's measures*

Three different parent-reported measures were chosen to assess the variation in ASD symptoms in children based on parental understanding, and the relationship between the severity of the ASD symptoms and parental measures. These three scales were internationally used for evaluating or screening of ASD and mainly

*Parental Coping Styles of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Report from Iran DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92700*

focused on a single aspect of ASD core symptoms. Three following scales were chosen:


#### *3.4.3 Translation of measures*

16-item scale that assesses the active problem-solving type of coping. Detached coping style evaluated by 15 items'sub-scale assesses participants viewing the problem in a realistic light but with not identifying the problem logically. Emotion-oriented style of coping is determined by 16 items that denote a focus on the negative emotions associated with the subject and one's helplessness to solve the problem. The avoidant coping was evaluated by 13 items that deal with behaviours such as pretending that the problem does not exist and trying to ignore it. In the present study, the reported reliability through Cronbach's α was 0.88 for the rational style of coping style and 0.71 for the emotional style of coping. This amount for avoidant coping was 0.56, and for the detached style, it was 0.42. The obtained reliability through the test-retest correlation was 0.93. This correlation for the emotional style of the coping strategy was 0.96%. The reported internal consistency (range from 0.69 to 0.85) and good test-retest reliability over 3 months (range from 0.70 to 0.80) are reported for the scale. The avoidant and emotion-oriented coping factors are also interdependent. The reported reliability for the Iranian population was

*Parenting - Studies by an Ecocultural and Transactional Perspective*

3.Parental satisfaction with caring for a child with developmental disability index (PSCDDI) [29]: a 12-item scale was derived from the literature reviews and pilot testing in two subscales of "Personal Satisfaction" and "Child Satisfaction" in Iran. The internal consistency across the six items in each factor was assessed using Cronbach's α. For personal satisfaction, it was 0.88, and for child satisfaction, it was 0.83. These results suggest a high degree of consistency across the items in each factor. Test-retest reliability was assessed by correlating a subsample of the parents'scores (n = 70) on the PSCDDI measures calculated on their first and second administration of the scale. Across all 12 items, the Pearson product-moment correlation was r = 0.82

1.Family functioning [30]: this scale of the general functioning is taken from the McMaster Family Assessment Device. It consists of 12 items: 6 items describe unhealthy functioning and 6 healthy functioning (such as the way that family members deal with a problem inside the family). A high score is an indicative of good family functioning. Parents are asked to give answers to the questions and express their agreement with how well an item described their family by selecting among four alternative responses. For the present study, Cronbach's α was 0.82. A test-retest reliability coefficient was 0.76. The reliability index of

this scale by the developers was reported to be Cronbach's α 0.92.

2.The Short Form of the Parenting Stress Index (PSI-SF) [31]: this is a 36-item short version of the full PSI [32]. The Total Stress score on the PSI-SF indicates the overall level of parenting stress a parent is experiencing. In this study, Cronbach's α was 0.87, and a test-retest reliability coefficient was 0.98.

Three different parent-reported measures were chosen to assess the variation in ASD symptoms in children based on parental understanding, and the relationship between the severity of the ASD symptoms and parental measures. These three scales were internationally used for evaluating or screening of ASD and mainly

0.81 [28].

(p < 0.001).

*3.4.2 Children's measures*

**112**

*3.4.1.2 Non-Persian scales without Iranian norms*

The Persian translation of four scales that had been used in Western countries was identified (see below). Persian translations were also available for two other scales that were used—General health questionnaire and Coping Styles Questionnaire—and these also have Iranian norms. However, for two scales (i.e. Family functioning and the Parenting Stress Index), the translation from English into Persian was done by the researcher with back-translation that was checked by a native English speaker experienced in learning disability to check on the accuracy. In sum, the following scales were used:

