**4. GOS revitalization for livable cities**

Liveability is an essential factor in achieving sustainable city development. The concept of sustainability is from environmentalists' concern about the long-term consequences of pressures on deteriorating environmental ecosystems. So, a development approach is needed that aims to support increased economic activity that ensures the sustainability of natural resources and the environment [43, 44] toward the face of climate change. Sustainable development defined as development that meets the present's needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs [45]. Sustainable urban development essential to improving the quality of life of communities and reducing negative impacts on natural resources in future urban contexts [46]. Three key concepts need attention that is development, needs, and future generations. According to Blowers, sustainable development aims to protect natural resources, developing the built environment, maintain environmental quality, avoid social justice, and increase participation. 11th SDGs explicitly emphasize the concept of sustainable urban development. Development of the concept of sustainable city development requires an integrated approach to achieve harmony in planning, design, implementation, and control. Sustainable urban development through the provision of adequate green space will affect reducing urban heat [47, 48], offsetting greenhouse gas emissions [16, 49–51], and increasing urban groundwater content [52]. The rapid increase in the city center's human activity has contributed significantly to increased carbon gas emissions [16, 49–51]. The GOS quality improvement that not integrated can potentially hurt the quantity and quality of the City's environment; these impacts include:


Thus, urban development policies that have implications for the provision of GOS must be analyzed by predicting pressures, risks, policy transformation, and long-term GOS planning and design. The City's GOS is a potential buffer zone of the City's important ecosystem. It is a part of the area that can use as public health facilities and infrastructure by providing facilities by sports and city parks [53–55]. Urban space functions to support the urban ecosystems to improve microclimate quality [7, 56], increases carbon sequestration [57, 58], and reducing the rainwater

*Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Model in Improving the Quality of Green Open Space… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94481*

runoff [59, 60], and so on. Currently, there is a very significant change in pressure. Increasing urban development has the potential to reduce the City's GOS. Urban development presently faced with the problem of anticipation of global warming [61]. Thus, urban development efforts must ensure the process of urban environmental sustainability in a broad sense (**Figure 3**). Achieving sustainable urban development will require multidimensional approaches across sectors [3] and urban spatial characteristics [42]. Policy formulation should be comprehensive, adapt to evolving development needs, and incorporate incentives that promote wide-ranging stakeholder coordination and participation [1, 3]. Strategies must draw on interlinkages among different and sometimes conflicting demands; co-benefit measures that cater to multiple needs through single policy interventions [62] should emphasize using minimal resources [3].

Increasingly limited public space in urban areas due to increasing urban economic activity is a significant problem in urban planning and design. The provision of City GOS as an urban spatial landscape element has dimensions of social, cultural, economic, and ecological issues of the City [43, 63]. Urban GOS has a very strategic function to create a harmonious and sustainable metropolitan area. The question is, how can we manage GOS, which naturally becomes a natural environment conducive to harmonious [64, 65], integrated [5, 66, 67], and sustainable civic human activities [68]? This effort is in line with SDG's 11th goal of "urban housing and housing that is inclusive, safe, resilient to disasters, and sustainable." In these circumstances, the local governments' role in implementing SDG is very strategic [69–71].

The provision of urban GOS in Indonesia, as outlined in Law 26 of 2007, requires at least 30% of the city area for public green space. The government can get the mandate from this law in the form of responsibility to achieve these minimum standards. Providing and utilizing the City's open space to achieve a 30% balance is a complicated problem for local governments in rapid city development. According to Minister of Home Affairs Regulation No. 1 of 2007 concerning the Preparation of Urban GOS, Urban GOS Planning requires an ideal green space area of at least 30% of the urban regions (Article 9 paragraph 1). The provisions of private open space are the responsibility of the private sector/institutions, individuals, and communities controlled through space permits by the City Government (Article 9 paragraph 4). Efforts to realize the conceptual provision of urban open space have carried out through regulatory requirements related to urban public space provision. However, technical regulations that have made substantially still cannot function as guidelines and directives for the provision and improvement of the quality of open urban areas.

#### **Figure 3.**

*Alun-Alun (City square) of Malang, 2018; community activities mostly occur in shady areas; click this link: https://bit.ly/malangcitysquare.*

#### *Corporate Social Responsibility*

Presently, the city government has a serious problem related to financing the provision of urban open space by 30%, its responsibility [1]. Through the public forum, the city government can conduct socialization and identification of community involvement in efforts to improve GOS. Referring to Lu (Lu et al., [42]), the role of urban stakeholders, as well as the private sector, can optimize in the provision of urban GOS. Empirically, CSR has contributed almost 81% of all open space revitalization programs in the City of Malang [1]. The success of this program is good practice in revitalizing GOS in creating livable cities.
