**Author details**

Helena Lúcia Carneiro Santos1 \*, Karina Mastropasqua Rebello1 and Teresa Cristina Bergamo Bomfim<sup>2</sup>

1 Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

2 Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

\*Address all correspondence to: helenalucias@ioc.fiocruz.br

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**345**

*State of the Art and Future Directions of* Cryptosporidium *spp.*

[7] Korpe PS, Valencia C, Haque R, Mahfuz M, McGrath M, Houpt E, et al. Epidemiology and risk factors for cryptosporidiosis in children from 8 low-income sites: Results from the MAL-ED study. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2018;**67**(11):1660-1669. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy355. PubMed PMID:

[8] Wheeler C, Vugia DJ, Thomas G, Beach MJ, Carnes S, Maier T, et al. Outbreak of cryptosporidiosis at a California waterpark: Employee and patron roles and the long road towards prevention. Epidemiology and Infection. 2007;**135**(2):302-310. DOI: 10.1017/S0950268806006777. PubMed

[9] Baldursson S, Karanis P. Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: Review of worldwide outbreaks-An update 2004-2010. Water Research. 2011;**45**(20):6603-6614. DOI: 10.1016/j. watres.2011.10.013. PubMed PMID:

29701852

PMID: 17291365

22048017

6377439

6842020

[10] Navin TR, Juranek DD. Cryptosporidiosis: Clinical, epidemiologic, and parasitologic review. Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 1984;**6**(3):313-327. PubMed PMID:

[11] Ma P, Soave R. Three-step stool examination for cryptosporidiosis in 10 homosexual men with protracted watery diarrhea. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1983;**147**(5):824-828. DOI: 10.1093/infdis/147.5.824. PubMed PMID:

[12] Guerrant DI, Moore SR, Lima AA, Patrick PD,

of early childhood diarrhea and cryptosporidiosis with impaired physical fitness and cognitive function four-seven years later in a poor urban community in Northeast Brazil. The

Schorling JB, Guerrant RL. Association

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88387*

[1] Feng Y, Ryan UM, Xiao L. Genetic diversity and population structure of *Cryptosporidium*. Trends in Parasitology. 2018;**34**(11):997-1011. DOI: 10.1016/j. pt.2018.07.009. PubMed PMID:

[2] Checkley W, White AC Jr, Jaganath D, Arrowood MJ, Chalmers RM, Chen XM, et al. A review of the global burden, novel diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccine targets for *Cryptosporidium*. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2015;**15**(1):85-94. DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70772-8.

PubMed PMID: 25278220

[3] Ryan U, Fayer R, Xiao L.

*Cryptosporidium* species in humans and animals: Current understanding and research needs. Parasitology. 2014;**141**(13):1667-1685. DOI: 10.1017/ S0031182014001085. PubMed PMID:

[4] Ajjampur SS, Liakath FB, Kannan A, Rajendran P, Sarkar R, Moses PD, et al. Multisite study of cryptosporidiosis in children with diarrhea in India. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2010;**48**(6):2075-2081. DOI: 10.1128/ JCM.02509-09. PubMed PMID:

[5] Kotloff KL, Blackwelder WC, Nasrin D, Nataro JP, Farag TH, van Eijk A, et al. The global enteric multicenter study (GEMS) of diarrheal disease in infants and young children in developing countries: Epidemiologic and clinical methods of the case/control study. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2012;**55**(Suppl 4):S232-S245. DOI: 10.1093/cid/cis753. PubMed PMID:

**References**

30108020

25111501

20392919

23169936

[6] Shirley DA, Moonah SN, Kotloff KL. Burden of disease from cryptosporidiosis. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 2012;**25**(5):555-563. DOI: 10.1097/QCO.0b013e328357e569.

PubMed PMID: 22907279

*State of the Art and Future Directions of* Cryptosporidium *spp. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88387*
