Contents



**III**

**Chapter 15 271**

**Chapter 16 297**

**Chapter 17 323**

**Chapter 18 333**

House Dust Mites: Ecology, Biology, Prevalence, Epidemiology

*by Salwa S. Sheikh, Amaar A. Amir, Baraa A. Amir* 

A New Outlook in Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination in India *by Susanta Kumar Ghosh and Pradeep Kumar Srivastava*

State of the Art and Future Directions of *Cryptosporidium* spp. *by Helena Lúcia Carneiro Santos, Karina Mastropasqua Rebello* 

and Elimination *by Muhammad Sarwar*

Leishmaniasis

*and Abdulrazack A. Amir*

*and Teresa Cristina Bergamo Bomfim*


**II**

**Chapter 7 117**

Biology in Parasites and Microbes **133**

**Chapter 8 135**

**Chapter 9 155**

**Chapter 10 175**

**Chapter 11 195**

**Chapter 12 213**

State of the Art in Parasitic Infections **231**

**Chapter 13 233**

**Chapter 14 255**

Bronchopulmonary Lophomoniasis, Infection by Endocommensal Protozoa of Intradomiciliary Cockroaches: Presentation of a Case in an Immunocompromised Patient from Querétaro, Mexico *by Maria Elena Villagrán-Herrera, Ricardo Francisco Mercado-Curiel, José Trinidad López-Vázquez, Maria del Carmen Aburto-Fernández,* 

*Toxoplasma* Immunomodulation Related to Neuropsychiatric Diseases

An Insight into the Changing Scenario of Gut Microbiome during

*Muhammad Naeem Faisal, Humaira Muzaffar, Imtiaz Mustafa, Imran Mukhtar, Saima Malik and Muhammad Irfan Ullah*

Microscale Mechanics of Plug-and-Play In Vitro Cytoskeleton

*by Shea N. Ricketts, Bekele Gurmessa and Rae M. Robertson-Anderson*

*by Alpana Mukhuty, Chandrani Fouzder, Snehasis Das* 

Gut Microbiome: A New Organ System in Body *by Haseeb Anwar, Shahzad Irfan, Ghulam Hussain,* 

The Mitosis of *Entamoeba histolytica* Trophozoites *by Eduardo Gómez-Conde, Miguel Ángel Vargas Mejía, María Alicia Díaz y Orea, Luis David Gómez-Cortes* 

Challenges for the Control of Poultry Red Mite

*by José Francisco Lima-Barbero, Margarita Villar,* 

*Nicolás Camacho-Calderón, Javier Ávila-Morales and* 

*by Mammari Nour and Halabi Mohamad Adnan*

Sexual Processes in Microbial Eukaryotes *by Harris Bernstein and Carol Bernstein*

**Section 2**

Type 2 Diabetes

Networks

**Section 3**

*and Dipanjan Chattopadhyay*

*and Tayde Guerrero-González*

(*Dermanyssus gallinae*)

*Ursula Höfle and José de la Fuente*

*José Antonio De Diego-Cabrera*

Preface

The analysis of ribosomal sequences of parasitic life agents has shown the extreme differentiation of the groups to which they belong, with distances magnitudes greater than those observed between mammals and fish. Hence there is a need for continuous research of the different aspects that determine parasitic life. These include microbial and parasite biology, ecophysiology, genetics, and molecular biology. In addition, knowledge of the pathogenesis, epidemiology, symptomatology, immune reaction, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of parasitic diseases is of the utmost importance.

It is absolutely clear that systematic research is the only way to unveil the intricate mechanisms involved in parasitic associations. For example, with description of the direct dependence of the parasite on the genetic expressions of the hosts, with the adaptive convergences among which include the successful evasion of the immune system (to the point of not being considered strange), and with the chemical dialogue, so to speak, that occurs between molecules, specifically, in the molecular exchange. Likewise, research has shown parasitism as the basic mechanism that allowed the

It should be understood that variability as a result of genetic and phenotypic adaptation is key in parasitism in order to maintain the species, which ranges from microscopic to macroscopic organisms, with multiple forms of reproduction. The study of the antagonistic association that defines parasitism is fascinating and essential, particularly the physiological aspects, biochemical interdependence, and loss or mutual acquisition

In this sense, this book brings together in three sections current information in the fields of microbiology and parasitology. The first section covers aspects of cytokines and receptors on parasites and microbes. In the second section we dive into the study of the biology of parasites and microbes. Finally, in the third section we discuss the state of the art of parasitic diseases. I would like to acknowledge the extraordinary investigative work carried out by the chapter authors as well as their great commitment to enriching world knowledge on such an interesting subject. Finally, I express my sincere thanks to the IntechOpen publishing team for their advice in all stages of the construction of this book.

**Gilberto Bastidas**

**Asghar Ali Kamboh**

Venezuela

Pakistan

and Biotechnological Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Carabobo,

Sindh Agriculture University,

Department of Public Health and Center for Medical

differentiation of eukaryotes.

of genetic information.
