**Author details**

Aqsa Farman1† , Syed Lal Badshah1,2\* † , Khalid Khan1 , Nasir Ahmad1 and Abdul Naeem2

1 Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University, Peshawar, Pakistan

2 National Center of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan

\*Address all correspondence to: shahbiochemist@gmail.com

† These authors are contributed equally.

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**61**

*Ebola, the Negative Stranded RNA Virus DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91776*

[1] Rajak H, Jain DK, Singh A, Sharma AK, Dixit A. Ebola virus disease: Past, present and future. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. Evaluation and selection of filovirus type variants, type sequences, and names. Viruses. 2014;**6**:3663-3682. DOI:

[10] Towner JS, Sealy TK, Khristova ML, Albariño CG, Conlan S, Reeder SA, et al. Newly discovered Ebola virus associated with hemorrhagic fever outbreak in Uganda. 2008;**4**: PLoS Pathogens. DOI:

10.1371/journal.ppat.1000212

[11] Gatherer D. The 2014 Ebola virus disease outbreak in West Africa. The Journal of General Virology. 2014;**95**:1619-1624. DOI: 10.1099/

[12] Clark DV, Kibuuka H, Millard M, Wakabi S, Lukwago L, Taylor A, et al. Long-term sequelae after Ebola virus disease in Bundibugyo, Uganda: A retrospective cohort study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2015;**15**:905-912. DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(15)70152-0

[13] Roddy P, Howard N, van

[14] Boehmann Y, Enterlein S,

[15] Rollin PE, Williams RJ,

virol.2004.11.018

Randolf A, Mhlberger E. A reconstituted replication and transcription system for Ebola virus Reston and comparison with Ebola virus Zaire. Virology. 2005;**332**:406-417. DOI: 10.1016/j.

Bressler DS, Pearson S, Cottingham M, Pucak G, et al. Ebola (subtype Reston) virus among quarantined nonhuman primates recently imported from the Philippines to the United States. The Journal of Infectious

Kerkhove MD, Lutwama J, Wamala J, Yoti Z, et al. Clinical manifestations and case management of Ebola haemorrhagic fever caused by a newly identified virus strain, Bundibugyo, Uganda, 2007-2008. PLoS One. 2012;**7**. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052986

10.3390/v6093663

vir.0.067199-0

2015;**5**:337-343. DOI: 10.1016/ S2221-1691(15)30365-8

haemorrhagic fever. Lancet. 2011;**377**:849-862. DOI: 10.1016/

S0140-6736(10)60667-8

Norfolk, UK. 2004:1-20

[2] Feldmann H, Geisbert TW. Ebola

[3] Mühlberger E. Chapter 1. Genome organization, replication, and transcription of filoviruses. In: Klenk H-D, Feldmann H, editors. Ebola and Marburg Viruses: Molecular and Cellular Biology. Horizon Bioscience.

[4] Burk R, Bollinger L, Johnson JC, Wada J, Radoshitzky SR, Palacios G, et al. Neglected filoviruses. FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 2016;**40**: 494-519. DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuw010

[5] Payne S. Family Filoviridae. Viruses. From Understanding to Investigation. Chapter 21; 2017. pp. 183-190. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-803109-4.00021-00

Filoviridae: Marburg and Ebola viruses. Fields Virology. 2001;**1**:1279-1304. DOI:

[7] Peters CJ, Sanchez A, Feldmann H, Rollin PE, Nichol S, Ksiazek TG. Filoviruses as emerging pathogens. Seminars in Virology. 1994;**5**:147-154.

[6] Sanchez A, Khan AS, Zaki SR, Nabel GJ, Ksiazek TG, Peters CJ.

10.1007/978-1-4612-3900-0\_30

DOI: 10.1006/smvy.1994.1015

situation-reports/archive/en/

[9] Kuhn JH, Andersen KG, Bào Y, Bavari S, Becker S, Bennett RS, et al. Nichol, Filovirus refseq entries:

[8] WHO, WHO Ebola Situation Reports, WHO. 2016. Available from: http://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/

**References**

*Ebola, the Negative Stranded RNA Virus DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91776*

## **References**

*Some RNA Viruses*

**2. Conclusions**

immunization and medicines.

**Acknowledgements**

**Competing interests**

**Note**

(MS) thesis.

**60**

**Author details**

Aqsa Farman1†

and Abdul Naeem2

Peshawar, Pakistan

, Syed Lal Badshah1,2\*

† These authors are contributed equally.

provided the original work is properly cited.

\*Address all correspondence to: shahbiochemist@gmail.com

†

All the authors declared that they have no competing interests.

1 Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University, Peshawar, Pakistan

2 National Center of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar,

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

, Khalid Khan1

With the 2018 outbreak of EBOV and high probability of future outbreaks and spread, it is highly important to expediate the production of effective vaccine and immunization of vulnerable population across different countries in Africa, that will help in the control of this viral disease. Joint efforts are also needed by the local public health departments and scientific community across the globe for information sharing on different viral outbreaks, vaccine development, and easy access of

We are thankful to Higher Education Commission of Pakistan for their support.

Most part of this chapter is the introduction part of Ms. Aqsa Farman M. Phil

, Nasir Ahmad1

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[2] Feldmann H, Geisbert TW. Ebola haemorrhagic fever. Lancet. 2011;**377**:849-862. DOI: 10.1016/ S0140-6736(10)60667-8

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[5] Payne S. Family Filoviridae. Viruses. From Understanding to Investigation. Chapter 21; 2017. pp. 183-190. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-803109-4.00021-00

[6] Sanchez A, Khan AS, Zaki SR, Nabel GJ, Ksiazek TG, Peters CJ. Filoviridae: Marburg and Ebola viruses. Fields Virology. 2001;**1**:1279-1304. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4612-3900-0\_30

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[8] WHO, WHO Ebola Situation Reports, WHO. 2016. Available from: http://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/ situation-reports/archive/en/

[9] Kuhn JH, Andersen KG, Bào Y, Bavari S, Becker S, Bennett RS, et al. Nichol, Filovirus refseq entries:

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[10] Towner JS, Sealy TK, Khristova ML, Albariño CG, Conlan S, Reeder SA, et al. Newly discovered Ebola virus associated with hemorrhagic fever outbreak in Uganda. 2008;**4**: PLoS Pathogens. DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000212

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[13] Roddy P, Howard N, van Kerkhove MD, Lutwama J, Wamala J, Yoti Z, et al. Clinical manifestations and case management of Ebola haemorrhagic fever caused by a newly identified virus strain, Bundibugyo, Uganda, 2007-2008. PLoS One. 2012;**7**. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052986

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**67**

**Chapter 6**

**Abstract**

to amplify this locus.

**1. Introduction**

and skin [2].

FMDV also affects humans [6].

times similar to intoxication [8].

Genetic Polymorphisms of

*Khammadov Nail Ildarovich*

Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus

The aim of the work is to search for loci of the genome of various types of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), characterized by the lowest variability, for use as genetic markers in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of virus identification. The nucleotide sequences of the genomes of FMDV of types A, Asia-1, C, O, and SAT (1, 2, and 3) were analyzed. When aligning the genomes of isolates of each type of virus, potentially conservative sites were identified. Comparing these loci, different types of the virus have one, the most conserved locus. Subsequent basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) analysis established the correspondence of the conservative locus to the FMDV genome, and primers and a probe were developed

**Keywords:** foot-and-mouth disease virus, type, strain, genome polymorphism, PCR

The foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is an RNA virus belonging to the genus *Aphthovirus,* family *Picornaviridae*. The FMDV includes serotypes: A, Asia-1, C, O, and SAT (1, 2, and 3) [1]. The FMDV infection causes ulcerations (vesicles) on the mucous membranes of the tongue, mouth, nares, hooves, and udder. FMDV is highly contagious. One sick animal can spread the infection rapidly to susceptible animals. The virus is released during the incubation period, in exhaled air, milk, urine, feces, sperm, and saliva. And when there are clinical signs of the disease, the virus is also isolated from the vesicular erosive lesions of the mucous membranes

FMDV is pathogenic to more than 100 domestic and wild animal species [3–5].

In addition to the obvious clinical picture, the detection of FMDV actively uses serological and molecular genetic diagnostic methods. For serological diagnostics, the enzyme immunoassay method is deservedly popular [9–13]. Polymerase chain

The FMD is zoonotic. It can cause mild infection in humans. The virus infiltrates the human body through the mucous membranes. The incubation period (5–10 days) [7] of the disease is characterized by the virus reproduction in the primary focus. At the end of the incubation period, the pathogen spreads through the body (viraemia). In places where the virus enters, skin and mucous membrane blisters are formed. These blisters later transform into ulcers. The clinical manifestation of FMDV in children is more pronounced, and the clinical signs are some-
