**Author details**

*Some RNA Viruses*

dysfunction or failure.

an important role.

strains were involved [55].

(81%) had only mild symptoms (no pneumonia or mild pneumonia). Among patients with more pronounced symptoms, 14% experienced severe symptoms while 5% were critically ill with respiratory failure, septic shock, or multiorgan

syndrome that can cause serious inflammation of the blood vessels.

Several internal risk factors have been identified for SARS-CoV-2 infection. The main ones include age (older adults are more vulnerable to serious infection by the virus), gender (the virus is significantly more deadly in men than in women), obesity, heart disease, diabetes, cancer status, and smoking. However, there is no convincing evidence to date that any particular ethnic group displays a stronger genetic susceptibility to the virus (although, there may be a possible link to an inherited Neanderthal gene locus). Nevertheless, specific genetic variants such as those for the gene that encodes a protein that interacts with the ACE-2 receptor may be involved in determining individual patient responses to the disease. Simultaneously, external risk factors like environmental pollution, social conditions such as crowding, and frequency of exposure to infected persons also seem to play

Reports of re-infection in recovered humans is a surprising aspect of this virus. Recently, a team from the University of Hong Kong reported the first case of reinfection of COVID-19 within a period of approximately four and a half months. Genomic analyses confirmed that the patient had re-infection instead of persistent viral shedding from first infection. Moreover, there was a difference of 24 nucleotides between both viruses that infected the patient suggesting two different viral

Even though the virus is associated with positive COVID-19/COVID-19 antibody

and high C-reactive protein test results, antibody levels may decline soon after infection. Consequently, it is quite possible that a lasting resistance to the virus will not be achievable. In the event that long-term immunity cannot be induced to the novel coronavirus by a vaccine, an annual, bi-annual, or even tri-annual inoculation may be required (current data suggests that antibodies begin to decrease or disappear three months after infection). This means that other modes of protection and prevention like supplementation may be more relevant in this case. Some candidates include Vitamin D, zinc, chloroquine/quinine, glycyrrhizic acid, and genistein due to anti-viral properties such as the ability to inhibit replication and reproduction of

Scientists have concluded that drastic social distancing, quick detection and isolation of infected individuals and travel restrictions were the most effective steps for containment of COVID-19 in China. Genome sequencing has also helped to track and control COVID-19 infections quickly. However, if people do not

New data suggests that SARS-CoV-2 may spread via the bloodstream to infect other organs. In addition to the lungs, other target organs can include the heart, liver, brain, kidneys, and spleen. It also appears that COVID-19 may predispose patients to venous thromboembolism in several different ways including via endothelial dysfunction and promotion of a procoagulatory state. In fact, it was found that a significant percent of critically ill patients experienced myocardial injury from the infection and it has been concluded that COVID-19 may predispose to both venous and arterial thromboembolism due to excessive inflammation, hypoxia, immobilization, and diffuse intravascular coagulation. The COVID-19 pandemic is associated with various neurological symptoms and complications including anosmia, hypogeusia, seizures, and stroke, as well. COVID-19 complications in the brain can include delirium, inflammation, and encephalitis. Despite initial reports that children were unaffected by the novel coronavirus, it has emerged that pediatric patients are susceptible to a COVID-19-associated multisystem inflammatory

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coronaviruses.

Chanda Siddoo-Atwal1,2,3

1 University College London, London, United Kingdom

2 Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada

3 President and Primary Biochemist of Moondust Cosmetics Ltd, West Vancouver, Canada

\*Address all correspondence to: moondustcosmetics@gmail.com

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
