**Author details**

Yaxin Wang\* and Meijun Liu School of Life Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China

\*Address all correspondence to: wangyaxin@tju.edu.cn

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**85**

*The Causative Agent of FMD Disease*

[1] Brown F. The history of research in foot-and-mouth disease. Virus Research. 2003;**91**(1):3-7. DOI: 10.1016/

s0168-1702(02)00268-x

297-308. DOI: 10.1016/ S0147-9571(02)00027-9

[2] Domingo E, Baranowski E, Escarmis C, Sobrino F. Foot-andmouth disease virus. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2002;**25**(5-6):

[3] Mason PW, Grubman MJ, Baxt B. Molecular basis of pathogenesis of FMDV. Virus Research. 2003;**91**(1):9-32. DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(02)00257-5

[4] Bunch T, Rieder E, Mason P.

bf01703076

Sequence of the S fragment of foot-andmouth disease virus type A12. Virus Genes. 1994;**8**(2):173-175. DOI: 10.1007/

[5] Carrillo C, Tulman ER, Delhon G, Lu Z, Carreno A, Vagnozzi A, et al. Comparative genomics of foot-andmouth disease virus. Journal of

Virology. 2005;**79**(10):6487-6504. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.79.10.6487-6504.2005

[6] Kloc A, Segundo FDS, Schafer EA, Rai DK, Kenney M, Santos TDL, et al. Foot-and-mouth disease virus 5′-terminal S fragment is required for replication and modulation of the innate immune response in host cells. Virology.

2017;**512**:132-143. DOI: 10.1016/j.

[7] Mohapatra JK, Pandey LK,

Pattnaik B. RNA structure disrupting G320-T transversion within the short fragment of the 5′ untranslated region prevents rescue of infectious footand-mouth disease virus. Journal of Virological Methods. 2014;**196**:100-103. DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.11.007

[8] Harris TJ, Brown F. Biochemical analysis of a virulent and an avirulent

virol.2017.08.036

**References**

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93349*

strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus. The Journal of General Virology. 1977;**34**(1):87-105. DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-34-1-87

[9] Clarke BE, Brown AL, Currey KM, Newton SE, Rowlands DJ, Carroll AR. Potential secondary and tertiary structure in the genomic RNA of foot and mouth disease virus. Nucleic Acids Research. 1987;**15**(17):7067-7079. DOI:

[10] Zhu ZX, Yang F, Cao WJ, Liu HN, Zhang KS, Tian H, et al. The pseudoknot region of the 5′ untranslated region is a determinant of viral tropism and virulence of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Journal of Virology. 2019;**93**(8). DOI: ARTN e02039-18/10.1128/

[11] Rieder E, Paul AV, Kim DW, van Boom JH, Wimmer E. Genetic and biochemical studies of poliovirus cis-acting replication element cre in relation to VPg uridylylation. Journal of Virology. 2000;**74**(22):10371-

[12] Mason PW, Bezborodova SV, Henry TM. Identification and characterization of a cis-acting

replication element (cre) adjacent to the internal ribosome entry site of footand-mouth disease virus. Journal of Virology. 2002;**76**(19):9686-9694. DOI: 10.1128/Jvi.76.19.9686-9694.2002

[13] Jackson RJ, Kaminski A. Internal initiation of translation in eukaryotes: The picornavirus paradigm and beyond.

RNA. 1995;**1**(10):985-1000

[14] Martinez-Salas E, Lopez de Quinto S, Ramos R, Fernandez-Miragall O. IRES elements: Features of the RNA structure contributing to their activity. Biochimie. 2002;**84**(8):755-763. DOI: 10.1016/S0300-9084(02)01408-6

10.1093/nar/15.17.7067

JVI.02039-18

10380. DOI: 10.1128/ jvi.74.22.10371-10380.2000
