**5. Clinical characteristics, complications and clinical outcomes**

Direct contact, respiratory secretions and droplets from respiratory tract are emerging rout of SARS-CoV-2 spread [10]; SARS-CoV-2 was isolated from fecal samples of severe pneumonia patients at Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, China on February 2020, Zhang et al. [14]. ACE2 protein abundance on lung alveolar epithelial cells and enterocytes of small intestine has been discovered [15], which may reveal broad understanding of the routes of infection and disease. Epidemiological investigation reveals signs and symptoms to SARS-CoV-2 becomes manifest between 1 and 14 days, mostly 3–7 days suggesting SARS-CoV-2 can be contagious during a latency period. Elderly and individuals with underlying diseases are at risk of acquiring SARS-CoV-2. A median age of 47–59 years and 41.9–45.7% of patients were females [10, 12, 16]. Comorbidities associated with SARS-CoV-2 in adult might lead to flu like symptoms, malaise, cough which might lead to respiratory failure, distress syndrome and even dead. SAR-CoV-2 patients had good clinical outcome except for few that have associated comorbidities. As at March 1st 2020, there are 79,968 confirmed cases with severe cases totaling 14,475 (18.1%) and 2873 deaths (3.5%) from the China mainland as reported by the WHO [2]. liver dysfunction, acute cardiac injury, Arrhythmia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), acute kidney injury are among associated complication [16]. The severity of the disease is associated with poor clinical outcome mostly seen among the elderly which progress faster with dead mostly seen among people aged 65 years [16, 17].

### **6. Conclusion**

The global outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 is across 85 countries. Our study revealed that person to person transmission within family cluster or Nosocomial infection is possible in setting where precautions such as personal hygiene, social distancing and the use of personal protective equipment are not adhered to. Clinicians should be aware of clinical history of contact patients to enable them promptly identify in order to curb further spreading in hospital and family cluster.

Our recommendation will be for adoption of National Guideline that will reveal epidemiological exposure history as an important reference point for identifying the source of infection and strengthened protection, and isolation measures. Close contacts to confirm Cases should be included highly Suspected Cases during Incubation period of Confirmed Cases. Availability of high sensitive rapid diagnostic reagents for Novel SARS-CoV-2 should be accelerated in order to facilitate community testing.

**5**

**Author details**

Adamu Ishaku Akyala

Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences,

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria

\*Address all correspondence to: i.adamu@erasmusmc.nl

provided the original work is properly cited.

*Mode of Transmission and Viral Shedding of SARS-CoV-2: Emerging New Paradigms*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93187*

*Mode of Transmission and Viral Shedding of SARS-CoV-2: Emerging New Paradigms DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93187*
