**2. Materials and methods**

The methodology used in this work for analysis of the genomes of the seven FMDV serotypes (**Table 1**) were as described for other microorganisms [20, 21]. The nucleotide sequences of the desired virus were determined by searching the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) resource databases. The strain diversity of the detected FMDV using the analyzed genetic marker was determined using the nBLAST program utility, and the nucleotide sequences of the primers and probes were designed using the Vector NTI 9.1.0 program (Invitrogen Corporation).

A positive control plasmid DNA was used for PCR amplification. PCR was performed on a C1000 amplifier with a CFX96 optical unit (BioRad). The methodology for PCR amplification is similar to that described previously [20], with the following modifications: probe for PCR, direct and reverse primers were developed in the framework of this work; the primer annealing temperature was 58.5°C; and the PCR (fluorescence) result was detected on each PCR cycle, at 58.5°C via Rox and Cy5 channels.


**69**

**3. Results and discussion**

serotype O, occurred in many different regions [24].

*Nomenclature of isolates/strains of FMDV and other organisms described in the work.*

Scientific publications on the infection of humans with the FMDV began to appear as early as 1869, 1872 [22, 23]. After some time, seven different serotypes of FMDV were identified, which have a different distribution. Some serotypes have a restricted geographical distribution, for example, Asia-1, whereas others, notably

FMDV is a very dangerous disease, and the data from the Pakistan showed that mortality due to the dominant FMDV serotype "O" was from 7.74 to 21.61% [25].

**3.1 Epidemiology**

Serotype SAT 1

Serotype SAT 2

Serotype SAT 3

**Table 1.**

*Genetic Polymorphisms of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus*

**Isolates/strains name (NCBI** 

Serotype C Strain *C-S8p200* FJ824812 Country "Spain"

**GenBank ID Source**

Virus Collection, isolated 1965, country "Switzerland"

Virus Collection, isolated 1970, country "the United Kingdom"

Koibatek, Rift Valley"

Nanyuki, Laikipia"

Nakasongola district"

country "Indonesia"

Rafa"

Governorate"

Virus Collection, isolated 1962,

Palestinian Autonomous Territories,

"Zimbabwe: Dande Safari Park"

Acholi district"

Isolate *c1noville iso56* AY593804 Plum Island Animal Disease Center

Isolate *cwald iso32* AY593810 Plum Island Animal Disease Center

Isolate *ETH/1/71* MH053308 Host "unknown," country "Ethiopia" Isolate *KEN/32/70 (K267/67)* MH053309 Host "cattle," country "Kenya:

Isolate *KEN/1/2004* KM268897 Host "cattle," country "Kenya:

Isolate *UGA/18/70* MH053310 Host "cattle," country "Uganda:

Strain *O/YM/YN/2000* HQ412603 Host "Sus scrofa," country "China" Isolate *o11indonesia iso52* AY593813 Plum Island Animal Disease Center

Isolate *BAN/NA/Ha-156/2013* KF985189 Host "cattle," country "Bangladesh"

Isolate *SAT1/NIG/1/15* MF678823 Host "Bos taurus," country "Nigeria" Isolate *SAT1/NIG/2/15* MF678824 Host "Bos taurus," country "Nigeria" Isolate *SAT1/NIG/3/15* MF678825 Host "Bos taurus," country "Nigeria"

Isolate *PAT/1/2012* JX014256 Host "cattle," country "Gaza Strip:

Isolate *EGY/3/2012* KC440884 Host "cattle," country "Egypt: Garbia

Isolate *ZIM/P27/90(DSA-31)* MH053352 Host "*Syncerus caffer*," country

*Triticum aestivum* chromosome 2 LS480641 Organism "*Triticum aestivum*"

Isolate *EGY/9/2012* JX014255 Country "Egypt: El-Suiz"

Serotype O Isolate *UGA/3/2002* MH053318 Host "unknown," country "Uganda:

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93351*

**coding)**

**FMDV serotype**


*Genetic Polymorphisms of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93351*

*Some RNA Viruses*

virus detection.

Corporation).

Cy5 channels.

**FMDV serotype**

Serotype Asia-1

**2. Materials and methods**

reaction and virus genome sequencing methods are used for genetic indication of FMD [14, 15]. The historical development of FMDV research covers a wide variety of techniques. In 1960, the use of cell cultures infected with FMDV was mentioned [16]. In 1966, a complement fixation test (CFT) was used to identify the FMDV [17]. The virus neutralization was employed [18] and, in 1979, the ELISA was introduced and currently in use [9, 10, 13]. The present century is also characterized

The aim of the study is to search for universal conservative genome loci present in all types of foot-and-mouth disease virus, for use as genetic markers for PCR

The methodology used in this work for analysis of the genomes of the seven FMDV serotypes (**Table 1**) were as described for other microorganisms [20, 21]. The nucleotide sequences of the desired virus were determined by searching the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) resource databases. The strain diversity of the detected FMDV using the analyzed genetic marker was determined using the nBLAST program utility, and the nucleotide sequences of the primers and probes were designed using the Vector NTI 9.1.0 program (Invitrogen

A positive control plasmid DNA was used for PCR amplification. PCR was performed on a C1000 amplifier with a CFX96 optical unit (BioRad). The methodology for PCR amplification is similar to that described previously [20], with the following modifications: probe for PCR, direct and reverse primers were developed in the framework of this work; the primer annealing temperature was 58.5°C; and the PCR (fluorescence) result was detected on each PCR cycle, at 58.5°C via Rox and

Serotype A Isolate *Zambia/90* MH053307 Host "cattle," country "Zambia:

Isolate *aphilippines iso50* AY593793 Country "Philippines"

Isolate *A01L* KY404934 Country "Argentina"

**GenBank ID Source**

Isolate *4235* JN099688 Host "cattle," country "Iraq: Altenia,

Isolate *A/Pocheon/001/KOR/2010* KC588943 Host "cattle," country "Iraq: Altenia,

Isolate *MAY/23/2013* KY322678 Host "cattle," country "South Korea"

Isolate *A/NIG/3/15* MG725874 Host "Bos taurus," country "Nigeria"

Isolate *BAN/TA/Ma-167/2013* MF782478 Host "cattle," country "Bangladesh:

Isolate *As/SIN/PAK/L2810/2009* JN006720 Host "cattle," country "Iraq"

Isolate *IND 101-99* DQ989310 Host "cattle," country "India" Isolate *IND 37-02* DQ989311 Host "buffalo," country "India"

Kasama"

Hilla, Babil"

Hilla, Babil"

Madhupur, Tangail"

tongue tissue lysate," country "China: Jiangsu, Wuxi"

EF149009 Isolation source "bovine vesicular

**Isolates/strains name (NCBI** 

Strain *Asia-1/Jiangsu/ China/2005*

**coding)**

by the active use of genetic analysis of FMDV nucleic acids [19].

**68**

**Table 1.**

*Nomenclature of isolates/strains of FMDV and other organisms described in the work.*
