**3.1 Drug delivery**

*Applications of Nanobiotechnology*

production through a biological way.

**of NPs**

Ag

**Biological entity Type** 

*Botryococcus braunii* Cu,

Bacteria and fungi

*Aspergillus fumigatus* 

*BTCB10*

*Gnidia glauca and Plumbago zeylanica*

*Andrographis paniculata*

Horseradish peroxidase

Enzyme and other biological agents

Plants

extract of *Tectona grandis* seeds was used for reduction of AgNO3 to 10–30 nm Ag NPs with significant antibacterial properties [25], whereas Au NPs with an average size of about 3 nm have been synthesized using leaf extract of *Ziziphus zizyphus* [26]*.* Various plant extracts have been used for production of NPs from different ions with diverse sizes and shapes [27]. **Table 2** summarizes some examples of NP

*Delftia sp*. SFG Bi Sphere/40–120 Antibiofilm activity against *P. aeruginosa* [28] *Escherichia coli* CdS Spherical/2–5 [29]

Yeast strain MKY3 Ag Hexagonal/2–5 [31] *Fusarium oxysporum* Ag 25–50 [32]

*Bacillus mojavensis* Ag 105 High antibacterial activity against

Apple extract Ag 22–30 Great antibacterial effects against

*Lavandula vera* Zn 60–80 Valuable antibacterial and anti-biofilm

*Cassia alata* ZnO 60–80 Antibacterial effect against *Escherichia* 

Melanin Cu Spherical/66 Good antibacterial activity against *E.* 

*Some examples of biologically produced NPs and their corresponding special characteristics.*

*Psidium guajava* Se Spherical/8–20 Antibacterial effects [38]

*Cassia fistula* Au 55–98 Hypoglycemia treatment [42]

Macerating enzymes Ag Hexagonal/38 High antibacterial effects [45]

Au 10 Detection of low concentrations of

Sphere/10–100 Antibacterial and antifungal effects

Ag 41 Antibacterial and cytotoxic effects [34]

Cu Spherical/1–5 Good antibacterial effects [40]

Ag 54 Good antifungal activity [41]

against *Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 441), Escherichia coli (MTCC 442), Klebsiella pneumoniae (MTCC 109) and Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 96), Fusarium oxysporum*

multidrug resistant pathogens

*Geobacillus stearothermophilus*, *Staphylococcus aureus*, *Pseudomonas aeruginosa*, and *Klebsiella pneumoniae*

activity

*coli*

*coli* and *L. monocytogenes*

phenylhydrazine

**Special characteristics Ref.**

[30]

[33]

[35]

[36, 37]

[39]

[43]

[44]

**Size (nm) and shape**

**6**

**Table 2.**

NPs are of great interest for being used as a device for site-specific drug delivery with optimum dosage drug release. Current NP-based drug delivery approaches focused mainly on enhancing drug shelf life though improving drug uptake efficiency [46]. NP-based drug carriers are able to cross the blood-brain barrier and tight junctions of the skin epithelial tissue [47]. Also they improve hydrophobic molecule solubility and increase stability of biological therapeutic agents.

NPs enabled us to deliver drugs by various routes including nasal mucosa and oral administration, aerosol method, and topical vaccination. The aerosol technology is used for respiratory disorder drug delivery. Target drug delivery approaches using magnetic NPs are widely being used for cancer therapy, gene therapy, MRI, and cell sorting [48, 49]. For instance, Fe3O4, γ-Fe2O3, and super magnetic iron oxide NPs (SPIONs) are the main NPs used for site-specific drug delivery. The surface properties and particular shape of fullerenes and carbon nanotubes make them attractive for drug delivery. These particles are such small that can pass through cell membrane and deliver agents like DNA and protein into the cells [50, 51].
