**Author details**

example, traditional cancer treatment method, kill cancers cells, drugs radiation without damaging, cool the brain, safer surgery, heat pipes, fuel cell, solar water heating, domestic refrigerator, diesel combustion, thermal storage, etc. Solving CFD problem usually consists of four components: geometry and grid generation, setting up a physical model, solving it, and post-processing the computer data. The created geometry and grid are generated, the set problem is computed, and the way acquired data is presented is very well known. Precise theory is available. Mathematical modeling is now widely applied in physiology and medicine to support the life scientist and clinical worker. Mathematical modeling finds application in medical research, in education, and in supporting clinical practice. The use of models can, for example, yield quantitative insights into the manner in which physiological systems are controlled. In the educational setting, medical students can use computer model simulation to explore the dynamic effects of pathophysiological processes or of drug therapy. In the clinical arena, mathematical models can enable estimates to be made of physiological parameters that are not directly measurable useful for example in diagnosis, as well as enabling predictions to be made as to how changes in drug therapy will impact on variables of clinical importance such as

The authors would like to thank the University of Technology and Al-Mustaqbal

blood pressure or blood glucose concentration.

University College for the support in the present work.

*Cpnf* specific heat of nanofluid at constant pressure (kJ/kg.K)

/s2 )

)

∇ represents the partial derivative of a quantity with respect to all directions in

*knf* thermal conductivity of the nanofluid (W/m.K)

*u, v, w* velocity component in Cartesian coordinate (m/s)

)

**Acknowledgements**

*Applications of Nanobiotechnology*

**Nomenclature**

**Greek symbols**

**Subscripts**

**Superscripts**

( )<sup>0</sup>

**110**

*i, j, k* tenser indices *nf* nanofluid

*p* pressure (N/m<sup>2</sup>

*T* temperature (°C)

*ε* dissipation rate (1/s)

*x,y,z* Cartesian coordinate (m)

*k* turbulent kinetic energy (m<sup>2</sup>

*φ* volume fraction (Vol.%)

*ρnf* density of the nanofluid (kg/m<sup>3</sup>

fluctuation component

the chosen coordinate system (—)

Laith Jaafer Habeeb<sup>1</sup> \* and Hasan Shakir Majdi<sup>2</sup>


\*Address all correspondence to: laithhabeeb1974@gmail.com

<sup>© 2019</sup> The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
