*Nanofluids and Computational Applications in Medicine and Biology DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88577*

conducting the physiological measurements are being steadily evolved and used, and there has been a relevant rise in the techniques that exist for analyzing and interpreting the data of experiment. Increasingly, such methods are obtaining their way within the physiological studies and in the related studies in clinical sciences and medicine. A supplementary driver for the whole of this is, certainly, the existence of further computing power. Utilizing the whole of these gathered is causing an increment in the use of mathematical modeling approaches in the physiological studies. The further use of modeling and dynamic regime analysis provides advantages for the biomedical engineering, governing and regime science, and physiology. The proper application of mathematical models provides numerous potential advantages for the physiologist. Such models offer a brief explanation of intricate dynamic operations, indicating the methods, in which the enhanced experimental design can be performed, and empowering the hypotheses regarding the physiological structure to be examined. Further to that, they permit the estimates to be done for the factors (physiological quantities) that are in different way not straightforward able to be reached to measurement. Despite firstly the most modeling uses have been in the fields of medical and physiological investigation, they are presently further being utilized as assistances in diagnosing and treating the disease [6]. The biomedical engineering (BME) is an engineering branch involved with solving problems in the biology and the medicine. Biomedical engineers use principles, methods, and approaches drawn from the more traditional branches of electrical, mechanical, chemical, material, and computer engineering to solve this wide range of problems. They use them with other fundamentals to the problems in the fields of life sciences and healthcare, i.e., this engineer must also be familiarized with the biological ideas of physiology and anatomy at the cellular, molecular, and regime levels. Practicing the healthcare needs the familiarization with the nervous system, cardiovascular regime, circulation, respiration, body fluids, and kidneys. The biomedical engineering field is expanding fast. The biomedical engineers will take a big role in the investigation in the life sciences and device evolution for the adequate healthcare delivery. The biomedical engineering scope ranges from the bionanotechnology to the assisting instruments, from the cellular and molecular engineering to the robotics of surgery, and from the neuromuscular regimes to the synthetic lungs. The ideas introduced in this context will

assist the biomedical engineers to operate in such variant field [7].

Dental scientists are making increased usage of computational methods, particularly in situations where the experimental procedures fail to give proper answers. An experimental procedure may explain the maximum load of a tooth failure, but it cannot give an accepted reply around the failure evolution mechanism. Dentistry analysis is done in many ways, such as stress analysis, fluid mechanics and dynamic analysis, thermal analysis, restorative material analysis, and so on. The structure of the normal tooth conveys the loads of the external biting via the enamel within the dentin. Since the teeth aren't stiff structures, so they subject to deformation (strain) during the usual loading. The focused external loads are spread over a big internal volume of the tooth structure, and thus the local stresses are less. Within such operation, a little quantity of the dentin deformation may take place that causes the tooth bending. If a load is exerted, the structure is subject to a deformation since its bonds are sheared, stretched, or compressed. As the loading progresses, this structure will deform. Firstly, such deformation (strain) is totally a reversible elastic strain. However, the incremented loading eventually makes also certain irreversible strain (plastic strain) that results in a fixed deformation.

**4.1 Dentistry analysis**

*Applications of Nanobiotechnology*

**106**

The onset of the plastic strain point is named the elastic limit (proportional limit, or yield point). This point is exhibited on the stress-strain curve at the point, where the straight line begins to be curved. Thus, progress of the plastic strain ultimately results in a failure via fracture. The largest stress prior to fracture is the maximum strength, and the whole tensile strain (plastic) at the fracture is named the elongation. **Figure 14** shows the sound and restored teeth models with finite element mesh. Since the enamel is of greater stiffness than that of the dentin, it will take most of the applied load and distributes it all over the dentin in a uniform manner. In this case, only small values of stress will reach the dentin. Whereas, in **Figure 15A**, Young's modulus values of the enamel are assumed to be high, the load is applied at the tip of the buccal cusp. The enamel is acting here as a stress distributor, where the stress would transfer in a shape very similar to the stressed enamel. Moreover, when Young's modulus value of the enamel is low, the stress tunnels through the enamel in a sharp manner, reaching the dentin, which is assumed to be of higher Young's modulus value (**Figure 15B**). Then, the dentin in turn would act as a stress distributor when transmitting it to the following parts and the pulp [8].

**Figure 14.** *Mesh of (A) sound model and (B) restored model.*

**Figure 15.** *Distribution of the von Mises stress contour of the sound tooth model subjected to loading case.*
