**4.4 Nanochips**

The Nano Chip System by utilizing electronically enhanced hybridization of complementary DNA strands, integrates advanced microelectronics and molecular biology into a platform technology with broad commercial applications in the fields of genomic diagnostics and has achieved 100% accuracy in the detection of nanoparticle. This technique helps in investigating DNA sequences or the pairing of separated strands of DNA with complementary DNA strands of the acknowledged collection that act as probes. Currently, DNA chips is known as DNA microarray assays that employs the energy of a digital contemporary that separates DNA probes to unique web sites at the array based on charge and size, then test sample (blood) can be analyzed for identifying DNA sequences via hybridization with these probes [16].

### **4.5 Microfluidics (lab-on-a chip)**

Microfluidics is the modern science of fluids on the nanometer scale. The nanodiagnostics involve microfluidic or "lab on a chip" structures, in which the combination of numerous approaches of DNA analysis is mixed on an unmarried chip composed of an unmarried glass and silicon substrate. Academically, it is a subdiscipline of fluid mechanics, as the fundamental equations describing the physics of fluids at larger length scales are identical to the equations underlying microfluidics. In general, the microfluidic biosensor platforms offer numerous advantages compared with other traditional methods such as ultracentrifugation, electrophoresis, nuclear magnetic resonance, chromatographic approaches, etc. for detection of bio-species molecules. This device have capable of measuring aqueous reagent and DNA-containing answers, mixing the solutions together, amplifying or digesting the DNA to shape discrete merchandise, Destiny possibilities for the utility of nanotechnology in healthcare and for the development of personalized remedy seem like amazing [17].
