*6.2.4 Nanoparticle-based nucleic acid diagnostics*

Screening of pathogenic microorganism on the basis of genomic arrangement has become relevant in current clinical determination. It has been well established central dogma of life that each and every living organism has a peculiar set of DNA, which has been transferred from one generation to next without any sort of alteration; this can also be said to be the individualization by nature. In clinical diagnosis, this DNA fragment may help to check the availability of the microorganism in the test sample. This investigation opens the door for molecular detection. This is carried out by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or hybridization techniques, known as amplification method and non-amplification method respectively. Therefore, this technique is considered to be more sensitive and precise than that of other techniques [30].

### *6.2.5 Nano-bio-sensors*

*Applications of Nanobiotechnology*

phosphatidyl choline [24].

Polyamidoamine are usually used dendrimers [25].

**6.2 Nanotechnology used in diagnosis**

*6.2.2 Nanotechnology-based cytogenetic*

*6.2.3 Nano-proteomic-based diagnostics*

copy (AFM) and quantum dot (QD) FISH [28].

*6.2.1 Nanotechnology-based biochips/microarrays*

are known as mono walled carbon nano tubes on the other hand, tubes consist of multiple layers of graphite are termed as multi walled carbon nano tubes. The main advantage of such tubes is that they can conduct high electricity with less or no heating effect. This happens because of scattering free traveling of electrons throughout the tube [23]. Liposomes are spherical vesicles where an aqueous core is surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer and cholesterol. The phospholipid consists of a hydrophilic head and two oil-loving tails. The phospholipid that is predominantly used is

Dendrimers are the emerging and well defined polymeric architectures that are known for their large, complex and well defined structures, versatility in drug delivery and high functionality whose properties resemble with biomolecules. These nanostructured macromolecules have potential abilities to entrap and to conjugate the high molecular weight hydrophilic/hydrophobic drugs by host-guest interactions and covalent bonding (prodrug approach) around an inner core respectively. They have different Features like size, shape, branching length, and their surface functionality vary over the design of nanoparticles. For example,

Nano bio sensors are applied to investigate biochemical changes with the aid of electronic, optical or magnetic technology. Furthermore, detection and/or quantification of bio molecules like specific base pairs or proteins are also possible. Majority of biosensors work on the principle of key and lock theory or affinity based mechanism; where immobilized tool attaches to target molecule/analyte being sensed in this phenomenon, any change at a localized surface can be examined rather than detecting target in solution. This variation can be sensed by using one of the following methods; viral biosensors, light sensitive biosensors, resonant cantilever and quartz crystal microbalance [26].

A nano material can be perfectly examined by using same sized probe. This hypothesis is applied in molecular diagnosis with the help of biochips or microarrays. This is because the cell organelles/biological moieties exist in nano size and the biochips also falls under in almost similar tiny sized scale. Nano fluidic arrays and protein nano biochips are the examples of nanotechnology based biochips. These chips are capable to isolate and analyze living cell molecules such as genetic material DNA. In future this technique will certainly bring about revived investigation tool for cancer. Nano-fluidic technology is expected to have broad applications in systems biology, personalized medicine, pathogen detection, drug development, and clinical research [27].

Cytogenetic has been used mainly to elaborate spatial arrangement of the chromosome and screening of abnormalities related to disease. The use of fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is now reaching its limit. Molecular cyto-genetics is now enhanced by use of biomedical nanotechnology, e.g., use of atomic force micros-

A comprehensive study including identification, characterization and analysis of a series of bio protein at a specified time is known as proteomics. Proteomics help to recognize the variations which are associated with various pathological conditions.

**26**

Bio sensors are sophisticated probes, which are used to investigate the existence and/or concentration of a biological analyte, say for example bio molecule, histology of biological material or any microorganism. Biosensors comprise of following parts: amplifier that detects the analyte and generate a signal along with it a signal transducer that converts the signal into electric impulses and a reader to record and investigate the signal [31].
