**4. Selected topics in medicine and biology**

During the previous decades, there has been a significant raise in the use of quantitative techniques for studying the physiological regimes. Recent methods for

volume concentration and a Reynolds no. equal to 5086 for a turbulent flow. **Figure 12** shows the test section deformation calculated using static structuralmechanical is a solution processing model, under the influence of enlarging its value (1.8 103 autoscale). The maximum deformation occurs at the beginning of the tube in all models because of the high temperature concentration at this region. From this figure, one can see that the total deformation decreases as the volume concentration and the mass flow rate increase due to the frequency effect, which is

**Figure 13** highlights the 3D view for the twisted tape with the velocity vector along a focused distance of the test section for a nanofluid having a 3% volume concentration. In this figure, one can see that the vector magnitude and direction change at different periods of time due to effect of the twisted tape deformation, which is much higher than that of the tube, resulted from thermal expansion

decreased with the increase in nanoparticle mass.

*Temperature distribution along the test section for φ = 3%.*

*Velocity vectors in m/s at Re =10,172 for nanofluid (φ = 3%) at Z = 0.5 m.*

**Figure 10.**

*Applications of Nanobiotechnology*

**Figure 11.**

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(elongation), fluid pressure effect, and reaction force on it.

conducting the physiological measurements are being steadily evolved and used, and there has been a relevant rise in the techniques that exist for analyzing and interpreting the data of experiment. Increasingly, such methods are obtaining their way within the physiological studies and in the related studies in clinical sciences and medicine. A supplementary driver for the whole of this is, certainly, the existence of further computing power. Utilizing the whole of these gathered is causing an increment in the use of mathematical modeling approaches in the physiological studies. The further use of modeling and dynamic regime analysis provides advantages for the biomedical engineering, governing and regime science, and physiology. The proper application of mathematical models provides numerous potential advantages for the physiologist. Such models offer a brief explanation of intricate dynamic operations, indicating the methods, in which the enhanced experimental design can be performed, and empowering the hypotheses regarding the physiological structure to be examined. Further to that, they permit the estimates to be done for the factors (physiological quantities) that are in different way not straightforward able to be reached to measurement. Despite firstly the most modeling uses have been in the fields of medical and physiological investigation, they are presently further being utilized as assistances in diagnosing and treating the disease [6]. The biomedical engineering (BME) is an engineering branch involved with solving problems in the biology and the medicine. Biomedical engineers use principles, methods, and approaches drawn from the more traditional branches of electrical, mechanical, chemical, material, and computer engineering to solve this wide range of problems. They use them with other fundamentals to the problems in the fields of life sciences and healthcare, i.e., this engineer must also be familiarized with the biological ideas of physiology and anatomy at the cellular, molecular, and regime levels. Practicing the healthcare needs the familiarization with the nervous system, cardiovascular regime, circulation, respiration, body fluids, and kidneys. The biomedical engineering field is expanding fast. The biomedical engineers will take a big role in the investigation in the life sciences and device evolution for the adequate healthcare delivery. The biomedical engineering scope ranges from the bionanotechnology to the assisting instruments, from the cellular and molecular engineering to the robotics of surgery, and from the neuromuscular regimes to the synthetic lungs. The ideas introduced in this context will assist the biomedical engineers to operate in such variant field [7].

The onset of the plastic strain point is named the elastic limit (proportional limit, or yield point). This point is exhibited on the stress-strain curve at the point, where the straight line begins to be curved. Thus, progress of the plastic strain ultimately results in a failure via fracture. The largest stress prior to fracture is the maximum strength, and the whole tensile strain (plastic) at the fracture is named the elongation. **Figure 14** shows the sound and restored teeth models with finite element mesh. Since the enamel is of greater stiffness than that of the dentin, it will take most of the applied load and distributes it all over the dentin in a uniform manner.

**Figure 15A**, Young's modulus values of the enamel are assumed to be high, the load

In this case, only small values of stress will reach the dentin. Whereas, in

*Nanofluids and Computational Applications in Medicine and Biology*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88577*

is applied at the tip of the buccal cusp. The enamel is acting here as a stress distributor, where the stress would transfer in a shape very similar to the stressed enamel. Moreover, when Young's modulus value of the enamel is low, the stress tunnels through the enamel in a sharp manner, reaching the dentin, which is assumed to be of higher Young's modulus value (**Figure 15B**). Then, the dentin in turn would act as a stress distributor when transmitting it to the following parts

and the pulp [8].

**Figure 14.**

**Figure 15.**

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*Mesh of (A) sound model and (B) restored model.*

*Distribution of the von Mises stress contour of the sound tooth model subjected to loading case.*
