**2. Some advantages and applications of using nanofluid and CFD**

Due to the size of nanoparticles, the pressure drop is minimal, and a strong change in the properties of the main fluid, by the suspension of nanofluids and because of the size of nanoparticles, the liquid is considered one fluid.

*A control volume (Vi) surrounded by mesh elements.*

According to the application, nanofluids are classified as heat transfer nanofluids, environmental (pollution cleaning) nanofluids, bio- and pharmaceutical nanofluids, and medical nanofluids (drug delivery, functional and tissue-cell interaction) [3]. The biomedical industry, for instant, the conventional method of cancer treatment kill the cells of cancers, drugs the radiation without damaging, cool the brain, and safe the surgery. Nanofluids can be utilized for cooling the equipment of welding and engines of automobiles and for cooling the high heat flux instrument, like a high-power laser diode array and high-power microwave tubes. Nanofluid can move throughout the tiny passage in MEMS to enhance efficiency. Within the industry of transportation, nanocars, General Motors (GM), are used. The nanofluid critical heat flux (CHF) measurement in a forced convection loop is beneficial for the nuclear uses. If nanofluid enhances the efficiency of the chiller by 1%, an electricity saving of 320 billion KWh or equivalent 5.5 million barrel of oil annually would be released in the USA only. Nanofluids possess the capability for the operations of deep drilling. Also, the nanofluid can be utilized to increase the dielectric power and age of an oil transformer via spreading nanodiamond particles [1].

from a CAD program as a starting point and always use some forms of FEA as the

a. It is capable of carrying out different engineering analyses, such as stresses and deformations, buckling, contact analyses, plastic deformations, vibration, heat transfer, fluid flow, magnetic field, coupled field problems, design

c. The analyses are facilitated through GUI (graphical user interface).

e. Analysis and simulation can be modified and revised easily.

d. Different types of material properties can be included: isotropic, orthotropic,

The disadvantages of CAE system are high cost of CAE software and special and advanced hardware, optical fatigue, and high cost of user's training and

Computational fluid dynamics studies are performed to grow a deeper insight into the field of the flow. In order to clarify the influence of the turbulence model, which involves the solution of a two-transport equation, model is used. Therefore, the techniques of the numerical solution will solve these Cartesian coordinate sys-

**3. Selected topics in nanofluidics and computational applications**

**3.1 Preparation of nanofluid and calculation of the thermal conductivity**

Nanoparticles are made in one of two ways: physical processes and chemical processes. The physical techniques include mechanical grinding and the inert gas condensation technique. The chemical processes include chemical precipitation, spray pyrolysis, and thermal spaying. There are two ways to prepare nanofluid [1].

Single-step technique combines the production of nanoparticles and dispersion of nanoparticles into base fluid in a single step by the aid of chemical solvents [4].

This is the most widely used method for preparing nanofluids. This gives a largescale production of nanofluids, whereas the single-step method is limited, in which dry powders are dispersed into a fluid. The second step is processing with the help of intensive magnetic force agitation, high-shear mixing, ultrasonic agitation, ball

The main drawback in the two-step method is large agglomerations, whereas single-step method has limited agglomerations. The single-step method has the

tems (x, y, and z). A three-dimensional geometry will generate.

tool to conduct the analysis. The advantages of CAE system are:

*Nanofluids and Computational Applications in Medicine and Biology*

b. It can work interactively with the CAD systems.

nonlinear, etc., and there is reduction of time.

f. The results are presented graphically.

optimization, etc.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88577*

qualification.

*3.1.1 Single-step method*

*3.1.2 Two-step method*

**97**

milling and homogenizing [4].

There are numerous practical engineering problems for which one cannot determine the exact solutions. Such incapability to determine a perfect solution may be ascribed to either the intricate nature of the governing deferential equations or the difficulties that accrue from treating with the boundary and primary conditions. To treat with these problems, one resorts to numerical approximations. In contrast to the analytical solutions, which reveal the perfect behavior of a regime at any point through it, the numerical solutions approximate the perfect solutions merely at separate points. Two- and three-dimensional (CFD) modeling is time-consuming and computationally more expensive than one-dimensional analytical modeling. However, it can provide more information of the flow. It is also an effective alternative to experimental investigation. The simulation setup can be changed more flexibly than the experimental setup. Where is CFD used? It is used in aerospace, automotive, biomedical and chemical processing, HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning), hydraulics, marine, oil and gas, power generation, sports, etc. The major kinds of the fluid flow problems that the general-purpose CFD codes can solve are:


The use of computers is to help with all phases of engineering design work. Like computer-aided design (CAD), but also involving the construction and analysis of objects, the idea is to use computer processing and interactive computer graphics to enable engineers to create, modify, and analyze designs and hence to determine the structural, thermal, flow-field properties or other conditions of a regime. Computer-aided engineering (CAE) programs may employ a geometry definition

According to the application, nanofluids are classified as heat transfer nanofluids, environmental (pollution cleaning) nanofluids, bio- and pharmaceutical nanofluids, and medical nanofluids (drug delivery, functional and tissue-cell interaction) [3]. The biomedical industry, for instant, the conventional method of cancer treatment kill the cells of cancers, drugs the radiation without damaging, cool the brain, and safe the surgery. Nanofluids can be utilized for cooling the equipment of welding and engines of automobiles and for cooling the high heat flux instrument, like a high-power laser diode array and high-power microwave tubes. Nanofluid can move throughout the tiny passage in MEMS to enhance efficiency. Within the industry of transportation, nanocars, General Motors (GM), are used. The nanofluid critical heat flux (CHF) measurement in a forced convection loop is beneficial for the nuclear uses. If nanofluid enhances the efficiency of the chiller by 1%, an electricity saving of 320 billion KWh or equivalent 5.5 million barrel of oil annually would be released in the USA only. Nanofluids possess the capability for the operations of deep drilling. Also, the nanofluid can be utilized to increase the dielectric power and age of an oil transformer via spreading nanodiamond

There are numerous practical engineering problems for which one cannot determine the exact solutions. Such incapability to determine a perfect solution may be ascribed to either the intricate nature of the governing deferential equations or the difficulties that accrue from treating with the boundary and primary conditions. To treat with these problems, one resorts to numerical approximations. In contrast to the analytical solutions, which reveal the perfect behavior of a regime at any point through it, the numerical solutions approximate the perfect solutions merely at separate points. Two- and three-dimensional (CFD) modeling is time-consuming and computationally more expensive than one-dimensional analytical modeling. However, it can provide more information of the flow. It is also an effective alternative to experimental investigation. The simulation setup can be changed more flexibly than the experimental setup. Where is CFD used? It is used in aerospace, automotive, biomedical and chemical processing, HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning), hydraulics, marine, oil and gas, power generation, sports, etc. The major kinds of the fluid flow problems that the

a. Kinds of flow: transient or steady, viscous or inviscid, laminar or turbulent (using a variety of turbulent models such as the k-model), compressible or incompressible, subsonic or supersonic speeds, or ultrasonic, multiphase (continuous phases or particles), chemical reacting, combustion, swirling,

c. Kinds of material: solid (porous or homogenous) and fluid (gas or liquid)

The use of computers is to help with all phases of engineering design work. Like computer-aided design (CAD), but also involving the construction and analysis of objects, the idea is to use computer processing and interactive computer graphics to enable engineers to create, modify, and analyze designs and hence to determine the

d. Kinds of coordinate systems: cylindrical polar, Cartesian, curvilinear,

structural, thermal, flow-field properties or other conditions of a regime.

Computer-aided engineering (CAE) programs may employ a geometry definition

b. Heat transfer modes: conduction, convection, and radiation

particles [1].

*Applications of Nanobiotechnology*

general-purpose CFD codes can solve are:

moving/rotating, and body fitted

and non-Newtonian

**96**

from a CAD program as a starting point and always use some forms of FEA as the tool to conduct the analysis. The advantages of CAE system are:


The disadvantages of CAE system are high cost of CAE software and special and advanced hardware, optical fatigue, and high cost of user's training and qualification.
