**2. Probiotics in Aquaculture, Animal Husbandry, and Agriculture**

Probiotics are actually used not only for human, but also fisheries, agriculture, and animal husbandry with the aim of increasing yield productivity and decomposing waste. In livestock farming, increased production can be achieved by optimizing environmental conditions, getting the right stocking density, improving seed quality and providing good quality feed. In addition, it can also be done through efforts to reduce mortality rates and increase individual growth rates. In intensive livestock farming, feed is the highest component of production costs, about 60–70% of operational costs [10]. The digestive system plays a vital role in the extraction of nutrients from feed and their absorption to be used by body cells. The main key that occurs in the digestive system is its ability to digest food which allows nutrients to be absorbed by the body. The digestibility value of a food ingredient illustrates the ability of livestock to digest a food and the digestibility itself is determined by the quality of the food provided. The digestive system plays a vital role in the extraction of nutrients from feed and their absorption to be used by body cells. The main key that occurs in the digestive system is its ability to digest food which allows nutrients to be absorbed by the body. Digestion is a chemical process and fermentation by microbiota in the intestine. The interaction between microbiota and nutrition is very complex. Microbiota and its metabolic products can affect the digestion and absorption of nutrients by the host. In other words, microbial balance in the digestive system plays an important role for health, feed digestibility, and production efficiency.

There are three suggested probiotic working mechanisms, namely:

1.Suppress harmful microbial populations through competition by producing antimicrobial compounds or through nutrition competition and attachment sites on the intestine wall,

**155**

*Probiotics and Bioremediation*

activity, and

lack of oxygen.

to aquatic organisms.

certain enzymes.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90093*

2.Stimulating immunity through increased levels of antibodies or macrophage

3.Changing microbial metabolism by increasing or decreasing the activity of

The growing livestock farming industry has a relationship with the presence of bacteria in the environment. An intensive cultivation system without good management will have a negative effect. For example, in intensive aquaculture farming with excessive feeding, maintenance of fish with high stocking densities without good management will cause disease for the fish. The resulting waste in the form of high organic matter will cause bacteria to flourish and ultimately reduce fish production and also damage the environment. Other problems with increasing intensive aquaculture activities are eutrophication, increased sedimentation and excessive plankton growth. This can result in high levels of ammonia in water and

Biological processes that occur in nature including the cultivation environment must be maintained in balance so that the quality of the environment is maintained well. One appropriate way is to use probiotics. Probiotics itself is a collection of beneficial microorganisms that help the process of absorption of food, can increase endurance and help improve environmental quality. Microorganisms that exist in probiotics are usually bacteria such as *Lactobacillus* sp., *Bacillus* sp., *Micrococcus* sp., Nitrobacter and Nitrosomonas. Probiotics can be given in various ways, through aquaculture feed or directly stocked into the aquatic environment. In probiotics itself there are several types of bacteria that can help the digestive process better such as *Lactobacillus* sp. These bacteria are able to maximize the absorption of food in the intestines of fish so that not much food is wasted and fish growth becomes faster. Under these conditions the amount of feed given is more efficient but provides maximum results. This can occur because the bacteria with its mechanism produces digestive enzymes such as amylase, protease, lipase to break down carbohydrates, proteins, fats in the feed so that it is more quickly absorbed by the body. Other probiotics with the type Nitrobacter and Nitrosomonas are able to decipher the rest of the remaining feed or feces that settles at the bottom so that the quality of water in ponds or ponds for the better. Stools and food waste that accumulate and not decompose will result in high levels of ammonia and sulfides which can be toxic

The presence of beneficial microorganisms in aquaculture activities has been

The application of probiotics in agriculture has been widely used, especially as a starter in making organic fertilizer. With this probiotic can accelerate the manufacture of organic fertilizer, compost for example naturally will take 3-6 months, but with probiotic technology only takes 3-4 weeks. Inoculation of probiotic microorganisms can be used as an alternative in overcoming the scarcity of inorganic fertilizers due to the high price and availability of fertilizers in certain areas. Inoculation

proven through several studies [11–15]. Fish feed with additional probiotics turned out to be able to increase the growth of catfish better than ordinary feed. Application of microorganisms to the environment is also shown by giving probiotics in the water from shrimp ponds that show a decrease in ammonia levels and maintain pH in neutral conditions compared to without giving probiotics. The antimicrobial role released by probiotic bacteria also has a role to prevent the emergence of disease, thereby increasing the resistance of fish or livestock to disease [16–20]. The presence of beneficial microbes that are naturally present in the intestine provides an opportunity and possibility to isolate and reproduce them, which are then reintroduced into the digestive system and used as probiotics (**Table 1**).

*Microorganisms*

ganisms [6].

of microbiota in the digestive system [7].

probiotics to livestock, agriculture, and fisheries.

exists in the digestive system [8].

benefits to the host [9].

• Probiotics are extracts from tissues that can stimulate the growth of microor-

• Probiotics are organisms and substrates that have an influence on the balance

• Probiotics are living microorganisms that when consumed by the host will have a beneficial effect on them by improving the microbiota environment that

• The current definition of probiotics was formulated by FAO/WHO in 2001 as living microorganisms which, if given in sufficient quantities, provide health

Probiotics can be found in several products depending on the intended use. They can be marketed as food, medical food, food supplements or medicine. In general, probiotics are marketed as food supplements e.g. pill/tablet products or as food items, e.g., Yogurt, Kefir. Some probiotic organisms including *Lactobacillus* sp., *Streptococcus* sp., and *Bifidobacterium* sp. have been "generally recognized as safe" status, which means that they are additives that are permitted in food substances. The term probiotic was originally intended as a supplement used to improve or prolong human life or health by providing a sufficient amount of good microorganisms into the body through food. Having recognized the positive benefits of probiotics on human health, many practitioners and researchers have begun to try and apply

**2. Probiotics in Aquaculture, Animal Husbandry, and Agriculture**

an important role for health, feed digestibility, and production efficiency. There are three suggested probiotic working mechanisms, namely:

1.Suppress harmful microbial populations through competition by producing antimicrobial compounds or through nutrition competition and attachment

Probiotics are actually used not only for human, but also fisheries, agriculture, and animal husbandry with the aim of increasing yield productivity and decomposing waste. In livestock farming, increased production can be achieved by optimizing environmental conditions, getting the right stocking density, improving seed quality and providing good quality feed. In addition, it can also be done through efforts to reduce mortality rates and increase individual growth rates. In intensive livestock farming, feed is the highest component of production costs, about 60–70% of operational costs [10]. The digestive system plays a vital role in the extraction of nutrients from feed and their absorption to be used by body cells. The main key that occurs in the digestive system is its ability to digest food which allows nutrients to be absorbed by the body. The digestibility value of a food ingredient illustrates the ability of livestock to digest a food and the digestibility itself is determined by the quality of the food provided. The digestive system plays a vital role in the extraction of nutrients from feed and their absorption to be used by body cells. The main key that occurs in the digestive system is its ability to digest food which allows nutrients to be absorbed by the body. Digestion is a chemical process and fermentation by microbiota in the intestine. The interaction between microbiota and nutrition is very complex. Microbiota and its metabolic products can affect the digestion and absorption of nutrients by the host. In other words, microbial balance in the digestive system plays

**154**

sites on the intestine wall,


The growing livestock farming industry has a relationship with the presence of bacteria in the environment. An intensive cultivation system without good management will have a negative effect. For example, in intensive aquaculture farming with excessive feeding, maintenance of fish with high stocking densities without good management will cause disease for the fish. The resulting waste in the form of high organic matter will cause bacteria to flourish and ultimately reduce fish production and also damage the environment. Other problems with increasing intensive aquaculture activities are eutrophication, increased sedimentation and excessive plankton growth. This can result in high levels of ammonia in water and lack of oxygen.

Biological processes that occur in nature including the cultivation environment must be maintained in balance so that the quality of the environment is maintained well. One appropriate way is to use probiotics. Probiotics itself is a collection of beneficial microorganisms that help the process of absorption of food, can increase endurance and help improve environmental quality. Microorganisms that exist in probiotics are usually bacteria such as *Lactobacillus* sp., *Bacillus* sp., *Micrococcus* sp., Nitrobacter and Nitrosomonas. Probiotics can be given in various ways, through aquaculture feed or directly stocked into the aquatic environment. In probiotics itself there are several types of bacteria that can help the digestive process better such as *Lactobacillus* sp. These bacteria are able to maximize the absorption of food in the intestines of fish so that not much food is wasted and fish growth becomes faster. Under these conditions the amount of feed given is more efficient but provides maximum results. This can occur because the bacteria with its mechanism produces digestive enzymes such as amylase, protease, lipase to break down carbohydrates, proteins, fats in the feed so that it is more quickly absorbed by the body. Other probiotics with the type Nitrobacter and Nitrosomonas are able to decipher the rest of the remaining feed or feces that settles at the bottom so that the quality of water in ponds or ponds for the better. Stools and food waste that accumulate and not decompose will result in high levels of ammonia and sulfides which can be toxic to aquatic organisms.

The presence of beneficial microorganisms in aquaculture activities has been proven through several studies [11–15]. Fish feed with additional probiotics turned out to be able to increase the growth of catfish better than ordinary feed. Application of microorganisms to the environment is also shown by giving probiotics in the water from shrimp ponds that show a decrease in ammonia levels and maintain pH in neutral conditions compared to without giving probiotics. The antimicrobial role released by probiotic bacteria also has a role to prevent the emergence of disease, thereby increasing the resistance of fish or livestock to disease [16–20]. The presence of beneficial microbes that are naturally present in the intestine provides an opportunity and possibility to isolate and reproduce them, which are then reintroduced into the digestive system and used as probiotics (**Table 1**).

The application of probiotics in agriculture has been widely used, especially as a starter in making organic fertilizer. With this probiotic can accelerate the manufacture of organic fertilizer, compost for example naturally will take 3-6 months, but with probiotic technology only takes 3-4 weeks. Inoculation of probiotic microorganisms can be used as an alternative in overcoming the scarcity of inorganic fertilizers due to the high price and availability of fertilizers in certain areas. Inoculation


**157**

*Probiotics and Bioremediation*

**Animal husbandry**

**Subject Probiotics** 

Pig *Enterococcus faecium* SF 68

Weaned piglets *Lactobacillus* 

Broiler chicks *Lactobacillus* 

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90093*

**organism**

*reuteri*, *Bacillus subtilis* and *Bacillus licheniformis*

*acidophilus* (LASW), *L. fermentum* (LF33), *L. plantarum* (LPL05), and *Enterococcus faecium*

(TM39)

*S. cerevisiae*, *L. acidophilus*, *L. ecidophilus*, *L. casei* and *Enterococcus faecium*

*S. cerevisiae*, *S. boulardii* and *Propionibacterium frendenreichii*

Dairy cows Propionibacterium,

Crossbred cows *L. acidophilus*,

Wheat *Enterobacter*,

*Serratia*, *Microbacterium*, *Pseudomonas* and *Achromobacter*

**Agriculture**

**Results Application Reference**

Mixed with diet formulation

Mixed with diet formulation

Mixed with diet formulation

Direct-feds microbials

Direct-feds microbials

Biofertilizers [21]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

Positive effect of probiotics consumption on the digestive tract thus decreasing the diarrheic diseases that are frequent in the pig husbandry.

Digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, and crude fat increased upon treatment with probiotic and significant reduction of fecal Salmonella and *E. coli* counts with an increase of probiotics counts.

LAB administration showed effectiveness in antagonistic effect against *Salmonella* colonization, invasion, and the induced inflammation.

Significantly improves milk yield as well as the milk composition.

Probiotics proved to be effective in increasing milk production of lactating cows. Milk fat, milk protein and solid-not-fat content tended to be higher in cows supplemented with probiotics.

Halotolerant bacterial consortia significantly (P ≥ 0.05) increased the emergence, growth, biomass and Super Oxide Dismutase activity of wheat seedlings exposed to salt stress. *Microorganisms*

**Aquaculture** Shrimp (*Litopenaeus vannamei*)

Striped catfish (*Pangasianodon hypophthalmus*)

Salmon (*Salmo salar* L.) and Trout (*Oncorhynchus mykiss*)

Fresh water prawn (*Macrobrachium rosenbergii*)

Sea bream larvae (*Sparus aurata*)

**Subject Probiotics** 

**organism**

*hansenii*, *Rhodotorula* sp. Algae: *Chaetoceros* sp.

*Bacillus amyloliquefaciens* 54A and *B. pumilus*

*Carnobacterium inhibens* K1

Commercial probiotic: Zymetin (*Streptococcus faecalis*, *Clostridium butyricum*, *Bacillus mesentericus*, Beer yeast). Super PS (*Rhodobacter* sp. and *Rhodococcus* sp.)

*Lactobacillus fructivorans* and *Lactobacillus plantarum*

47B

Bacteria: *Bacillus thuringiensis*, *Bacillus megaterium*, *Bacillus polymyxa*, *Bacillus licheniformis* and *Bacillus subtilis* Yeast: *Debaryomyces*  Post-larval stage of *L. vannamei* treated with either bacteria and yeasts or bacteria, yeasts and Chaetoceros exhibited increases (P < 0.05) in growth and survival as compared to controls.

The average weight gain of fish fed probiotics at 5 × 108

rate.

 CFU/g significant higher than control after 90 days of feeding, but there was not significant effect on feed conversion ratio and specific growth

Increase appetite and feeding efficiency and increase resistance to *A. salmonicida*, *V. ordalli* and *Y. ruckeri*

The production of probiotics treated pond was always higher than without probiotics treated ponds, highest growth and production were found when Zymetin and Super PS were used together.

The combination of probiotics (80:20 w/w) through dry or live feed promoted the sea bream larvae (*Sparus aurata*) intestinal microflora changes that contribute to reducing mortality in both sea bream larvae

and fries.

**Results Application Reference**

Food pellets in the form of microencapsulated beads using sodium alginate

Mixed with food pellets

Mixed with food pellets

Mixed with food pellets

Live feed and mixed with food pellets

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

**156**



#### **Table 1.**

*Reports of the use of probiotics in aquaculture, animal husbandry, and agriculture.*

of probiotic microorganisms that are able to dissolve the P element in acid soils can increase the production of agricultural commodities as reported by many researchers [21–25].
