**Table 6.**

*Enzymes, source, and some applications.*

## *Microorganisms as Biocatalysts and Enzyme Sources DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90338*

to, biocatalysts have many attractive features in the context of green chemistry and sustainable development. Various enzymes used in different industrial processes have been described in the literature. **Table 6** indicates some enzymes, their source,

A very interesting research area in biology and biotechnology is the of extremophile microorganisms. Extremophiles can be divided into group according to (i) temperature tolerance, (ii) salt concentration, (iii) pH range, or (iv) pressure conditions. Enzymes from extremophilic microorganisms offer versatile tools for

Beer production

Textile indutry Medicinal applications Use in cosmetics Use as biosensors Use in biodegradation

Esterases *Bacillus licheniformis* Enhancement of flavor and fragrance in fruit juice

baking

Baking, brewing, starch liquefaction Clarification of fruit juice Textile industry Paper industry

High glucose and high fructose syrups

Lactose intolerance reduction in people

Prebiotic food ingredients

Cheese flavor development

Clarification of fruit juice Beer quality improvement

Food shelf life important Food flavor improvement

Clarification of fruit juice

Food preservation

production

of food

Polyphenol removal from wine

Removal of H2O2 from milk prior to cheese

Development of flavor, color and nutritional quality

and some applications [111–113].

α-Amylase *Bacillus*

Proteases *A. usami*

Lactase (βgalactosidase)

Glucoamylase *Aspergillus niger*

Lipase *Candida antarctica*

Xylanases *Streptomyces* sp.

Glucose oxidase *A. niger*

Pectinases *A. niger*

Catalase *A. niger*

Peroxidase *Streptomyces*

*Enzymes, source, and some applications.*

**Table 6.**

**294**

Laccase *Funalia trogii*

*Bacillus* sp. *Pseudomonas* sp.

*A. wentii Rhizopus* sp.

*Metarhizium anisopliae Psychrobacter piscatorri*

*viridosporus*

*Penicillium glaucum P. adametzzi*

*Bacillus licheniformis Bacillus vallismortis*

**Microbial enzymes Microorganism Application**

*A. awamori Rhizopus oryzae*

*Kluyveromyces lactis K. fragilis*

*C. cylindraceae Ay30 Helvina lanuginosa Pseudomonas* sp. *Geotrichum candidum*

Phospholipases *Fusarium oxysporum* Cheese flavor development

*amyloliquefaciens B. stearothermophilus B. licheniformis*

**2.8 Extremophiles**

*Microorganisms*

sustainable developments in a variety of industrial applications as they show important environmental benefits due to their biodegradability, specific stability under extreme conditions, improved use of raw materials, and decreased amount of waste products. Although major advances have been made in the last decade, our knowledge of the physiology, metabolism, enzymology, and genetics of this fascinating group of extremophilic microorganisms and their related enzymes is still limited [114–116].

The outstanding properties of thermozymes are suited to industries that employ elevated temperatures, such as the pulp and paper, food, brewing, and feed processing industries. Thermophiles are often highly resistant to harsh conditions such as chemical denaturing agents, wide pH ranges, and/or nonaqueous solvents. Examples of such enzymes are cellulases, xylanases, pectinases, chitinases, amylases, pullulanases, proteases, lipases, glucose isomerases, alcohol dehydrogenases, and esterases. Thermophilic enzymes have played important roles not only at the industrial level but also in pharmaceutical applications requiring use of specific aldolases for the synthesis of enantiopure compounds (**Table 7**) [118].


#### **Table 7.**

*Extremophile microorganisms and some applications of their enzymes.*
