*2.3.2 Surfactants*

The anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate, has been reported to destruct biofilm via enhancing the formation of central cavity within biofilm [99]. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (Catanionic surfactant), together with application of high shear stress, increased the detachment of *Pseudomonas fluorescens* biofilms [100]. The non-ionic surfactants, polyoxy ethylene sorbitan monolaurate (Tween-20) and ethoxylated p-tert-octyl phenol (Triton X-100), were demonstrated to cause biofilm detachment [100]. Certain biosurfactants, which are surface active molecules formed by microorganisms, were reported to have antibiofilm activity. For example, surfactin, obtained from *Bacillus subtilis*, was found to have antibiofilm activity in case of *Salmonella enterica* in polyvinyl chloride microtiter wells and urethral catheters [101]. Another example is Rhamnolipids, that are produced principally, by *P. aeruginosa*, were found to promote the dispersal of bacterial biofilm [99]. Additionally, biosurfactants from *P. fluorescens* prevent the attachment of *Listeria monocytogenes* to stainless steel surfaces [102].
