Preface

Before 2013, yellow fever and dengue were the main arboviruses of concern in the Latin American region. However, after December of that year, chikungunya arrived in the region, and a couple of years later Zika virus (ZIKV) [1–16]. Zika is another virus transmitted by vectors (arboviruses) affecting not only people living in the tropics, but also travelers and migrating populations [17–20]. Zika has impacted significantly on the health of the Americas, especially in Central and South America, due to the large number of cases of Guillain-Barré Syndrome that have been reported in the association, as well, especially due to microcephaly and the Congenital Zika Syndrome, which was the reason for it to be declared on February 2016 as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) by the World Health Organization (WHO) [1–16].

Keeping these issues in mind, this book includes different topics regarding research and clinical topics related to Zika virus research in the last five years in the Americas as well as in the World. This book has been organized in three major sections: Epidemiology; Clinical Aspects; and Zika and Guillain-Barré Syndrome.

Commissioning of this book by IntechOpen editorial has been related in part to my long commitment to vector-borne, zoonotic, and neglected tropical diseases, being involved as Co-Chair of the Working Group on Zoonoses of the International Society for Chemotherapy (WGZ-ISC), as well as in Colombia at the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses and Travel Medicine of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (Asociación Colombiana de Infectología, ACIN) and more recently important, as the Chair of the Colombian Collaborative Network of Research on Zika (Red Colombiana de Colaboración en Zika) (RECOLZIKA), since January 2016. RECOLZIKA has contributed to multiple aspects of the research on Zika in Colombia and other countries in Latin America, including about the Congenital Zika Syndrome as well as on the Guillain-Barré, among other clinical consequences of this arboviral disease (more than 50 papers in journals indexed on Scopus, Web of Sciences and PubMed, among other databases).

I have been involved in tropical diseases for the last two decades, including leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, as well as dengue, and since 2014, chikungunya and emerging arboviruses, such as Zika and Mayaro. After moving from Venezuela to Colombia in 2011, I have been involved in research of tropical diseases in Risaralda, such as leishmaniasis (still prevalent in the area), where we still keep working on this important neglected condition. Part of all this is a clear reflection of the work at the Research Group Infection Public Health and Infection (classified A1 by Colciencias) of the Faculty of Health Sciences of the Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, directed by Dr. Guillermo Javier Lagos-Grisales, not just a partner, a colleague and mainly a friend, an extreme believer in our work in vector-borne and zoonotic diseases. But, I must recognize also the beginning of a significant collaboration after a meeting in Cartagena in 2013, during the Colombian Congress of Infectious Diseases, where I met Dr. Wilmer Ernesto Villamil-Gómez, from Sincelejo, Sucre, Colombia, also part

**II**

**Section 3**

*by Raafat Hammad Seroor Jadah*

Associated with Zika Virus Infection *by Thomas Harbo and Henning Andersen*

Zika and Guillain-Barré Syndrome **87**

**Chapter 6 89**

**Chapter 7 101**

Guillain-Barre Syndrome and Miller Fisher Variant in Zika Virus Disease

Neuromuscular Effects and Rehabilitation in Guillain-Barré Syndrome

of the former Committee of Zoonoses and Hemorrhagic Fevers of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (Asociación Colombiana de Infectología, ACIN) (now called Committee of Zoonoses and Tropical Medicine), who became since that year my most important collaborator on arboviruses, including Zika. In addition to that, since 2002 I have been involved in tropical medicine and travel medicine, participating in multiple studies on Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, and other tropical diseases. Currently in Colombia, we continue studying most of them, including now their assessment in internally displaced populations.

Following the same philosophy as we had on my eight previous books with IntechOpen, Current Topics in Tropical Medicine [21], Current Topics in Public Health [22], Current Topics in Echinococcosis [23], Current Topics in Chikungunya [24], Current Topics in Malaria [25], Current Topics in Giardiasis [26], Current Topics in Zika [27], Current Topics in Tropical Emerging Infectious Diseases and Travel Medicine [28], Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases [29], this books does not intend to be an exhaustive compilation and this first edition has included not just multiple different topics but also wide geographical participation from many countries of different regions of the world. In a previous book, Current Topics in Zika [27], many related topics have been developed. This updated book with complementary topics includes new contributors and perspectives. Its online availability through the website of IntechOpen, as well the possibility to upload the complete book or their chapters on personal websites and institution repositories, allows it to reach a wide audience. Continuing on the series of "Current Topics" books, we are planning to develop in the future other projects such as "Current Topics in Zoonoses", "Current Topics in Virology", "Current Topics in COVID-19".

I would like to give a very special thanks to IntechOpen, and particularly to Josip Knapic, for the opportunity to edit this interesting and important book, as well for his constant support.

I want to take the appropriate time and space, as I used to do, to dedicate this book to my beloved family (Aurora, Alfonso José, Alejandro and Andrea, the neurologist). Katterine, my fiancé, is making every day more and more special my life, I love her more than anything and I am happy to have her existence in my life. I love you.

Also, to my friends and my undergraduate and postgraduate students of health sciences in Colombia, Venezuela and around Latin America. Also is time to say thanks to my colleagues at the Working Group on Zoonoses, International Society for Chemotherapy and the Committee on Zoonoses, Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine (formerly on Zoonoses and Haemorrhagic Fevers) of the Colombian Infectious Diseases Society (ACIN) and a large list of members of RECOLZIKA (www.RECOLZIKA.org). Special thanks again to my friend and colleague Dr. Guillermo J. Lagos-Grisales, MD, MPH. Members of our research group and incubator consist of young and enthusiastic medical students and some veterinary medical students as well as young medical doctors, who are pursuing significant improvements in the understanding of the epidemiology of zoonotic, vector-borne, parasitic and in general, infectious diseases, in our country with international projection. The year 2019 has been a great year, very productive for this recognized group, which was classified in 2017 by the national agency of science, Colciencias, in the highest rank "A1", and then again in 2019 recognized with that rank, which is

**V**

positioning as a leader in infectious diseases epidemiology research in the coffeetriangle region and in the country. The idea of this book begun in 2019, but in 2020 we faced the COVID-19 pandemic that certainly impacted multiple life processes including the development of this book, but certainly is a new pathogen we should also face, and indeed we also created a network for research and collaboration on

Finally, I hope our readers enjoy this publication as much as I did reading the

**Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales MD, MSc, DTM&H, FRSTMH(Lon),** 

Senior Researcher, Public Health and Infection Research Group,

Chair, Colombian Network of Research in Zika (RECOLZIKA),

Chair, Latin American Network of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Research

Vicepresident, Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN),

Senior Researcher, Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina,

Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas,

**FFTM RCPS(Glasg), FACE, HonDSc.**

Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia

Faculty of Health Sciences,

Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia

Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia

Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia

Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia

Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia

Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia

Panama City, Panama

Co-Chair, Working Group on Zoonoses, International Society for Chemotherapy (ISC),

Zoonoses and Travel Medicine, ACIN,

President, Committee on Travel Medicine, Pan-American Association of Infectious Diseases,

Member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine,

Faculty of Medicine,

(LANCOVID),

Editor, Current Concepts in Zika Research,

Professor,

this, LANCOVID (www.LANCOVID.org).

chapters of Current Concepts in Zika Research.

positioning as a leader in infectious diseases epidemiology research in the coffeetriangle region and in the country. The idea of this book begun in 2019, but in 2020 we faced the COVID-19 pandemic that certainly impacted multiple life processes including the development of this book, but certainly is a new pathogen we should also face, and indeed we also created a network for research and collaboration on this, LANCOVID (www.LANCOVID.org).

Finally, I hope our readers enjoy this publication as much as I did reading the chapters of Current Concepts in Zika Research.

## **Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales MD, MSc, DTM&H, FRSTMH(Lon), FFTM RCPS(Glasg), FACE, HonDSc.** Professor, Editor, Current Concepts in Zika Research, Senior Researcher, Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia

Senior Researcher, Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia

Chair, Colombian Network of Research in Zika (RECOLZIKA), Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia

Chair, Latin American Network of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Research (LANCOVID), Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia

> Co-Chair, Working Group on Zoonoses, International Society for Chemotherapy (ISC), Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia

Vicepresident, Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN), Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia

> Member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses and Travel Medicine, ACIN, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia

President, Committee on Travel Medicine, Pan-American Association of Infectious Diseases, Panama City, Panama

**IV**

his constant support.

I love you.

of the former Committee of Zoonoses and Hemorrhagic Fevers of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (Asociación Colombiana de Infectología, ACIN) (now called Committee of Zoonoses and Tropical Medicine), who became since that year my most important collaborator on arboviruses, including Zika. In addition to that, since 2002 I have been involved in tropical medicine and travel medicine, participating in multiple studies on Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, and other tropical diseases. Currently in Colombia, we continue studying most of them, including now

Following the same philosophy as we had on my eight previous books with IntechOpen, Current Topics in Tropical Medicine [21], Current Topics in Public Health [22], Current Topics in Echinococcosis [23], Current Topics in Chikungunya [24], Current Topics in Malaria [25], Current Topics in Giardiasis [26], Current Topics in Zika [27], Current Topics in Tropical Emerging Infectious Diseases and Travel Medicine [28], Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases [29], this books does not intend to be an exhaustive compilation and this first edition has included not just multiple different topics but also wide geographical participation from many countries of different regions of the world. In a previous book, Current Topics in Zika [27], many related topics have been developed. This updated book with complementary topics includes new contributors and perspectives. Its online availability through the website of IntechOpen, as well the possibility to upload the complete book or their chapters on personal websites and institution repositories, allows it to reach a wide audience. Continuing on the series of "Current Topics" books, we are planning to develop in the future other projects such as "Current Topics in Zoonoses", "Current Topics in Virology", "Current Topics in COVID-19".

I would like to give a very special thanks to IntechOpen, and particularly to Josip Knapic, for the opportunity to edit this interesting and important book, as well for

I want to take the appropriate time and space, as I used to do, to dedicate this book to my beloved family (Aurora, Alfonso José, Alejandro and Andrea, the neurologist). Katterine, my fiancé, is making every day more and more special my life, I love her more than anything and I am happy to have her existence in my life.

Also, to my friends and my undergraduate and postgraduate students of health sciences in Colombia, Venezuela and around Latin America. Also is time to say thanks to my colleagues at the Working Group on Zoonoses, International Society for Chemotherapy and the Committee on Zoonoses, Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine (formerly on Zoonoses and Haemorrhagic Fevers) of the Colombian Infectious Diseases Society (ACIN) and a large list of members of RECOLZIKA (www.RECOLZIKA.org). Special thanks again to my friend and colleague Dr. Guillermo J. Lagos-Grisales, MD, MPH. Members of our research group and incubator consist of young and enthusiastic medical students and some veterinary medical students as well as young medical doctors, who are pursuing significant improvements in the understanding of the epidemiology of zoonotic, vector-borne, parasitic and in general, infectious diseases, in our country with international projection. The year 2019 has been a great year, very productive for this recognized group, which was classified in 2017 by the national agency of science, Colciencias, in the highest rank "A1", and then again in 2019 recognized with that rank, which is

their assessment in internally displaced populations.

## **References**

[1] Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Bandeira AC, Franco-Paredes C. The expanding spectrum of modes of transmission of Zika virus: a global concern. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2016 Mar 3; 15:13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/ s12941-016-0128-2

[2] Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Cardona-Ospina JA, Ramirez-Jaramillo V, Gaviria JA, González-Moreno GM, Castrillón-Spitia JD, López-Villegas A, Morales-Jiménez E, Ramírez-Zapata V, Rueda-Merchán GE, Trujillo AM, Tabares-Villa FA, Henao-SanMartin V, Murillo-Garcia DR, Herrera-Soto JA, Buitrago-Cañas ML, Collins MH, Sepúlveda-Arias JC, Londoño JJ, Bedoya-Rendón HD, Cárdenas-Pérez JJ, Olaya SX, Lagos-Grisales GJ. Diagnosis and outcomes of pregnant women with Zika virus infection in two municipalities of Risaralda, Colombia: Second report of the ZIKERNCOL study. Travel Med Infect Dis 2018 Sep-Oct; 25(10):20-25

[3] Rodríguez-Morales AJ, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Bonilla-Aldana JL, Arteaga-Livias K, Pecho-Silva S, Escalera-Antezana JP. Role of Zika virus infection in cases and outbreaks of Guillain-Barré syndrome in Latin America: pooling the prevalence of studies. Travel Med Infect Dis 2021 Epub Ahead Nov 1; https://www. sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/ pii/S1477893920304014

[4] Alvarado-Socarras JL, Idrovo AJ, Contreras-García GA, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Audcent TA, Mogollon-Mendoza AC, Paniz-Mondolfi A. Congenital microcephaly: A diagnostic challenge during Zika epidemics. Travel Med Infect Dis 2018 May-Jun; 23(3):14-20.

[5] Bonilla-Aldana DK, Bonilla-Aldana JL, García-Bustos JJ, Lozada CO, Rodríguez-Morales AJ. Geographical Trends of Chikungunya and Zika in

the Colombian Amazonian Gateway Department, Caqueta, 2015-2018 – Implications for Public Health and Travel Medicine. Travel Med Infect Dis 2020 May-Jun; 35:101481.

[6] Chowdhury FR, Ibrahim QSU, Bari S, Alam MMJ, Dunachie SJ, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Patwary I. The Association between Temperature, Rainfall and Humidity with Common Climate-sensitive infectious Diseases in Bangladesh. PLoS One 2018; 13(6):e0199579. doi 10.1371/ journal. pone.0199579

[7] Quintero-Herrera LL, Ramírez-Jaramillo V, Bernal-Gutiérrez S, Cárdenas-Giraldo EV, Guerrero-Matituy EA, Molina-Delgado AH, Montoya-Arias CP, Rico-Gallego JA, Herrera-Giraldo AC, Botero-Franco S, Rodríguez-Morales AJ. Potential impact of climatic variability on the epidemiology of Dengue in Risaralda, Colombia, 2010-2011. J Infect Public Health 2015 May-June; 8(3):291-297.

[8] Escobedo AA, Almirall P, Rumbaut R, Rodríguez-Morales AJ. Potential impact of macroclimatic variability on the epidemiology of Giardiasis in three provinces of Cuba, 2010-2012. J Infect Public Health 2015 Jan-Feb; 8(1):80-89.

[9] Mattar S, Morales V, Cassab A, Rodríguez-Morales AJ. Effect of Climate Variables on Dengue Incidence in a Tropical Caribbean Municipality of Colombia, Cerete, 2003-2008. Int J Infect Dis 2013 May; 17(5):e358-e359.

[10] Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Climate Change, Climate Variability and Brucellosis. Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov 2013; 8(1):4-12.

[11] Von A, Zaragoza E, Jones D, Rodríguez-Morales AJ, Franco-Paredes C. New insights into Chagas

**VII**

103-110.

Disease: a neglected disease in Latin America. J Infect Dev Ctries 2007 Oct; [18] Pezzi L, Reusken CB, Weaver SC, Drexler JF, Busch M, LaBeaud D, Diamond MS, Vasilakis N, Drebot MA, Siqueira AM, Ribeiro GS, Kohl A, Lecuit M, Ng LFP, Gallian P,

de Lamballerie X, on behalf of GloPID-R Chikungunya, O'nyong-nyong and Mayaro virus Working Group, Boyer S, Brasil P, Diallo M, Failloux AB, Jaenisch T, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R, Neyts J, Rios M, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Rosa-Freitas MG, Sall A, Simmons G, Simon F, Vega Rua A. GloPID-R report on Chikungunya, O'nyong-nyong and Mayaro virus, part I: Biological diagnostics. Antiviral Research

[19] Pezzi L, LaBeaud D, Reusken CB, Drexler JF, Vasilakis N, Diallo M, Simon F, Jaenisch T, Gallian P, Sall A, Failloux AB, Weaver SC, Lamballerie X, on behalf of GloPID-R Chikungunya, O'nyong-nyong and Mayaro virus Working Group, de Boyer S, Brasil P, Busch M, Diamond MS, Drebot MA, Kohl A, Lecuit M, Lourenço-de-

Oliveira R, Neyts J, Ng LFP, Ribeiro GS, Rios M, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Rosa-Freitas MG, Simmons G, Siqueira AM, Vega Rua A. GloPID-R report on Chikungunya, O'nyong-nyong and Mayaro virus, part II: Epidemiological distribution of O'nyong-nyong virus. Antiviral Research 2019 Epub Ahead Sep 20 https://www.sciencedirect.com/ science/article/pii/S0166354219305121

[20] Pezzi L, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Reusken CB, Ribeiro GS, LaBeaud D, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R, Brasil P, Lecuit M, Failloux AB, Gallian P, Jaenisch T, Simon F, Siqueira AM, Rosa-Freitas MG, Vega Rua A, Weaver SC, Drexler JF, Vasilakis N, Lamballerie X, on behalf of GloPID-R Chikungunya, O'nyong-nyong and Mayaro virus Working Group. GloPID-R report on Chikungunya, O'nyong-nyong and Mayaro virus, part III: Epidemiological distribution of Mayaro virus. Antiviral Research 2019 Epub Ahead Sep 20 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/

article/pii/S0166354219305133

2019 Jun; 166:66-81.

[12] Franco-Paredes C, Jones D, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Santos-Preciado JI. Commentary: Improving the health of neglected populations in Latin America. BMC Public Health 2007

[13] Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Bolívar-Mejía A, Alarcón-Olave C, Calvo-Betancourt LS. Plasmodium vivax Malaria in Latin America. In: C. Franco-Paredes, J.I. Santos-Preciado (eds.). Neglected Tropical Diseases – Latin America and the Caribbean, Neglected Tropical Diseases. Springer-Verlag Wien, 2015. doi: 10.1007/978-3-7091- 1422-3\_5. Pages 23. ISBN 978-3-7091-

[14] Franco-Paredes C and Rodríguez-Morales AJ. Awakening Hippocrates: A Primer on Health, Poverty, and Global Service. JAMA 2006 Aug 2; 296(5): 591.

[15] Quintero K, Durán C, Duri D, Medina F, Garcia J, Hidalgo G, Nakal S, Echeverria-Ortega M, Albano C, Nino Incani R, Cortez J, Jiménez S, Díaz M, Maldonado C, Matute F, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Household social determinants of ascariasis and trichuriasis in North Central Venezuela. International Health 2012 Jun; 4(2):

[16] Franco-Paredes C, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Unsolved matters in

leprosy: a descriptive review and call for further research. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2016 May 21; 15:33. http:// ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/ articles/10.1186/s12941-016-0149-x

[17] Musso D, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Levi JE, Cao-Lormeau VM, Gubler DJ. Unexpected outbreaks of arbovirus infections: Lessons Learned from the Pacific and Tropical America. Lancet Infect Dis 2018 Nov; 18(11):e355-e361.

1(2):99-111.

Jan 23;7:11.

1421-6. Pp: 89-111.

Disease: a neglected disease in Latin America. J Infect Dev Ctries 2007 Oct; 1(2):99-111.

[12] Franco-Paredes C, Jones D, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Santos-Preciado JI. Commentary: Improving the health of neglected populations in Latin America. BMC Public Health 2007 Jan 23;7:11.

[13] Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Bolívar-Mejía A, Alarcón-Olave C, Calvo-Betancourt LS. Plasmodium vivax Malaria in Latin America. In: C. Franco-Paredes, J.I. Santos-Preciado (eds.). Neglected Tropical Diseases – Latin America and the Caribbean, Neglected Tropical Diseases. Springer-Verlag Wien, 2015. doi: 10.1007/978-3-7091- 1422-3\_5. Pages 23. ISBN 978-3-7091- 1421-6. Pp: 89-111.

[14] Franco-Paredes C and Rodríguez-Morales AJ. Awakening Hippocrates: A Primer on Health, Poverty, and Global Service. JAMA 2006 Aug 2; 296(5): 591.

[15] Quintero K, Durán C, Duri D, Medina F, Garcia J, Hidalgo G, Nakal S, Echeverria-Ortega M, Albano C, Nino Incani R, Cortez J, Jiménez S, Díaz M, Maldonado C, Matute F, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Household social determinants of ascariasis and trichuriasis in North Central Venezuela. International Health 2012 Jun; 4(2): 103-110.

[16] Franco-Paredes C, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Unsolved matters in leprosy: a descriptive review and call for further research. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2016 May 21; 15:33. http:// ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/ articles/10.1186/s12941-016-0149-x

[17] Musso D, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Levi JE, Cao-Lormeau VM, Gubler DJ. Unexpected outbreaks of arbovirus infections: Lessons Learned from the Pacific and Tropical America. Lancet Infect Dis 2018 Nov; 18(11):e355-e361.

[18] Pezzi L, Reusken CB, Weaver SC, Drexler JF, Busch M, LaBeaud D, Diamond MS, Vasilakis N, Drebot MA, Siqueira AM, Ribeiro GS, Kohl A, Lecuit M, Ng LFP, Gallian P, de Lamballerie X, on behalf of GloPID-R Chikungunya, O'nyong-nyong and Mayaro virus Working Group, Boyer S, Brasil P, Diallo M, Failloux AB, Jaenisch T, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R, Neyts J, Rios M, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Rosa-Freitas MG, Sall A, Simmons G, Simon F, Vega Rua A. GloPID-R report on Chikungunya, O'nyong-nyong and Mayaro virus, part I: Biological diagnostics. Antiviral Research 2019 Jun; 166:66-81.

[19] Pezzi L, LaBeaud D, Reusken CB, Drexler JF, Vasilakis N, Diallo M, Simon F, Jaenisch T, Gallian P, Sall A, Failloux AB, Weaver SC, Lamballerie X, on behalf of GloPID-R Chikungunya, O'nyong-nyong and Mayaro virus Working Group, de Boyer S, Brasil P, Busch M, Diamond MS, Drebot MA, Kohl A, Lecuit M, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R, Neyts J, Ng LFP, Ribeiro GS, Rios M, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Rosa-Freitas MG, Simmons G, Siqueira AM, Vega Rua A. GloPID-R report on Chikungunya, O'nyong-nyong and Mayaro virus, part II: Epidemiological distribution of O'nyong-nyong virus. Antiviral Research 2019 Epub Ahead Sep 20 https://www.sciencedirect.com/ science/article/pii/S0166354219305121

[20] Pezzi L, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Reusken CB, Ribeiro GS, LaBeaud D, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R, Brasil P, Lecuit M, Failloux AB, Gallian P, Jaenisch T, Simon F, Siqueira AM, Rosa-Freitas MG, Vega Rua A, Weaver SC, Drexler JF, Vasilakis N, Lamballerie X, on behalf of GloPID-R Chikungunya, O'nyong-nyong and Mayaro virus Working Group. GloPID-R report on Chikungunya, O'nyong-nyong and Mayaro virus, part III: Epidemiological distribution of Mayaro virus. Antiviral Research 2019 Epub Ahead Sep 20 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ article/pii/S0166354219305133

**VI**

23(3):14-20.

[1] Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Bandeira AC, Franco-Paredes C. The expanding spectrum of modes of transmission of Zika virus: a global concern. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2016 Mar 3; 15:13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/

the Colombian Amazonian Gateway Department, Caqueta, 2015-2018 – Implications for Public Health and Travel Medicine. Travel Med Infect Dis

[6] Chowdhury FR, Ibrahim QSU, Bari S, Alam MMJ, Dunachie SJ, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Patwary I. The Association between Temperature, Rainfall and Humidity with Common Climate-sensitive infectious Diseases in Bangladesh. PLoS One 2018; 13(6):e0199579. doi 10.1371/ journal.

[7] Quintero-Herrera LL, Ramírez-Jaramillo V, Bernal-Gutiérrez S, Cárdenas-Giraldo EV, Guerrero-Matituy EA, Molina-Delgado AH, Montoya-Arias CP, Rico-Gallego JA, Herrera-Giraldo AC, Botero-Franco S, Rodríguez-Morales AJ. Potential impact of climatic variability on the epidemiology of Dengue in Risaralda, Colombia, 2010-2011. J Infect Public Health 2015 May-June; 8(3):291-297.

[8] Escobedo AA, Almirall P, Rumbaut R, Rodríguez-Morales AJ. Potential impact of macroclimatic variability on the epidemiology of Giardiasis in three provinces of Cuba, 2010-2012. J Infect Public Health 2015

[9] Mattar S, Morales V, Cassab A, Rodríguez-Morales AJ. Effect of Climate Variables on Dengue Incidence in a Tropical Caribbean Municipality of Colombia, Cerete, 2003-2008. Int J Infect Dis 2013 May; 17(5):e358-e359.

[10] Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Climate Change, Climate Variability and Brucellosis. Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug

[11] Von A, Zaragoza E, Jones D, Rodríguez-Morales AJ, Franco-Paredes C. New insights into Chagas

Discov 2013; 8(1):4-12.

Jan-Feb; 8(1):80-89.

2020 May-Jun; 35:101481.

pone.0199579

[2] Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Cardona-Ospina JA, Ramirez-Jaramillo V, Gaviria JA, González-Moreno GM, Castrillón-Spitia JD, López-Villegas A, Morales-Jiménez E, Ramírez-Zapata V, Rueda-Merchán GE, Trujillo AM, Tabares-Villa FA, Henao-SanMartin V, Murillo-Garcia DR, Herrera-Soto JA, Buitrago-Cañas ML, Collins MH, Sepúlveda-Arias JC, Londoño JJ, Bedoya-Rendón HD, Cárdenas-Pérez JJ, Olaya SX, Lagos-Grisales GJ. Diagnosis and outcomes of pregnant women with Zika virus infection in two municipalities of Risaralda, Colombia: Second report of the ZIKERNCOL study. Travel Med Infect Dis 2018 Sep-Oct; 25(10):20-25

[3] Rodríguez-Morales AJ, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Bonilla-Aldana JL, Arteaga-Livias K, Pecho-Silva S, Escalera-Antezana JP. Role of Zika virus infection in cases and outbreaks of Guillain-Barré syndrome in Latin America: pooling the prevalence of studies. Travel Med Infect Dis 2021 Epub Ahead Nov 1; https://www. sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/

pii/S1477893920304014

[4] Alvarado-Socarras JL, Idrovo AJ, Contreras-García GA, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Audcent TA, Mogollon-Mendoza AC, Paniz-Mondolfi A. Congenital microcephaly: A diagnostic challenge during Zika epidemics. Travel Med Infect Dis 2018 May-Jun;

[5] Bonilla-Aldana DK, Bonilla-

Aldana JL, García-Bustos JJ, Lozada CO, Rodríguez-Morales AJ. Geographical Trends of Chikungunya and Zika in

s12941-016-0128-2

**References**

[21] Rodriguez-Morales AJ. (Editor). Current Topics in Tropical Medicine. ISBN 978-953-51-0274-8. InTech, Croatia, March 2012. Available at: http://www.intechopen.com/books/ current-topics-in-tropical-medicine

[22] Rodriguez-Morales AJ. (Editor). Current Topics in Public Health. ISBN 978-953-51-1121-4. InTech, Croatia, May 2013. Available at: http://www.intechopen.com/books/ current-topics-in-public-health

[23] Rodriguez-Morales AJ. (Editor). Current Topics in Echinococcosis. ISBN 978-953-51-2159-6. InTech, Croatia, September 2015. http:// www.intechopen.com/books/ current-topics-in-echinococcosis

[24] Rodriguez-Morales AJ. (Editor). Current Topics in Chikungunya. ISBN 978-953-51-2595-2. InTech, Croatia, August 2016. http:// www.intechopen.com/books/ current-topics-in-chikungunya

[25] Rodriguez-Morales AJ. (Editor). Current Topics in Malaria. ISBN 978-953-51-2790-1. InTech, Croatia, November 2016. http:// www.intechopen.com/books/ current-topics-in-malaria

[26] Rodriguez-Morales AJ. (Editor). Current Topics in Giardiasis. ISBN 978-953-51-5260-6. InTech, Croatia, December 2017. http://www.intechopen. com/books/current-topics-in-giardiasis

[27] Rodriguez-Morales AJ. (Editor). Current Topics in Zika. ISBN 978-1- 78923-271-4. InTech, United Kingdom, June 2018. https://www.intechopen. com/books/current-topics-in-zika

[28] Rodriguez-Morales AJ. (Editor). Current Topics in Tropical Emerging Diseases and Travel Medicine. ISBN 978-1-78984-824-3. InTech, United Kingdom, December 2018. https:// www.intechopen.com/books/

current-topics-in-tropical-emergingdiseases-and-travel-medicine

[29] Rodriguez-Morales AJ. (Editor). Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases. ISBN 978-1-78923-890-7. InTech, United Kingdom, December 2019. Available at: https://www. intechopen.com/books/current-topicsin-neglected-tropical-diseases

**1**

Section 1

Epidemiology
