**4. Relation of system complexity and work task complexity**

By implementing robotic technology in construction and building technology, the degree of autonomy of the robotic system has to be considered. In general, the degree of autonomy of a robotic system is closely correlated to its work tasks it can perform. Work tasks can be classified into work tasks which are structured and standardized on the one hand and unstructured and not standardized work tasks on the other hand. For example, on the lowest level, resources and materials are processed using robots in standardized conditions. However, the assembly of building kits is done in a less structured environment and thus needs robotic systems which are more flexible. Up to today, it was difficult to apply humanoids to other autonomous complex robot technology in work tasks as building kit assembly and service. Yet, advancements in structuring environments and information about the environment for robotic systems on the one hand, and robot control technology and artificial intelligence on the other hand, lead to the fact that all highly autonomous systems can increasingly be applied in service environments.

Exoskeleton and Humanoid Robotic Technology in Construction and Built Environment 141

The authors are currently working on applying and seamlessly integrating distributed robotic technology and mechatronic systems into home, care and city environments [27] [28] [29]. When people are assisted in close correlation by a robotic system, it is necessary to acquire as much data as possible about the person in real-time (e.g. activity, movement, vital signs) in order to understand and be able to predict mental and physical stat at any time. The authors currently develop a chair which is in real-time monitoring and interpreting vital data and is beyond that able to serve as a control station for games and home automation. The chair is developed within GEWOS, a University-Industry collaborative project financed by the German ministry (Runtime: 2010-2013) [30]. Its objective is to upgrade furniture components with sensors and other mechatronic components in order to support a healthy, save and active life at home. Among the partners are the Fraunhofer Institute for integrated circuits (section medical sensors) and EnOcean GmbH, a forerunner in energy harvesting and sensor applications. The first target of the consortium is to develop a "Fitness Chair" which is measuring people's vital signs, then makes those vital signs transparent to the user and finally try to activate the

Fig. 18. Sensor Chair developed within the authors' R&D (Research & Development) Project GEWOS. The "Fitness Chair" is measuring people's vital signs, makes those vital signs then transparent to the user and finally try's to activate the user to become more active, do sports

**5. Modularity and compatibility of element technology** 

user to become more active (Figure 15), do sports and meet friends.

Copyright T. Linner

and meet friends.

Table 1. Up to today, it was difficult to apply humanoids to other autonomous service robots in work tasks as building kit assembly and service. Yet, advancements in structuring environments and information about the environment for robotic systems on the one hand, and robot control technology and artificial intelligence on the other hand, lead to the fact that all highly autonomous systems can increasingly be applied in well planned service environments.

The notion of Generation Robots was introduced by Professor H. Moravec, Carnegie Mellon University, in order to describe the evolution of robot technology in near future. First Generation Robots refer to robot systems have an autonomy and intellectual capacity that is compare able to that of a lizard (available: 2010). Second Generation Robots are capable of learning and their intelligence is comparable to that of a mouse (available: 2020). Further, intellectual abilities of Third Generation Robots shall be comparable to that of a monkey (available 2030) and that of Fourth Generation Robot's intelligence finally shall be comparable to that of human beings (available: 2040). In order to be able to describe earlier developments in robot technology we introduce generation zero in our graphic.
