**4. Summary**

22 Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH

a) Overview of the development interface. Visualization of the state-transition model (left), XML based editing panel (right top), real-time annotation of existing scripts (right bottom). Editing task script. When the developer types the keyword "Hello", the existing script from the script database is annotated as "conflict" and suggest to reuse. At this step, the system only accepts 3 ("Hello", "What can you do?",

b) When the developer check the "greet" script, which already contains several vocabulary for greeting, it is unified to the task script. As a result, the developer only had to increment the application specific vocabulary to realize the whole script with many vocabularies. At this step, the system accepts 7 ("Hello", "Good morning", "Good afternoon", "Thank you", "Nice to meet you", "What can you do?",

"Come here") phrases.

"Come here") phrases.

Fig. 18. Example of using the web based interface.

In this chapter, we have introduced our health exercise robot TAIZO and the development background. TAIZO has the function to accept commands by voice and keypad, and demonstrates by using its body in collaboration with human demonstrator. Through the experiment, we have measured not only the error rate of both voice and key inputs, but also, the demonstrative effect of using each method. Through real demonstrations, we have confirmed that the robot is effective for giving the incentive to engage in health exercises.

We have also discussed about some practical problems to make difficult the development of communication function for humanoid robot. By introducing the component based architecture and extension-by-unification method to develop the dialog script, scripts created in the past can easily be reused in the new application. In the conventional extension-by-connection method, the developer had to develop each function in turn, because it did not support the "merging" of scripts that had been developed simultaneously.

We believe, in future, how advanced the computer graphics are, humanoid robots still keep its strongness to affect the human to move. We hope such powerful medium would be used more in the feature, by developing practical techniques as described in this chapter.

#### **5. References**


**10** 

Huan Tan

*USA* 

*Vanderbilt University* 

**Implementation of a Framework for Imitation** 

Robots are designed to assist human beings to complete tasks. As described in many research journals and scientific fictions, researchers and the general public expect that one day robots can complete certain tasks independently and autonomously in our world. A typical implementation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in robotics research is expected to incorporate Knowledge Representation, Automated Reasoning, Machine Learning, and

From the beginning of this century, the importance of cognitive sciences is highlighted by the researchers in both robotics and artificial intelligences[Russell and Norvig, 2010]. Real Cognitive Science is based on the testing and experiments on animals and humans to obtain the understanding and knowledge of the cognition, and AI research is based on designing and testing algorithms on a computer based artificial system. In the development, research in both Cognitive Sciences and AI benefit each other. Cognitive Science provides theoretical foundation and solutions to the problems in AI, and AI enhances the research in Cognitive

Recently, an emerging field, named Cognitive Robotics, is developed for robots to generate human-like behaviors and intelligences, which integrates perception, action, learning, decision-making, and communication[Kawamura and Browne, 2009]. Cognitive Robotics largely incorporates the concepts in the research of cognitive sciences and tries to simulate the architecture of the information processing of human cognition. Currently, some long term requirements are proposed for Cognitive Robotics, which put concentration on the embodiment of cognitive concepts [Anderson, 2003; Sloman et al., 2006]. Increasing achievements in Cognitive Robotics began to grab the attention of the robotics research community. However, currently, it is still difficult to design truly cognition, especially human-like cognition, on a robotic platform due to the limitations in mechanism, computation, architecture, etc. [Brooks, 1991]. Therefore, on one side, researchers try to place robots in a human-existing dynamic environment to complete tasks[Brooks, 1991]; on the other side, researchers still do not obtain a general architecture to generate complex behaviors in such area for robots[Sloman, 2001]. In recent research, researchers try to place robots in robotic aid area, where robots can assist humans to complete tasks[Tan et al., 2005].

Science and provides possible research directions for Cognitive Science.

**1. Introduction** 

Computer Vision [Russell and Norvig, 2010].

**Learning on a Humanoid Robot Using a** 

**Cognitive Architecture** 

A.Symeonidisa, I.Athanasiadisb and P.Mitkasa: A Retraining Methodology for Enhancing Agent Intelligence, Knowledge-Based Systems, vol.20, issue.4, pp. 388–396 (2007)


T.Winograd: Understanding Natural Language, Academic Press (1972)
