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## Meet the editors

Edward Ronald Rhodes has a BSc in Agriculture from the University of Sierra Leone and a Ph.D. in Soil Science from Aberdeen University, United Kingdom. He is a Professor Emeritus of Soil Science in the Department of Soil Science, Njala University, Sierra Leone. He has about 30 years' experience in teaching and conducting and supervising research at Njala University. He was a Fulbright-Hays Research Scholar at Colorado State University,

USA. He was a staff member (Senior Scientist) of IFDC, in Togo and of the FAO (Component Advisor) in Malawi. He is a member of the College of Research Associates United Nations University Institute for Natural Resources in Africa. Professor Rhodes was President of the University of Sierra Leone Research Council and, more recently, the Prochancellor of Njala University.

Dr. Humood Naser is an Associate Professor of Environmental Biology at the Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bahrain. Naser holds a Ph.D. in Environmental Biology from Newcastle University, and an M.Sc. in Integrated Environmental Studies from the University of Southampton, UK. He is the author of four books, five chapters, and several articles published in reputed journals. His general research interests include

environmental and ecological impact assessment, conservation biology, effects of environmental pollutants on species and ecosystems, environmental quality monitoring, and sustainable development.

Contents

**Section 1**

West Africa

**Section 2**

*by Oddvar Skre*

*by Hussein A. El-Naggar*

*by Fiona J. Campbell*

**Section 3**

**Preface XIII**

Classification and Inventory of Natural Resources **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

**Chapter 2 37**

Impacts of Environmental Factors and Human Activities on Natural Resources **57**

**Chapter 3 59**

**Chapter 4 77**

**Chapter 5 91**

**Chapter 6 109**

Soil, Water and Waste Management **123**

**Chapter 7 125**

Ground Forest Inventory and Assessment of Carbon Stocks in Sierra Leone,

Physical Vulnerabilities from Wildfires: Flames, Floods, and Debris Flows

Taxonomical Keys for Morphological Identification of Coral-Associated

*by Veeramuthu Sekar, Ramadoss Rajasekaran, Srinivasan Balakrishnan* 

Polychaetes from Great Nicobar Islands

*by Stephen Brima Mattia and Sampha Sesay*

*by Daniel G. Neary and Jackson M. Leonard*

Human Impacts on Coral Reef Ecosystem

Succession after Fire in a Coastal Pine Forest in Norway

Human Factors: The Impact on Industry and the Environment

Soil Carbon Restoration through Conservation Agriculture *by Snigdha Chatterjee, Satarupa Ghosh and Prasanna Pal*

*and Ramamoorthy Raguraman*

## Contents



**III**

**Chapter 17 317**

**Chapter 18 339**

**Chapter 19 355**

The Contribution of Research in Combating Wildlife Poaching in Tanzania:

The Utilization and Conservation of Indigenous Wild Plant Resources

Brazilian Amazon Plants: An Overview of Chemical Composition

*by Reinaldo Martins Cunha Junior, Pâmella Buenos Aires Domingues,* 

*Rafael de Oliveira Ambrósio, Caio Augusto Freitas Martins, Jéssica Genoveva Boline Passarelli Capaz Pinto da Silva* 

in the Limpopo Province, South Africa *by Sebua S. Semenya and Matjutla J. Mokgoebo*

and Biological Activity

*and Fabio Alessandro Pieri*

Review of Existing Literature

*by Jafari R. Kideghesho*


Review of Existing Literature

*by Jafari R. Kideghesho*

**II**

**Chapter 8 149**

**Chapter 9 165**

**Chapter 10 183**

**Chapter 11 197**

**Chapter 12 219**

**Chapter 13 237**

Exploitation and Conservation of Forest, Wild Plant and Wildlife Resources **251**

**Chapter 14 253**

**Chapter 15 267**

**Chapter 16 289**

*by Adjonou Kossi, Houetchegnon Towanou, Rabiou Habou, Segla Kossi Novinyo,* 

Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Plant Adaptation to Arid Ecosystem of Bou-Hedma National Park in Tunisia *by Mahmoudi Neji, Mahdhi Mosbah and Mars Mohamed*

of Soil Salinity: Concepts and Applications

Establishment in Florida

*by Michel Soto Chalhoub*

Interventions *by Julius H. Kotir*

**Section 4**

National Park

*Tchobsala and Adamou Ibrahima*

*and Bielinski Marcelo Santos*

*by Olumuyiwa Idowu Ojo and Masengo Francois Ilunga*

*by Emmanuel Torres-Quezada, Isabel Torres-Quezada* 

Use of Geoinformatics Techniques for the Assessment and Mapping

Water Management Strategies and Cultural Practices for Strawberry

Managing and Sustaining the Coupled Water-Land-Food Systems in the Context of Global Change: How Qualitative System Dynamic Modelling Can Assist in Understanding and Designing High-Leverage

Need for a Collaborative Natural Resource Management Strategy for the Marine Environment—The Case of Plastics in the Mediterranean

Treatment of Solid Waste Containing Metals by Biological Methods

Protected Areas in Cameroon at the Mercy of the 2035 Emergent Project

*by Marlenne Gómez-Ramírez and Sergio A. Tenorio-Sánchez*

*by Bienvenu Magloire Takem Mbi and Aloysious Kohtem Lebga*

Sustainable Management of Tropical Dry Forests: An Overview from Cameroonian Context and the Special Case of Mozogo-Gokoro

Challenges of Conservation and Sustainable Management of African Rosewood (*Pterocarpus erinaceus*) in West Africa

*Kokutse Adzo Dzifa, Mahamane Ali and Kokou Kouami*

*by Rodrigue Constant Sandjong Sani, Mama Ntoupka, Toua Vroumsia,* 

*Abotsi Komla Elikplim, Johnson Benziwa Nathalie, Alaba Pyoabalo, Ouinsavi Christine A.I. Nougbodé, Quashie Akossiwoa Marie-Luce,* 

Preface

The air, land, soils, water, plants, and animals make up the natural resources without which life on earth, as we know it, would not be possible. These resources are highly complex and dynamic with each made up of various components and

Knowledge of their status and changes is critical for sustainable management that takes into consideration the wellbeing of future generations. However, there are gaps in the knowledge and understanding of the characteristics of these resources and processes they are subject to. Hence the need for further studies and synthesis of findings. Climate change amplifies these challenges because of increased risks of bushfires, rises in sea levels leading to flooding of agricultural lands with salty water, dry spells, changes to the habitats of plants and wildlife,

Sound management of natural resources should be based on the application of the principles of the basic sciences. The links with biological sciences are most evident in this book. This book aims to present reviews and research reports on classification and inventorying, impacts of environmental factors and

man-made activities, and exploitation and management of key natural resources in a number of countries in various parts of the world. It contains 19 chapters in

Section 1 (chapters 1-2) deals with the classification of polychaetes on coral reefs and forest inventorying, which are initial steps in natural resource management. Section 2 (chapters 3-6) presents the negative impacts of environmental factors and human activities on natural resources, with examples on the hazards of wildfire, on the water quality of a special nature reserve, and on threats to coral reef ecosystems. One chapter looks at the effect of humans on the environment as a result of rapidly changing technology. Section 3 (chapters 7-13) covers a wide range of topics on the management of natural resources: soil organic carbon improvement through conservation agriculture; soil and plant beneficial fungi facilitating adaptation to climate change; mapping soil salinity as a component of soil fertility management in irrigated agriculture; management of irrigation water in commercial fruit production; sustaining the water-land-agricultural production nexus in a river basin; treatment of solid wastes by biological methods and a regional strategy to control pollution of the Mediterranean ocean. Section 4 (chapters 14-19) focuses mainly on the exploitation and/or conservation of forest, wild plant, and wildlife resources and biodiversity with some chapters dealing with protected areas

It is hoped that lessons will be learned by scientists, practitioners, and policy makers working in the field of natural resource management, from the various experiences reported across the world, in terms of the design and implementation of studies

reacting differently in various environments.

et cetera.

4 sections.

including a national park.
