Section 2 Case Studies

*Sustainability Concept in Developing Countries*

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10.3390/ijerph16040562

**66**

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**69**

**Chapter 5**

**Abstract**

DPSIR, phytoremediation

**1. Introduction**

Governance for Sustainable

Developing Countries

Remediation of Polluted Soil in

*Henrik Haller, Ginnette Flores-Carmenate and Anders Jonsson*

Environmental governance is a challenge for many developing countries, and soil pollution is typically overlooked by authorities in the Global South. Soil governance should protect people and environment from the hazards of pollution and promote sustainable remediation of polluted sites through legislation and soil policies that facilitate the use of appropriate technology. Today, however, the soil governance landscape is highly fragmented and often fails to adequately address these concerns. Combining soil remediation with profitable activities (alone or in combination) such as food and fiber production, biomass energy production, erosion control, carbon sequestration, favoring biodiversity, etc. is potentially an appropriate strategy to promote the decontamination of polluted agriculture soil in low-income countries. Many potential pitfalls follow such a strategy but decision support tools may provide insights from the latest scientific remediation findings to stakeholders in their exploration of policy options. This chapter explores challenges

and opportunities for sustainable soil governance in developing countries.

**Keywords:** soil governance, developing countries, soil pollution, bioremediation,

Soil pollution i.e. presence in soil of substances out of place and/or present at higher than normal concentrations that has adverse effects on non-targeted organism, is a serious threat to food security and human health in developing countries [1–5]. At least one third of the world's ecosystems are currently suffering from different effects of pollution [6]. The exact scale of global soil pollution is unknown but according to some estimations, at least 22 million hectares may be affected globally [7]. Rodríguez-Eugenio et al. [4] argue that this number probably underestimates the scale of the problem. Due to insufficient data about the scale and implications of the problem, soil pollution is sometimes referred to as a hidden

reality that is largely invisible to the international community [4, 8].

In developing countries, the magnitude of the soil pollution is largely an uncharted territory with limited knowledge of the extension and location of soil pollution hotspots. Soil pollution in developing countries comes from a number of sources. Often these are derived from anthropogenic processes, but also geogenic sources such as weathering and volcanic eruptions can be as important
