**3. Methodological approach and conceptual framework**

Firstly, this research paper uses the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to carry out its work through a three-stage procedure: planning, execution and reporting. [12]. The first stage focuses on using academic literature reviews that focuses on seaport quality. This stage also identified all relevant articles, journals and conference papers that touched on seaport qualities, such as management, social and policies. The second stage of this research categorised all the articles, journals and conference papers into three categories: seaport effectiveness, seaport reliability and seaport governance. This is done by summarising the relevant items in each category.

Next comes the introduction of the SQS model to do systematic analyses that aim to protect the natural environment in the marinas. The integration of the SQS model, ISO standard and recreational activities forms the basis for the expert's platform that will serve as the future systematic and sustainable development of the marinas, incorporating the knowledge and experience gained from the implementation of environmental certification, such as ISO standard (see **Figure 3**).

**Figure 3.**

*Summary of integration of the model and tools for seaport tourism. Source: Authors.*

### **4. Findings and result**

According to **Table 1**, the integration of the SQS model and certified risk management can be adopted for the recreational seaport management. In addition, the SQS module is the risk and quality management system that can be used for training purposes (**Table 3**). The content of this module in the sample SQS model of risk management and total quality management (TQM) must be linked together

**81**

*Applying and Promoting the Seaport Quality System (SQS) and Spatial Interaction Model (SIM)…*

1 Scope Scope of this module must be extended to recreational activities like marine environmental protection.

4 Principles The recreational activities framework must be adopted in this chapter to

5 Framework Integrate the three tools of the SQS model, certified risk management and

7 Planning The implementation, maintenance and continual improvement of quality-

8 Operations The context of organisation, as stipulated in Chapter 4 of ISO 31000 and

communication networking.

management in seaport tourism.

of seaport tourism.

seaport tourism

Terms and definitions of recreational activities must be extended towards

According to this chapter, the quality-risk management should extend to the risks of recreational activities, such as safety and security of tourists,

assist and integrate towards the overall quality-risk management.

The participation of top management to demonstrate leadership, commitment and responsibility to decide the best way to achieve the goals

seaport tourism. Using this tool to extend the new model of quality risk

risk management based on Chapter 7 of ISO 9001 must be well-planned through the reporting system and also via efficient internal and external

ISO 9001, and the daily activities must be related to the seaport tourism

The corrective actions of the evaluation must be done and linked together with the objectives of seaport tourism, such as risk assessment, whereby

Continual improvements must be pursued to improve seaport tourism

management process based on framework and organisation.

they relate to the organisation's process of seaport tourism.

and comply with the principles of ISO 31000:2009.

with the recreational activities at marinas to protect the marine environment. The determination of influential factors, comprising seaport effectiveness, seaport reliability and seaport governance, must involve certified risk management in seaport

Besides providing a thorough definition of seaport quality corresponding to tourism, the application of Spatial Interaction Model (SIM) is also proposed to infuse the theoretical notion in seaport tourism because this specific model has been applied in tourism and leisure, including trade activities [1]. This model is being proposed because of its capability to incorporate cruise activities, economic corridors and seaport regionalisation. SIM is effective for seaport tourism research due to its aptitude to explore, analyse, explain and summarise ergonomic mobility,

In general, marinas are related to coastal tourism, and their importance is their potential to dramatically increase economic revenue. In contrast, the concept of marinas in Malaysia remains underutilised. Hence, the application of SIM to assist SQS is very much needed. Three main components in SIM can be utilised to boost marinas' operations that are closely connected to seaports. For example, distance

tourism for achieving the quality of seaports.

goods and information over space (**Figure 4**).

**5. Spatial interaction model to boost seaport tourism**

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93765*

definitions

reference

2 Terms and

3 Normative

6 Management board

9 Performance

10 Continual

*The new model of seaport tourism [7, 8].*

**Table 3.**

evaluation

Improvement

**Chapter Content New module: seaport tourism**

*Applying and Promoting the Seaport Quality System (SQS) and Spatial Interaction Model (SIM)… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93765*


#### **Table 3.**

*Tourism*

**3. Methodological approach and conceptual framework**

Firstly, this research paper uses the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to carry out its work through a three-stage procedure: planning, execution and reporting. [12]. The first stage focuses on using academic literature reviews that focuses on seaport quality. This stage also identified all relevant articles, journals and conference papers that touched on seaport qualities, such as management, social and policies. The second stage of this research categorised all the articles, journals and conference papers into three categories: seaport effectiveness, seaport reliability and seaport governance. This is done by summarising the relevant items in each

Next comes the introduction of the SQS model to do systematic analyses that aim to protect the natural environment in the marinas. The integration of the SQS model, ISO standard and recreational activities forms the basis for the expert's platform that will serve as the future systematic and sustainable development of the marinas, incorporating the knowledge and experience gained from the implemen-

tation of environmental certification, such as ISO standard (see **Figure 3**).

*Summary of integration of the model and tools for seaport tourism. Source: Authors.*

According to **Table 1**, the integration of the SQS model and certified risk management can be adopted for the recreational seaport management. In addition, the SQS module is the risk and quality management system that can be used for training purposes (**Table 3**). The content of this module in the sample SQS model of risk management and total quality management (TQM) must be linked together

**80**

**4. Findings and result**

category.

**Figure 3.**

**Figure 2.**

*Location of the Malaysian public marinas [11].*

*The new model of seaport tourism [7, 8].*

with the recreational activities at marinas to protect the marine environment. The determination of influential factors, comprising seaport effectiveness, seaport reliability and seaport governance, must involve certified risk management in seaport tourism for achieving the quality of seaports.

## **5. Spatial interaction model to boost seaport tourism**

Besides providing a thorough definition of seaport quality corresponding to tourism, the application of Spatial Interaction Model (SIM) is also proposed to infuse the theoretical notion in seaport tourism because this specific model has been applied in tourism and leisure, including trade activities [1]. This model is being proposed because of its capability to incorporate cruise activities, economic corridors and seaport regionalisation. SIM is effective for seaport tourism research due to its aptitude to explore, analyse, explain and summarise ergonomic mobility, goods and information over space (**Figure 4**).

In general, marinas are related to coastal tourism, and their importance is their potential to dramatically increase economic revenue. In contrast, the concept of marinas in Malaysia remains underutilised. Hence, the application of SIM to assist SQS is very much needed. Three main components in SIM can be utilised to boost marinas' operations that are closely connected to seaports. For example, distance

**Figure 4.** *Spatial interaction model in Malaysian seaport tourism [1].*

of the location (complementary), travelling cost (transferability) and accessibility (intervening) can be utilised for the development of this new agenda in Malaysian seaport tourism.

In Malaysia, cruise tourism is one of the National Key Economic Area (NKEA) with the aim to increase the number of tourists to Malaysia. Currently, Penang, Langkawi, Port Klang, Malacca, Sabah and Sarawak are where some of the seaports can be found. They operate dedicated cruise terminals in their respective areas, but these terminals and transport facilities need to be improved to ensure they operate effectively. For example, providing additional facilities for immigration clearance and allocating separate passenger gate and guided by highly trained workforce will enhance the safety procedures at seaports. These will increase the potential of these venues to be the hub for tourism activities. For example, cruise terminals at Klang and Penang in Malaysian are supported by adequate terminal facilities. However, cruise terminals at Kuantan, Bintulu and Kota Kinabalu are not fulfilled by complete terminal facilities. In addition, in terms of transport facilities, all cruise terminals need to be provided prior notice before berthing and no berthing facility provided in Bintulu cruise terminal. These conditions limit the marketability of Malaysian tourism industry in selective area. In that case, it will affect the growth of marinas in these regions.

Northern, Central, Southern and East coast freight corridors are main intraregion economic corridors in Malaysia. All these corridors are connected to main seaports and inland facilities. All these corridors are well connected to all regions in Peninsular Malaysia, and in total, about USD 767 million have been invested to boost tourism and other related activities, such as agriculture, logistics, capital development and others. The development of rail linkage and introduction of second bridge in Penang Island have great possibility to enhance the seaport tourism especially in Kuala Kedah and Penang Port. Currently, inefficient rail network for passenger transportation and critical congestion at Penang bridge in northern

**83**

*Applying and Promoting the Seaport Quality System (SQS) and Spatial Interaction Model (SIM)…*

corridor limit the growth of marina's industry in this region. The central is well equipped with infrastructure which can be utilised for marinas development. However, over congestion and overuse of existing facilities reduce the attractiveness of the tourism venues in this region. Therefore, utilisation of alternative transport network especially rail is essential for the enhancement of Malaysian marinas. The rail network is very important to connect the tourist and the tourist attractive places. In the Eastern Corridor, there are some attractive tourist spots including Lake Chini, Teluk Chempedak and Cameron Highlands. Although extensive road connectivity is available along this corridor, the absence of rail link limits potential venues to be explored especially in Terengganu and Kelantan which are main tourist

On the other hand, there are also three inter-regional freight corridors, comprising Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Indonesia and Brunei. This includes the Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth Triangle (IMT-GT), Indonesia-Malaysian seaports as a hub for tourism activities, Malaysia-Singapore Growth Triangle (IMS-GT) and the Brunei-Indonesia-Malaysia-Philippines-East Asean Growth Area (BIMP-EAGA). These national and international freight corridors can be used to boost marinas in Malaysia by offering attractive promotional packages. Enhancing short-sea shipping (SSS) between the participating countries will also introduce the availability of attractive places and also enhance seaport tourism activities and increase the fascinating roles of seaports in the country. The land bridge system and road network between Thailand and Malaysia allows the manufacturers from Thailand to travel between these countries. The emergence of IMT-GT has potential to improve cross border tourist movement between Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia. The northern region of Malaysia has strong potential to generate a high volume of tourist from this network which will be beneficial for Malaysian GDP because of its location adjacent to the southern Thailand and Indonesia. Therefore, the marinas especially in Penang and Klang have a great advantage and manage to

provide significant connection for the leisure activities to the tourist.

Seaport regionalisation represents a different dimension in seaport development, whereby the efficiency of a seaport system is determined by the integration of the inland freight distribution system [1]. Currently, limited coverage of rail network reduces the opportunity for tourists from neighbouring countries to enjoy the beauty of marinas in Malaysia. Besides SSS, inland transportation plays an important role in enhancing the connectedness to marinas from various locations. This is because limited access to the inland from seaports limits the progress of the tourism sector and preventing the development of seaport tourism in Malaysia. Limited transport connectivity between the different states in Malaysia affects the complementary, transferability and the intervening during access from seaport

Recreational seaport capacity utilisation is one of the indicators that must be considered seriously in managing recreational seaport. This is because underutilisation of existing capacities will affect internal operations and, at the same time, obstructs the external network, such as logistics. The integrated approach of quality risk management is facilitated by the fact that ISO 31000 and TQM standards have elements and common principles. The Integrated Risk Management and TQM that is collectively called the Seaport Quality System (SQS) is a sustainability stimulus for recreational seaport. The implementation of the Integrated Risk Management and TQM module on recreational seaport can help bring about quality products

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93765*

spot in this corridor.

towards inland, and vice versa.

**6. Implications and conclusion**

#### *Applying and Promoting the Seaport Quality System (SQS) and Spatial Interaction Model (SIM)… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93765*

corridor limit the growth of marina's industry in this region. The central is well equipped with infrastructure which can be utilised for marinas development. However, over congestion and overuse of existing facilities reduce the attractiveness of the tourism venues in this region. Therefore, utilisation of alternative transport network especially rail is essential for the enhancement of Malaysian marinas. The rail network is very important to connect the tourist and the tourist attractive places. In the Eastern Corridor, there are some attractive tourist spots including Lake Chini, Teluk Chempedak and Cameron Highlands. Although extensive road connectivity is available along this corridor, the absence of rail link limits potential venues to be explored especially in Terengganu and Kelantan which are main tourist spot in this corridor.

On the other hand, there are also three inter-regional freight corridors, comprising Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Indonesia and Brunei. This includes the Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth Triangle (IMT-GT), Indonesia-Malaysian seaports as a hub for tourism activities, Malaysia-Singapore Growth Triangle (IMS-GT) and the Brunei-Indonesia-Malaysia-Philippines-East Asean Growth Area (BIMP-EAGA). These national and international freight corridors can be used to boost marinas in Malaysia by offering attractive promotional packages. Enhancing short-sea shipping (SSS) between the participating countries will also introduce the availability of attractive places and also enhance seaport tourism activities and increase the fascinating roles of seaports in the country. The land bridge system and road network between Thailand and Malaysia allows the manufacturers from Thailand to travel between these countries. The emergence of IMT-GT has potential to improve cross border tourist movement between Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia. The northern region of Malaysia has strong potential to generate a high volume of tourist from this network which will be beneficial for Malaysian GDP because of its location adjacent to the southern Thailand and Indonesia. Therefore, the marinas especially in Penang and Klang have a great advantage and manage to provide significant connection for the leisure activities to the tourist.

Seaport regionalisation represents a different dimension in seaport development, whereby the efficiency of a seaport system is determined by the integration of the inland freight distribution system [1]. Currently, limited coverage of rail network reduces the opportunity for tourists from neighbouring countries to enjoy the beauty of marinas in Malaysia. Besides SSS, inland transportation plays an important role in enhancing the connectedness to marinas from various locations. This is because limited access to the inland from seaports limits the progress of the tourism sector and preventing the development of seaport tourism in Malaysia. Limited transport connectivity between the different states in Malaysia affects the complementary, transferability and the intervening during access from seaport towards inland, and vice versa.
