**Abstract**

The tourism sector as one of the sectors that has been hit by the Covid-19 pandemic needs a new breakthrough to enter a new normal era. Amid the ongoing paradigm shift and a number of new protocols will be implemented to welcome the new normal conditions in the tourism industry. The tourism sector in Indonesia, which has been absorbing many jobs, has been hit hard by the Covid-19 pandemic. Coupled with the difficulty of predicting when the pandemic will end, it is necessary to take smart steps in maintaining the sustainability of the tourism industry in entering an era of new norms. The new normal era brings new roles, new roads and expectations in the tourism sector. Digitalization that is growing rapidly and rapidly requires adaptation to new conditions and rearranging business strategies and models so that they can survive in the new normal era by adjusting technological developments. The development method used in this research is the Multimedia Development Life Cycle (MDLC). MDCL as a method for designing multimedia tools by emphasizing the 6 stages of multimedia development. The tools used in this application are PT GUI, Eclipse, and Google Maps. The objects of historical and heritage buildings that become the Sate Building, Villa Isola, the Geological Building, the Asian Africa Museum, and the Merdeka Building are made using immersive photography techniques. By representing information in the form of panoramic images, the 3600 makes it easy for users to visually display information from historical and heritage buildings in Bandung. The tourism model is virtually a possible form of tourism in the future.

**Keywords:** new normal, the tourism industry, multimedia development, virtual reality, technological development

#### **1. Introduction**

The tourism sector [1] and the creative economy play an important role [2] in development in Indonesia, this can be seen from the direct and indirect gross domestic product (GDP) and employment [2]. According to data from the Indonesian

Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy (2012) the tourism sector [2] and creative economy contributed 11.8% to Indonesia's GDP, and 14.66% to total employment [3]. Morison describe tourism as a system into four elements, namely demand, travel,

*Model of Virtual Tourism as an Alternative of the Concept of Architecture Tourism Post…*

hit sectors, there are no more tourists, both domestic and foreign tourists [2].

**2.1 Tourism and the tourism potential of the City of Bandung**

opment and development, especially through the tourism sector [8].

applied in tourism planning based on the logic of activities) [2, 10, 11].

where tourism is profiled and information is disseminated using the internet as a potential business trend. Initially, e-Tourism was intended to fulfill information needs through creative media and the development of innovative information systems [5, 8]. It is believed that e-Tousim's role as a medium for tourism promotion that is low budget and high impact, in which the adoption of appropriate information technology will bridge the high budget for infrastructure and facilitate user understanding.

The four elements are related and influence one another, thus making the system run well. Based on this tourism model, from the demand aspect to the marketing aspect in the context of tourism, it will continue to grow in line with the role of business technology by utilizing increasingly strategic IT in all aspects of the business. Online technology trends such as e-commerce have changed new faces in all lines of human life, including the tourism sector. Especially amid the Covid-19 pandemic, in which all sectors collapsed. One of the economic sectors most affected by Covid-19 is the tourism industry sector. So far, the tourism sector which relies on the potential of tourism objects directly as a force in attracting domestic and foreign tourists is one of the worst-

The use of e-commerce in the tourism sector is known as e-Tourism terminology,

According to Yoety tourism is a trip that is carried out temporarily from one place to another with the reason that it is not for business or earning a living at the place visited but solely for enjoying the trip for sightseeing and recreation or fulfill various desires [9]. Tourism is also several activities, especially those related to economic activities that are directly related to the entry of foreign culture [9]. The wealth of natural resources, cultural diversity, as well as the wealth of historical heritage that Indonesia possesses is a very large base for economic devel-

According to Butowski tourism is the main sector in promoting economic and service growth [2, 10, 11]. So that in tourism planning and development [2, 10–12] it is necessary to consider several approaches [2], including: (a) Continuous Incremental, and flexible approach (in the sense that planning [2] is a process that is takes place continuously based on the needs and the results of existing feddback); (b) System Approach [2] (tourism as a system relationship needs to be planned through system analysis); (c) Comprehensive approach [2] (a tourism development approach that holistically considers institutional elements and the environment as well as socio-economic implications); (d) integrated approach (tourism development approach as an integrated system in plans and forms of development in the area); (e) Environmental and sustainable development approach [2] (a tourism approach starting from the planning process, development and management of natural and cultural resources is maintained/does not experience a decline in quality, and environmental analysis becomes the main point); (f) Community approach [2] (an approach to tourism development by maximizing community involvement starting from planning, making decisions that have an impact on socio-economics); (g) Implementable approach [2] (tourism development that formulates plans and recommendations into reality, as well as application of program techniques and strategies); and (h) Application of systematic planning approach [2] (an approach

destination, and marketing (**Figure 1**) [5–7].

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94015*

**2. Theoretical framework**

**213**

The strategic plan for the development of the tourism industry in collaboration with the ILO and the Australian government as partners of the Indonesian government builds a consensus to build a strong tourism industry. This collaboration involves stakeholders ranging from the government [2], social partners, communities, industry, and the general public [2]. Given the richness of natural and cultural resources that Indonesia has is major potential in the domestic and foreign tourist market [2, 4].

The city of Bandung as one of the tourist destinations in Indonesia relies on tourism potentials such as historical buildings, nature, culture, culinary, fashion, recreation, and entertainment [2]. This potential attraction makes natural resources [2] to come in the framework of (a) heritage tourism; (b) shopping and culinary tours; (c) educational tours; (d) recreational and cultural tourism; and (e) MICE (Meeting, Incentive, Convention, Exhibition) supported by adequate geographical, natural and urban planning, as well as good accessibility [2]. In maintaining the sustainability and existing potential, a programmed, structured, and controlled tourism development model is needed [2]. Tourism activities as the main sector of Bandung City have been started since 1920 [2]. Since the construction of the Cipularang toll road and the construction of a high-speed train linking Bandung City and Jakarta. This tourism sector provides a major contribution to increasing PAD/regional own revenue, almost 70% of Bandung's regional own revenue comes from the tourism sector. Where the tourism sector is a prima donna that continues to need to be improved.

The city of Bandung as one of the cities of past cultural heritage has superior values to be preserved, where the existence of the city of Bandung with its rich architectural styles/styles is its main attraction as a tourist destination and cannot be separated from the history of the development of Bandung City itself [2]. The long history of the city of Bandung has left many historical buildings that make Bandung one of the cities with art deco architectural heritage in the world and was once dubbed the most complete architectural laboratory with various old buildings that inherited the style of architectural beauty in Indonesia [2].

Meanwhile, tourism is a system that develops efforts by emphasizing the value of policies and strategies, as well as promotional patterns that are always synchronized with business development strategies in tourism planning [5, 6]. Mill and

**Figure 1.**

*Tourism elements. Source: Goeldner & Ritchie [6].*

*Model of Virtual Tourism as an Alternative of the Concept of Architecture Tourism Post… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94015*

Morison describe tourism as a system into four elements, namely demand, travel, destination, and marketing (**Figure 1**) [5–7].

The four elements are related and influence one another, thus making the system run well. Based on this tourism model, from the demand aspect to the marketing aspect in the context of tourism, it will continue to grow in line with the role of business technology by utilizing increasingly strategic IT in all aspects of the business. Online technology trends such as e-commerce have changed new faces in all lines of human life, including the tourism sector. Especially amid the Covid-19 pandemic, in which all sectors collapsed. One of the economic sectors most affected by Covid-19 is the tourism industry sector. So far, the tourism sector which relies on the potential of tourism objects directly as a force in attracting domestic and foreign tourists is one of the worsthit sectors, there are no more tourists, both domestic and foreign tourists [2].

The use of e-commerce in the tourism sector is known as e-Tourism terminology, where tourism is profiled and information is disseminated using the internet as a potential business trend. Initially, e-Tourism was intended to fulfill information needs through creative media and the development of innovative information systems [5, 8]. It is believed that e-Tousim's role as a medium for tourism promotion that is low budget and high impact, in which the adoption of appropriate information technology will bridge the high budget for infrastructure and facilitate user understanding.

#### **2. Theoretical framework**

Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy (2012) the tourism sector [2] and creative economy contributed 11.8% to Indonesia's GDP, and 14.66% to total employment [3]. The strategic plan for the development of the tourism industry in collaboration with the ILO and the Australian government as partners of the Indonesian government builds a consensus to build a strong tourism industry. This collaboration involves stakeholders ranging from the government [2], social partners, communities, industry, and the general public [2]. Given the richness of natural and cultural resources that Indonesia has is major potential in the domestic and foreign tourist market [2, 4].

The city of Bandung as one of the tourist destinations in Indonesia relies on tourism potentials such as historical buildings, nature, culture, culinary, fashion, recreation, and entertainment [2]. This potential attraction makes natural resources [2] to come in the framework of (a) heritage tourism; (b) shopping and culinary tours; (c) educational tours; (d) recreational and cultural tourism; and (e) MICE (Meeting, Incentive, Convention, Exhibition) supported by adequate geographical, natural and urban planning, as well as good accessibility [2]. In maintaining the sustainability and existing potential, a programmed, structured, and controlled tourism development model is needed [2]. Tourism activities as the main sector of Bandung City have been started since 1920 [2]. Since the construction of the Cipularang toll road and the construction of a high-speed train linking Bandung City and Jakarta. This tourism sector provides a major contribution to increasing PAD/regional own revenue, almost 70% of Bandung's regional own revenue comes from the tourism sector. Where the

tourism sector is a prima donna that continues to need to be improved.

inherited the style of architectural beauty in Indonesia [2].

**Figure 1.**

*Tourism*

**212**

*Tourism elements. Source: Goeldner & Ritchie [6].*

The city of Bandung as one of the cities of past cultural heritage has superior values to be preserved, where the existence of the city of Bandung with its rich architectural styles/styles is its main attraction as a tourist destination and cannot be separated from the history of the development of Bandung City itself [2]. The long history of the city of Bandung has left many historical buildings that make Bandung one of the cities with art deco architectural heritage in the world and was once dubbed the most complete architectural laboratory with various old buildings that

Meanwhile, tourism is a system that develops efforts by emphasizing the value of policies and strategies, as well as promotional patterns that are always synchronized with business development strategies in tourism planning [5, 6]. Mill and

#### **2.1 Tourism and the tourism potential of the City of Bandung**

According to Yoety tourism is a trip that is carried out temporarily from one place to another with the reason that it is not for business or earning a living at the place visited but solely for enjoying the trip for sightseeing and recreation or fulfill various desires [9]. Tourism is also several activities, especially those related to economic activities that are directly related to the entry of foreign culture [9].

The wealth of natural resources, cultural diversity, as well as the wealth of historical heritage that Indonesia possesses is a very large base for economic development and development, especially through the tourism sector [8].

According to Butowski tourism is the main sector in promoting economic and service growth [2, 10, 11]. So that in tourism planning and development [2, 10–12] it is necessary to consider several approaches [2], including: (a) Continuous Incremental, and flexible approach (in the sense that planning [2] is a process that is takes place continuously based on the needs and the results of existing feddback); (b) System Approach [2] (tourism as a system relationship needs to be planned through system analysis); (c) Comprehensive approach [2] (a tourism development approach that holistically considers institutional elements and the environment as well as socio-economic implications); (d) integrated approach (tourism development approach as an integrated system in plans and forms of development in the area); (e) Environmental and sustainable development approach [2] (a tourism approach starting from the planning process, development and management of natural and cultural resources is maintained/does not experience a decline in quality, and environmental analysis becomes the main point); (f) Community approach [2] (an approach to tourism development by maximizing community involvement starting from planning, making decisions that have an impact on socio-economics); (g) Implementable approach [2] (tourism development that formulates plans and recommendations into reality, as well as application of program techniques and strategies); and (h) Application of systematic planning approach [2] (an approach applied in tourism planning based on the logic of activities) [2, 10, 11].

The city of Bandung is the prima donna of park tourism in Indonesia apart from Bali and the city of Yogyakarta, where the city of Bandung has uniqueness, beauty, and extraordinary industrial creativity. It is recorded that almost every weekend, both domestic and foreign tourists are always visited. There are 14 (fourteen) potential tourism clusters in Bandung, including: (a) Shopping and health tourism clusters on the Sukajadi-Setrasari-Pasteur road; (b) Cluster tours for traditional arts and culture and handicraft industries along the Padasuka-Suci route; (c) Historical and Heritage tourism clusters on the Braga-Asia Africa-Cikapundung route; (d) The textile industry tourism cluster in Cigondewah; (e) Cluster of traditional cultural arts and MICE tours in East Bandung; (e) Cluster of spiritual tours and shopping tours on the Gegerkalong - Setiabudi route; (g) Clusters of entertainment tours, shopping tours, Geotourism on the Alun-alun - Sudirman - Otista - Gardujadi - Pasirkaliki routes; (h) Cluster of nature recreation tourism, cultural tourism, handicraft industry tourism on the North Dago - Punclut route; (i) Cluster Heritage tourism, education, natural and artificial recreation, convention tours, religion on the Gedung Sate - Gasibu - Sabuga route; (j) Cluster of culinary tours, Heritage tourism, Education, Entertainment and Recreation, Geotourism on the route of Ir. H. Juanda (Dago) - Merdeka - Riau; (k) Heritage tourism clusters, shopping and culinary tours, knitting Industry tours on the Gator Subroto - Binongjati route; (l) Cluster of shopping tourism and handicraft industry tourism in Cibaduyut; (m) Culinary tourism cluster in Burangrang; and (n) Cluster of shopping tourism in Cihampelas [2, 3].

entry of tourists, where logistics and transportation provide access for tourists to a tourist spot [24]. Yu et al. mandate for the government to enforce environmentally friendly practices in logistics and transportation operations, as well as to improve the safety and security of tourists which can reduce the harmful effects on environmental sustainability, which inspire criminal activity, so as to attract foreign tourists [24]. The same research was conducted in Malaysia by Syarif et al. related to the role of tourism, transportation, and globalization that affect the environment

*Model of Virtual Tourism as an Alternative of the Concept of Architecture Tourism Post…*

Syarif's research results show how important logistics and eco-friendly benefits for economic growth in disadvantaged areas, can increase job opportunities, and as a solution for protection and development. The government must encourage the development of low-carbon ecotourism and achieve both tourism and economic

The concept of sustainable tourism development [2] has been discussed since the 1980s. According to Butler [26], sustainable tourism is a constant answer to current tourism problems [2, 13]. Butler divides sustainable tourism into 2 (two) ways, namely: (a) seen from a semantic approach, sustainability as a guarantee of longterm survival following the market, and (b) seen from the concept of sustainable development [2], in the sense of creating sustainable tourism as regional development without violating the principles of sustainable development [2, 14, 15]. Ceballos-Lascurain [29] introduced the concept of ecotourism and since then began to develop [2] with various terms about alternative tourism [16, 17], including green tourism, soft tourism, nature tourism [18, 19], environmentally friendly/ environmentally sensible tourism, responsible tourism, discreet tourism, appropriate tourism, ecoethnotourism [2, 10, 11, 17–25]. With an evaluation approach that juxtaposes new forms of tourism with the old model (mass tourism in nature) [2]. According to Niezgoda sustainable tourism is the relationship between tourism

Based on **Figure 3**, sustainable tourism [2] is aimed at realizing sustainable development and tourism development itself. According to Farrell & Twining-Ward [34] the sustainable tourism approach must be based on an interdisciplinary approach [2], this is because the level of complexity and uncertainty in the behavior of tourism systems and systems that affect it does not guarantee satisfactory results [20, 21]. Furthermore, Farrell & Twining-Ward [34] conveyed a new concept of

using quantitative ARDL approaches [25].

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94015*

[2], the environment, and development [30] (**Figure 2**).

*Conceptions of sustainable tourism. Source: Permana et al. [2].*

development [25].

**Figure 2.**

**215**

**2.3 Sustainable tourism**

The development of this cluster is a consequence of the development and changes of the city as well as market demand, as happened on Jalan Ir. H. Juanda, which was originally a non-commercial area, turned into a commercial area which made it a new destination, which is a very busy shopping tour.

#### **2.2 Globalization and the environment: between economic growth, transport, and environmental degradation**

Globalization training on an integrated market formation process for goods, services, capital, knowledge, and factors of production around the world. Where globalization catalyzes demand and supply scenarios in international markets by means of exchanges of merchandise and services. Globalization is also a growth in the economic growth achieved by developing countries, but if viewed from an ecological aspect it is not sustainable because globalization is not a policy tool. Globalization has a significant effect on the environment and climate change [13–15]. This is in line with the opinion of Jorgenson and Kick regarding the connection between the environment and global economic processes [16]. Globalization has increased the relationship between emissions and economic growth on changing ecological footprint [17, 18]; the influence of globalization on environmental degradation which causes environmental damage [13, 15, 19]. Khan and Ullah applied an autoregressive distribution lag (ARDL) model to examine the relationship between globalization and CO2 emissions in Pakistan [20]; research on two-way causality between globalization and CO2 emissions in Saudi Arabia from 1971 to 2016 [21]; the relationship between financial development, globalization, and CO2 emissions in Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) countries from 1990 to 2016 [22, 23].

Several research results have been conducted on the impact of globalization, among others: the impact of globalization and; tourism against environmental degradation by Sharif et al. in China in the 1978Q1-2017Q4 period [23]. This is supported by the results of research by Yu et al. in Thailand which show that logistics and operations related to transportation are positively correlated with the

#### *Model of Virtual Tourism as an Alternative of the Concept of Architecture Tourism Post… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94015*

entry of tourists, where logistics and transportation provide access for tourists to a tourist spot [24]. Yu et al. mandate for the government to enforce environmentally friendly practices in logistics and transportation operations, as well as to improve the safety and security of tourists which can reduce the harmful effects on environmental sustainability, which inspire criminal activity, so as to attract foreign tourists [24]. The same research was conducted in Malaysia by Syarif et al. related to the role of tourism, transportation, and globalization that affect the environment using quantitative ARDL approaches [25].

Syarif's research results show how important logistics and eco-friendly benefits for economic growth in disadvantaged areas, can increase job opportunities, and as a solution for protection and development. The government must encourage the development of low-carbon ecotourism and achieve both tourism and economic development [25].

#### **2.3 Sustainable tourism**

The city of Bandung is the prima donna of park tourism in Indonesia apart from Bali and the city of Yogyakarta, where the city of Bandung has uniqueness, beauty, and extraordinary industrial creativity. It is recorded that almost every weekend, both domestic and foreign tourists are always visited. There are 14 (fourteen) potential tourism clusters in Bandung, including: (a) Shopping and health tourism clusters on the Sukajadi-Setrasari-Pasteur road; (b) Cluster tours for traditional arts and culture and handicraft industries along the Padasuka-Suci route; (c) Historical and Heritage tourism clusters on the Braga-Asia Africa-Cikapundung route; (d) The textile industry tourism cluster in Cigondewah; (e) Cluster of traditional cultural arts and MICE tours in East Bandung; (e) Cluster of spiritual tours and shopping tours on the Gegerkalong - Setiabudi route; (g) Clusters of entertainment tours, shopping tours, Geotourism on the Alun-alun - Sudirman - Otista - Gardujadi - Pasirkaliki routes; (h) Cluster of nature recreation tourism, cultural tourism, handicraft industry tourism on the North Dago - Punclut route; (i) Cluster Heritage tourism, education, natural and artificial recreation, convention tours, religion on the Gedung Sate - Gasibu - Sabuga route; (j) Cluster of culinary tours, Heritage tourism, Education, Entertainment and Recreation, Geotourism on the route of Ir. H. Juanda (Dago) - Merdeka - Riau; (k) Heritage tourism clusters, shopping and culinary tours, knitting Industry tours on the Gator Subroto - Binongjati route; (l) Cluster of shopping tourism and handicraft industry tourism in Cibaduyut; (m) Culinary tourism cluster in Burangrang; and (n) Cluster of shopping tourism in

The development of this cluster is a consequence of the development and changes of the city as well as market demand, as happened on Jalan Ir. H. Juanda, which was originally a non-commercial area, turned into a commercial area which

**2.2 Globalization and the environment: between economic growth, transport,**

Globalization training on an integrated market formation process for goods, services, capital, knowledge, and factors of production around the world. Where globalization catalyzes demand and supply scenarios in international markets by means of exchanges of merchandise and services. Globalization is also a growth in the economic growth achieved by developing countries, but if viewed from an ecological aspect it is not sustainable because globalization is not a policy tool. Globalization has a significant effect on the environment and climate change [13–15]. This is in line with the opinion of Jorgenson and Kick regarding the connection between the environment and global economic processes [16]. Globalization has increased the relationship between emissions and economic growth on changing ecological footprint [17, 18]; the influence of globalization on environmental degradation which causes environmental damage [13, 15, 19]. Khan and Ullah applied an autoregressive distribution lag (ARDL) model to examine the relationship between globalization and CO2 emissions in Pakistan [20]; research on two-way causality between globalization and CO2 emissions in Saudi Arabia from 1971 to 2016 [21]; the relationship between financial development, globalization, and CO2 emissions in Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) countries from

Several research results have been conducted on the impact of globalization, among others: the impact of globalization and; tourism against environmental deg-

radation by Sharif et al. in China in the 1978Q1-2017Q4 period [23]. This is supported by the results of research by Yu et al. in Thailand which show that logistics and operations related to transportation are positively correlated with the

made it a new destination, which is a very busy shopping tour.

**and environmental degradation**

Cihampelas [2, 3].

*Tourism*

1990 to 2016 [22, 23].

**214**

The concept of sustainable tourism development [2] has been discussed since the 1980s. According to Butler [26], sustainable tourism is a constant answer to current tourism problems [2, 13]. Butler divides sustainable tourism into 2 (two) ways, namely: (a) seen from a semantic approach, sustainability as a guarantee of longterm survival following the market, and (b) seen from the concept of sustainable development [2], in the sense of creating sustainable tourism as regional development without violating the principles of sustainable development [2, 14, 15].

Ceballos-Lascurain [29] introduced the concept of ecotourism and since then began to develop [2] with various terms about alternative tourism [16, 17], including green tourism, soft tourism, nature tourism [18, 19], environmentally friendly/ environmentally sensible tourism, responsible tourism, discreet tourism, appropriate tourism, ecoethnotourism [2, 10, 11, 17–25]. With an evaluation approach that juxtaposes new forms of tourism with the old model (mass tourism in nature) [2].

According to Niezgoda sustainable tourism is the relationship between tourism [2], the environment, and development [30] (**Figure 2**).

Based on **Figure 3**, sustainable tourism [2] is aimed at realizing sustainable development and tourism development itself. According to Farrell & Twining-Ward [34] the sustainable tourism approach must be based on an interdisciplinary approach [2], this is because the level of complexity and uncertainty in the behavior of tourism systems and systems that affect it does not guarantee satisfactory results [20, 21]. Furthermore, Farrell & Twining-Ward [34] conveyed a new concept of

**Figure 2.** *Conceptions of sustainable tourism. Source: Permana et al. [2].*

sector. However, in Indonesia, this technology has not been used for matters related to crucial fields such as medicine, industrial/automotive engineering, as well as those related to conservation such as architecture, cities, archeology, and history. Even though the VR application offers a variety of innovative solutions for efforts to

*Model of Virtual Tourism as an Alternative of the Concept of Architecture Tourism Post…*

VR technology [48] is an interface technology between humans and machines that can simulate people as if they are in a natural environment including sight, hearing, movement, and other actions [49]. This condition can not only clearly describe the real environment, but VR also allows users to observe the virtual

VR as one of the innovations that can be used in e-Tourism invites users to interact with an environment that is simulated by a computer. According to LaValle [52], VR displays a pseudo-reality environment [50] by presenting a visual experience displayed on a computer layer [39, 40] or through a stereoscopic [41, 42] viewer where some simulations include additional sensing information such as

VR as technology has made a big difference in the history of human thought and is currently becoming a trend to help improve performance and product quality. VR is a technology created so that users can interact with an environment that is simulated by a computer. A simulated environment can be similar to the real world, a representative virtual reality experience by including a simulation of a combination of sensory results (visual, audio, touch). Computers help simulate a real object by generating a

The main components of this system hardware are the VR engine or computer system, input devices, and output devices. In general, the input device is responsible for interaction, the output device for immersive sense, and the VR engine or computer and its software for accurate control and synchronization of the entire

Based on the image, the input device is a means for users to interact with the virtual world. This device sends signals to the system about the user's actions, thereby providing the appropriate reaction back to the user via the output device in real-time. These devices can be classified for example as tracking devices, pointinput, bio-controllers, and sound devices. VR Engine or computer is a data processor and storage. Real-timing, graphic display, and image processing are some of the important factors and can take up time in the operation of the VR system so it must

The choice of VR Engine depends on the application field, the user itself, input and output devices, the level of immersive and graphic output required, because the VR Engine is responsible for calculating and producing graphic models, object rendering, lighting, mapping, texturing, simulation and so on. to be displayed in real-time. The computer as a VR Engine also handles interactions with users and functions as an interface with input and output devices. The output device is a device that receives feedback from the VR Engine and presents it to the user via a suitable output device to stimulate the senses. Several classifications of output devices based on the senses are graphic (visual), audio (hearing), haptic (touch or style), smell, and taste. The visual display is the most popular output in a VR system

accelerate high technology to maximize performance and products [47].

three-dimensional (3D) atmosphere to make the user physically involved.

be selected according to the character of the application requirements.

environment and feel like they are in that place [23, 32].

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94015*

sound displayed through headphone speakers [5, 39–43].

virtual environment [24, 44] (**Figure 4**).

*VR system stove. Source: Bahar [48]; Mazuryk and Gervautz [53].*

**Figure 4.**

**217**

**Figure 3.** *Virtual reality. Source: Amazon.com dan VIVE developers.*

sustainable tourism with the term "comprehensive tourism system and complex adaptive tourism systems (CATS)" [2, 21, 22]. Farrell and Twining-Ward [34] divides into 4 (four) areas that affect sustainable tourism, namely: ecosystem ecology, ecological economics, global change science, and complexity theory [2, 21].
