**2.4 Virtual reality (VR)**

The development of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is increasingly being felt by its benefits in various aspects, especially in the industrial sector including the tourism industry in it [23, 24]. Chen and Sheldon [38] state that the tourism sector is an industry that requires the provision of diverse information, therefore the information provided will be more effective through the development of multimedia, communication, and information systems [8, 23–37]. Based on data from Boston Consulting Group 2000, almost 80 percent of the tourism industry transactions (e-tourism) are made via the internet. This is very reasonable because consumers will enjoy tourism products or services located in different areas from service providers. Therefore the tourism industry is an interesting sector to be developed and researched [26, 27]. Where e-Tourism transactions include obtaining information, purchasing tourism products and services ranging from hotel room rentals, tour travel packages, purchasing transportation services (planes, trains, and travel) [8, 25].

Along with the development of sustainable tourism insights [28, 29] and new trends in the use of ICT have indirectly brought many changes in various sides of people's lives including those related to the phenomenon [43] of travel and tourism activities [28–31]. Media Virtual Reality (VR) as a technology [32, 33] that invites users to interact with the environment in the virtual world is simulated using a computer so that users feel they are in that environment [32–46].

VR technology is a technology that allows users to interact with an environment that is simulated by a computer (computer-simulated environment), which is an environment that is actually imitated from the original or that only exists in the imagination. Virtual reality environments generally present a visual experience, which is displayed on a computer screen or through a stereoscopic viewer, some simulations even include additional sensory information, such as sound through speakers or headphones, motion sensors, vibration and grip [47].

The need for visualization and interaction commonly carried out in various disciplines can be optimized by applying VR technology which is currently trending. Several VR applications are currently being used in the world of entertainment, broadcasting, design, simulation, and training as well as for the tourism

#### *Model of Virtual Tourism as an Alternative of the Concept of Architecture Tourism Post… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94015*

sector. However, in Indonesia, this technology has not been used for matters related to crucial fields such as medicine, industrial/automotive engineering, as well as those related to conservation such as architecture, cities, archeology, and history. Even though the VR application offers a variety of innovative solutions for efforts to accelerate high technology to maximize performance and products [47].

VR technology [48] is an interface technology between humans and machines that can simulate people as if they are in a natural environment including sight, hearing, movement, and other actions [49]. This condition can not only clearly describe the real environment, but VR also allows users to observe the virtual environment and feel like they are in that place [23, 32].

VR as one of the innovations that can be used in e-Tourism invites users to interact with an environment that is simulated by a computer. According to LaValle [52], VR displays a pseudo-reality environment [50] by presenting a visual experience displayed on a computer layer [39, 40] or through a stereoscopic [41, 42] viewer where some simulations include additional sensing information such as sound displayed through headphone speakers [5, 39–43].

VR as technology has made a big difference in the history of human thought and is currently becoming a trend to help improve performance and product quality. VR is a technology created so that users can interact with an environment that is simulated by a computer. A simulated environment can be similar to the real world, a representative virtual reality experience by including a simulation of a combination of sensory results (visual, audio, touch). Computers help simulate a real object by generating a three-dimensional (3D) atmosphere to make the user physically involved.

The main components of this system hardware are the VR engine or computer system, input devices, and output devices. In general, the input device is responsible for interaction, the output device for immersive sense, and the VR engine or computer and its software for accurate control and synchronization of the entire virtual environment [24, 44] (**Figure 4**).

Based on the image, the input device is a means for users to interact with the virtual world. This device sends signals to the system about the user's actions, thereby providing the appropriate reaction back to the user via the output device in real-time. These devices can be classified for example as tracking devices, pointinput, bio-controllers, and sound devices. VR Engine or computer is a data processor and storage. Real-timing, graphic display, and image processing are some of the important factors and can take up time in the operation of the VR system so it must be selected according to the character of the application requirements.

The choice of VR Engine depends on the application field, the user itself, input and output devices, the level of immersive and graphic output required, because the VR Engine is responsible for calculating and producing graphic models, object rendering, lighting, mapping, texturing, simulation and so on. to be displayed in real-time. The computer as a VR Engine also handles interactions with users and functions as an interface with input and output devices. The output device is a device that receives feedback from the VR Engine and presents it to the user via a suitable output device to stimulate the senses. Several classifications of output devices based on the senses are graphic (visual), audio (hearing), haptic (touch or style), smell, and taste. The visual display is the most popular output in a VR system

#### **Figure 4.** *VR system stove. Source: Bahar [48]; Mazuryk and Gervautz [53].*

sustainable tourism with the term "comprehensive tourism system and complex adaptive tourism systems (CATS)" [2, 21, 22]. Farrell and Twining-Ward [34] divides into 4 (four) areas that affect sustainable tourism, namely: ecosystem ecology, ecological economics, global change science, and complexity theory [2, 21].

The development of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is increasingly being felt by its benefits in various aspects, especially in the industrial sector including the tourism industry in it [23, 24]. Chen and Sheldon [38] state that the tourism sector is an industry that requires the provision of diverse information, therefore the information provided will be more effective through the development of multimedia, communication, and information systems [8, 23–37]. Based on data from Boston Consulting Group 2000, almost 80 percent of the tourism industry transactions (e-tourism) are made via the internet. This is very reasonable because consumers will enjoy tourism products or services located in different areas from service providers. Therefore the tourism industry is an interesting sector to be developed and researched [26, 27]. Where e-Tourism transactions include obtaining information, purchasing tourism products and services ranging from hotel room rentals, tour travel packages,

purchasing transportation services (planes, trains, and travel) [8, 25].

computer so that users feel they are in that environment [32–46].

speakers or headphones, motion sensors, vibration and grip [47].

Along with the development of sustainable tourism insights [28, 29] and new trends in the use of ICT have indirectly brought many changes in various sides of people's lives including those related to the phenomenon [43] of travel and tourism activities [28–31]. Media Virtual Reality (VR) as a technology [32, 33] that invites users to interact with the environment in the virtual world is simulated using a

VR technology is a technology that allows users to interact with an environment that is simulated by a computer (computer-simulated environment), which is an environment that is actually imitated from the original or that only exists in the imagination. Virtual reality environments generally present a visual experience, which is displayed on a computer screen or through a stereoscopic viewer, some simulations even include additional sensory information, such as sound through

The need for visualization and interaction commonly carried out in various disciplines can be optimized by applying VR technology which is currently trending. Several VR applications are currently being used in the world of entertainment, broadcasting, design, simulation, and training as well as for the tourism

**2.4 Virtual reality (VR)**

*Virtual reality. Source: Amazon.com dan VIVE developers.*

**Figure 3.**

*Tourism*

**216**

whereas other types of displays are complementary. Visual displays are devices dedicated to the user's eye presenting a 3D world.

There are six categories of visual displays, each of which provides a different level of immersion, namely desktop displays, head-mounted displays (HMD), armmounted displays, single-screen displays, surround-screen displays (CAVE, Panoramic screen) and volumetric displays [35, 45, 46].

4.Assembly [48] is the stage where all multimedia objects or materials are made.

*Model of Virtual Tourism as an Alternative of the Concept of Architecture Tourism Post…*

5.Testing is the testing phase carried out after completing the assembly stage by running an application or program and seeing whether there is an error or not.

medium. If the storage media is not sufficient to accommodate the application, compression of the application will be performed. This stage can also be called the evaluation stage for developing finished products to make them better. The results of this evaluation can be used as input for the concept stage of the next

According to the MDLC drawing, it is divided into 2 (two) main stages, namely the data and architectural visualization phase (concept, design, material collecting)

The concept presented the user title, object, input, and output of the MDLC

Title Model of virtual tourism as an alternative of the concept of architecture tourism post Covid-

Object Multimedia contents, namely photos and videos of historical architectural buildings in the city

The concept of the MDLC model is designed for users by carrying out 6 (six)

From the design in the image, a design is made using the class diagram for virtual reality, where the class diagram consists of 4 classes, namely the Welcome Activity with the variable used is my button. For the MapView class, the variables used are mySpinner, place, URL, view, and descButton. The place variable connects the map view, description, and panorama classes, which determines the photos and description of tourist attractions that will be displayed in the description class and

The data of this study were conducted using several primary and secondary data collection methods, namely, the researcher took data from the management documents of several architectural tourist attractions from historical buildings in the city of Bandung, in the form of photos, videos, and information. Also, the researchers took direct documentation of each historical building object in the city of Bandung by taking direct photos, where the photo session began by selecting

activities starting from viewing the start page, viewing the map, selecting map coordinate information, selecting tourist attractions, viewing tourist spot information, and viewing the 360<sup>0</sup> display as shown in the picture (**Figure 6**).

the panorama that will be displayed in the panorama class.

Input Photos, videos, and texts about the historical architectural buildings of Bandung

6.Distribution [48] is this stage, the application will be stored in a storage

Making the application is based on the design stage.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94015*

and modeling (assembly, testing, and distribution).

19 in Bandung City, Indonesia

product.

A.Concept

User Tourist

B. Design

of Bandung

Output 360<sup>0</sup> photos and text

C. Material collection

**219**

model.
