*3.2.3 Ozone*

It is a form of oxygen with a different structure to its molecule located in the upper layers of the atmosphere and can irritate the upper respiratory system, but eyes and nose are decomposed by heat and eliminated by compressors.

## *3.2.4 Cosmic radiation*

There are no special effects for passengers on board of the flight. The total effective dose from natural radiation exposure in Germany averages 2.1 millisievert (mSv)/year. The International Commission on Radiological Protection recommends exposure of 1 mSv/year and 0.5 mSv/month as a guideline, within which there is no detectable risk of radiation damage. Internationally, radiation exposure during pregnancy of 1 mSv should not be exceeded totally, which is significantly lower than that associated with a potential health hazard (>20 mSv). The radiation exposure during air travel is clearly dependent on the route, altitude, and duration of the flight. The cosmic radiation in an altitude of 9–12 km is about 100 times higher than on the ground.

For short-haul flights (lower flight altitudes), a radiation exposure of on average 0.001–0.003 mSv/h and for long-haul flights (higher altitude, other flight route) of 0.005–0.008 mSv/h have been determined.

#### **3.3 Motion sickness**

It does not occur regularly except in case of atmospheric disturbances. If predisposed it is prudent to avoid alcohol and to supply appropriate medicines.
