**4. Results and discussion**

The in-depth interview results regarding the implementation of local wisdombased tourism activities in the form of harmonious culture that emphasizes on a harmonious relationship between human being and the Creator (God), between fellow human being, and human being and natural environment are presented in **Table 2**. The main goal of the harmony of relationship or harmonization is the creation of the happiness of life. Happiness is a goal mostly searched by all human being. Happiness in the Balinese people concept is the establishment of a harmonious relationship between God, human being, and the nature or a balance between macrocosm and microcosm nature. The concept brings out cultural values that recognize a difference in a unity of goal, which is the happiness of life.

**Table 3** indicates that harmonious culture is a local wisdom that uphold the harmonious relationship with God, human being, and the nature as the spirit of Balinese tourism. It produces tourism forms of spiritual tourism, cultural tourism, and heritage tourism. These tourisms are the reflection of cultural activities related


#### **Table 2.**

*Main differences between RBV and MOV.*

#### *Tourism*


**55**

ceremonies.

**Table 3.**

*protocol.*

Health protocol

*The Light-Up of Dark Bali Tourism: A Qualitative Study*

**Variable Indicator Item Detail item**

• Community tourism • Cultural organization or

• Heritage tourism • Cultural performance sites

• Eco-tourism • Natural and its content

• Agro-tourism • Pollutions

• Adventure tourism • Natural utilization

• Free of dirt • Cleaning services

• Free of bacteria • Cleaning ceremonies

• Free of threats • Physical distancing

• Face masks

• Protection ceremonies

• Sink

• Low carbon tourism • Waste

• Improved health • Gloves

Clean • Virus free • Garbage bin

Health • Hygiene • Hand washing

associations

preservation

• Artifacts preservation

to God. The implementation of these tourism models is reflected by many tourists who conduct religious trips and visit sacred sites and watch dances and religious

*Qualitative data processing results of cultural-based tourism activities, sustainable tourism, and health* 

Safety • Free of risks • Insurance

Other cultural activities are related to harmonization with human being that create Mice tourism, health tourism, culinary tourism, and community tourism. These four tourism models are indicated from tourist activities of meetings, traveling to enjoy unique foods, and having traditional and medical treatments. Moreover, there are tourists who conduct the activities since they join a group, such

Cultural activities that are related to natural environment bring out tourisms that reside with natural environmental preservation, such as eco-tourism, agrotourism, rural tourism, alternative tourism, and marine tourism. These tourism models could be seen from activities conducted by the communities to perform environmental conservation of land, marine, and air. In addition, there are

as bike lover groups, plant lover groups, and many more.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93389*

Environmental benefits


#### **Table 3.**

*Tourism*

Harmonious culture

Sustainable tourism

**Variable Indicator Item Detail item**

• Spiritual tourism • Religious trip

• Cultural tourism • Religious ceremonies

• Sacred places

• Heritage tourism • Dances and arts

• Mice • Meetings

• Tourism • Medication

• Community tourism

• Marine tourism

• Economic turnaround

Economic benefits • Economic behavior • Purchasing power

Social benefits • Accessible tourism • Transportation

Cultural benefits • Cultural tourism • Cultural preservation

• Health • Foods and beverages

• Culinary tourism • Community groups

• Eco-tourism • Natural preservation

• Rural tourism • Natural utilization

• Alternative tourism • Marine Biota

• Economy-politics • Prosperity

• Community tourism • Public service

• Population tourism • Health service

• Healthy tourism • Birth control

• Agro-tourism • Natural result utilization

• Society income improvement

• Costs of cultural and natural

• Costs of ceremonies

• Unemployment

protection

• Health

Harmony with God

Harmony with human being

Harmony with the

nature

**54**

*Qualitative data processing results of cultural-based tourism activities, sustainable tourism, and health protocol.*

to God. The implementation of these tourism models is reflected by many tourists who conduct religious trips and visit sacred sites and watch dances and religious ceremonies.

Other cultural activities are related to harmonization with human being that create Mice tourism, health tourism, culinary tourism, and community tourism. These four tourism models are indicated from tourist activities of meetings, traveling to enjoy unique foods, and having traditional and medical treatments. Moreover, there are tourists who conduct the activities since they join a group, such as bike lover groups, plant lover groups, and many more.

Cultural activities that are related to natural environment bring out tourisms that reside with natural environmental preservation, such as eco-tourism, agrotourism, rural tourism, alternative tourism, and marine tourism. These tourism models could be seen from activities conducted by the communities to perform environmental conservation of land, marine, and air. In addition, there are

activities that utilize the nature as an attraction by promoting the sustainability of the tourism development.

The cultural implementation results are interesting to discuss since through the cultural activities, the Balinese people have supported sustainable tourism as stated by several researchers, such as [34, 39–43]. There are uniqueness found in the cultural activities related to God. The uniqueness is related to religious ceremonies to conduct natural preservation since the communities believe the existence of God in all of His creations; therefore, respect is done through ceremonies to all lives in this world. The ceremonies are, among others, tumpek kandang, which is a ceremony to respect all animals; tumpek uduh, a ceremony to respect all plants, and otonan, a ceremony to respect human being. This ceremonial model can be explained in **Figure 1**.

**Table 3** explains that sustainable tourism implemented in Bali focuses on four benefits. First, economic benefit that will influence behavior, politics, and community economic activities. The condition could be observed from purchasing power,

**57**

*The Light-Up of Dark Bali Tourism: A Qualitative Study*

influential power; thus a ceremony is used to respect it [35].

prosperity, society income improvement, ceremony costs, unemployment, costs for cultural and natural protection, and health. The remaining benefits include social, cultural, and environmental benefits that give rise to various tourisms. It is in line with a research by Yuan Pan [34] and a direction from UNWTO. The concept of Covid-19 management through health protocol is in accordance with WHO guidance. Another interesting finding of the research is that each activity related to sustainable tourism and health protocol is linked to cultural or religious activities. The unique condition is different to the finding of [34, 39, 43, 44] where communities believe that behind every success in activities there is a beyond reason and

The results of in-depth interview have been explained in **Table 2** and compared to the existing theories [37, 45]; thus, a model could be designed to create Bali tourism development in the future. The model could be explained in **Figure 2**. The center of Balinese tourism is in the harmonious culture that provides spirit to maintain harmonization between God, human, and the nature. The cultural activities create a tourism models that are supported by the local government, traditional villages, and global environment that contain technologies to form a new tourism order. The new order concept intended is that Bali tourism is no longer sell the cultures as an icon instead it is shifted to the nature and human. Cultural values are a booster in the natural tourism implementation by considering health protocol set based on local wisdom. The natural tourism that is combined with cultural value-based health protocol will be a unique product and it supports strategies developed by Barney. According to the Balinese cultural concept what is meant by clean, health and safe is linked to both real world according to the WHO and unreal world through religious rituals. Cleanliness, health, and safe that will be legitimated either physically or non-physically are completely different to models implemented by other

Cultural values implemented by Balinese people amid Covid-19 condition will experience a shift in the cultural tourism development. At the beginning, it is offered as equal to natural and human-based tourism, but in the future, it will become a spirit of the two tourisms. The change brings impact on tourism business

change stakeholders in maintaining sustainable tourism. The concept will also provide legitimacy that Bali rises with a deep collaboration between modern and traditional to package a natural and human-oriented tourism. The results provide good color in the development of competitive strategy theories for a tourist area. This research will be more perfect if it involves tourists who have visited Bali as an informant to give their views on the new way of tourism that will be carried out so that Bali remains a favorite destination. This deficiency becomes a gap for future studies to come so that the concepts of demand and bidding can be viewed in a

balanced manner in formulating sustainable tourism policies.

The tourism model development concept with a new order is a model that could

The author expressed a deep sense of gratitude to the Indonesian government who had funded the project. The tourism village Pinge as a place to apply the results

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93389*

destinations in the world.

actors in marketing their products.

**Acknowledgements**

of the research.

**5. Conclusion**
