**9. Conclusions**

*Tourism*

subordinate.

it promotes responsible tourism.

working with people which are as follows:

• Listen to what they have to say.

• Learn from their culture and customs.

• Create a platform for dialogue and participation.

• Build on local wisdom and community assets.

impact will be felt long after the fact.

• Build-up process is slow, deep and strong.

leadership include, being respectful to others and treating them with dignity. These values are reflected in the tourism sector where service excellence is at the centre of customer care and stakeholder engagement. Service excellence, customer care and stakeholder engagement cannot be obtained without trust and common good. Ubuntu is a critical African concept to an effective leader in the tourism industry as

The forth concept is Paternalism, which is an African concept based on interconnectedness and solidarity [4, 41] Paternalism is defined as the managers' personal interest in workers' off-the-job lives and personal problems, and managers' effort to support the employees to achieve personal goals and improve welfare [35], [561]. Paternalism is a policy or practice that is fundamental for leaders to make and base their decisions on, so that they can act accordingly for the common good; whilst, constructing proper organisational practices. This concept can be beneficial to the leaders in the tourism sector. For example, [59], [91] refer to paternalistic leadership behaviour and affective organisational commitment as a concept that will have direct and indirect effects on performance of small businesses and therefore the performance of tourism destination. Paternalism is conceptualised in two types: authoritaritative and benevolent. Authoritaritative paternalism values job and does not include a sincere generosity, whilst benevolent paternalism emphasises the commitment of the subordinate and an intimate care of the manager for the

Africans sees themselves as bound by 'a mutual obligation to consider others'. A study conducted by Nelson on travel and tourism and the common good reveals that the integration of knowledge and talent from individuals in the private, notfor-profit, and government sectors to advance the common good is important to a 21st century leader [52]. This is reflected in the impact review of and beyond [62], [14] where the company presents valuable lessons from community projects, when

• Build the community's capacity to find solutions to their own problems.

• Build sustainable solutions and encourage ownership of assets.

• Work with legitimate and credible community leadership.

• Serve the community's agenda and build the relationship.

• Donor money and time is well invested for future generations.

• Identify and prioritise the community's needs with the community.

• It is expensive in the short term, but cheap in the long term, which means the

**202**

There is a lot that has been written on leadership from a business perspective to the philosophers' viewpoints; even politicians and historians among others have dissected the concept of leadership. Leaders as people, play an important role in an organisation and to the society. This chapter presented the concept of leadership in the 21st century in the tourism industry as one of the services sectors in global economic growth, and Africa in particular. Effective leadership examples in the tourism industry can be drawn from large destinations with strong performance like Kenya, Côte d'Ivoire, Mauritius and Zimbabwe in sub-Saharan Africa. Although South Africa, reported slower growth in arrivals in 2017, there was a strong increase in receipts, more lessons from the tourism leaders in the sub-region's top destination can be useful. Island destinations Seychelles, Cabo Verde and Reunion, all reported double-digit growth in arrivals.
