**3.1 Vegetation restoration on the railway construction affected land**

Before vegetation restoration is carried out on the borrow site, the area to be restored shall be prepared. In areas with greater impact on the landscape, high requirements for re-vegetation, and topsoil coverage, topsoil backfilling can be implemented, and the soil can be modified by applying biological fertilizers. In areas with a general impact on the landscape, mature sheep dung and yak dung can be used to improve the soil. At the same time, when sowing the seeds of perennial herbaceous plants, mix with seed base fertilizer. For the bare land in the arid section of the alpine grassland in the north of the Tanggula Mountain of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, *Elymus nutans*, *Poa crymophila*, *Leymus scalenus*, and *Roegneria thoroldiana* can be selected as the main plants to regenerate alpine vegetation. For the bare land of the low-lying saline-alkali area, *Puccinellia distans*, *Poa crymophila*, *E. nutans*, *Leymus chinensis*, and *Puccinellia tenuiflora* are the main plants for rebuilding alpine vegetation. For the bare land between Tanggula Mountain Pass and Amdo in the alpine meadow area south of Tanggula Mountain, vegetation restoration should focus on topography and soil improvement. Use the natural succession of vegetation to restore the natural vegetation of the soil taking and spoiling ground. But for borrow sites that are close to the railway line and affect the landscape, *E. nutans*, *Elymus sylvestris*, *E. dahuricus*, etc. can be planted. For bare lands such as the soil removal field between Amdo and Sangxiongla Mountain Pass along the railway, *E. nutans* can be selected as the main regenerated grass species. For the bare land from the Sangxiongla mountain pass to Yangbajing along the railway, *E. nutans* and *E. sylvestris* can be selected as the main grass species for alpine meadow regeneration and can be matched with *Elymus dauri* and auxiliary grass species such as *P. tenuiflora*, *Leymus sativus*, *Festuca arundinacea*, and *Bromus inermis* [1, 11].
