Contents



**III**

**Chapter 16 261**

**Chapter 17 279**

Ecology of Biofilms **301**

**Chapter 18 303**

**Chapter 19 327**

The Importance of Biofilms to the Fate and Effects of Microplastics

Extending an Eco-Evolutionary Understanding of Biofilm-Formation

*by Robyn Jerdan, Olga Iungin, Olena V. Moshynets, Geert Potters* 

Biofilm, a Cozy Structure for *Legionella pneumophila* Growth

Oral Microbiota from the Stomatology Perspective *by Andrea Stašková, Radomíra Nemcová, Stanislav Lauko* 

at the Air-Liquid Interface to Community Biofilms

and Persistence in the Environment *by Arwa Abu Khweek and Amal O. Amer*

*and Andrej Jenča*

*by John A. Glaser*

*and Andrew J. Spiers*

**Section 4**


**II**

**Chapter 7 101**

**Chapter 8 113**

Biofilm and Infection **133**

**Chapter 9 135**

**Chapter 10 149**

**Chapter 11 163**

**Chapter 12 179**

**Chapter 13 197**

**Chapter 14 213**

**Chapter 15 245**

Formation, Antibiotic Resistance, and Control Strategies

Combating Biofilm and Quorum Sensing: A New Strategy

*by Cynthia Amaning Danquah, Samuel Osei-Djarbeng, Theresah Appiah, Yaw Duah Boakye and Francis Adu*

*by Sadık Dincer, Fatima Masume Uslu and Anil Delik*

*by Princy Choudhary, Sangeeta Singh and Vishnu Agarwal*

Essential Oils as an Innovative Approach against Biofilm

*Renan Rhonalty Rocha, Vinícius de Queiroz Albuquerque,* 

Methods for Searching of Potential Beneficial Bacteria

*by Juliana Cabrini Carmello, Sarah Raquel de Annunzio* 

Biofilms Formed by Pathogens in Food and Food Processing

*by Leontina Grigore-Gurgu, Florentina Ionela Bucur, Daniela Borda, Elena-Alexandra Alexa, Corina Neagu and Anca Ioana Nicolau*

Dental Biofilm as Etiological Agent of Canine Periodontal Disease

*by Jana Kačírová, Marián Maďar, Gabriela Štrkolcová,* 

*by Marián Maďar, Jana Kačírová, Eva Styková, Michaela Maďarová and Radomíra Nemcová*

*Antônio Mateus Gomes Pereira, Águida Maria Albuquerque Azevedo, Maria Nágila Carneiro Matos, Rafaela Mesquita Bastos Cavalcante,* 

Composition, Structure, and Formation of Biofilms Constituted by

*Jesús Alberto Pérez Guerrero and Francisco Eduardo Aragão Catunda Junior*

of Multidrug-Resistant *Staphylococcus aureus by Victor Alves Carneiro, Ramaiana Soares Melo,* 

and Their Products in Dental Biofilm

Periodontopathogenic Microorganisms

*Aladár Maďari and Radomíra Nemcová*

*and Carla Raquel Fontana*

Environments

of *Staphylococcus epidermidis* Biofilm *by Wei Chen, Ting-Ting Xie and Hong Zeng*

Antibiotic Resistance in Biofilm

to Fight Infections

Microbial Biofilms

**Section 3**

Preface

A biofilm is a microbial form of life formed by the organic exopolysaccharide structures produced by microorganisms, irreversibly attached to a living or inanimate interface. Today, biofilms are widespread in nature and produced by

Biofilms protect bacteria from changes in environmental conditions and the harmful effects of ultraviolet light, making it easier for the bacteria to store food and remove waste materials. Due to biofilms, it is difficult for microorganisms to undergo phagocytosis by the immune system cells. When favorable conditions occur, biofilms can be created by pathogenic microorganisms. Bacterial attachment levels, surface properties, temperature, type and number of bacteria, pH of the environment, cell-wall structure of the bacteria, mobility, amount and content of the nutrients in the environment, and ion concentration all affect biofilm formation. Microorganisms create biofilms for reasons such as protection from the harmful effects of the environment as well as obtainment of nutrients and new genetic features. Biofilm formation is not a random event, and many microorganisms signal each other using small diffuse molecules to coordinate

The intercellular communication required for biofilm formation is provided by a system called "quorum sensing." This system provides many advantages to bacteria, but it also controls the formation of biofilms through signals transmitted from cell to cell. While the quorum sensing system detects the population density around the bacteria, the bacteria provide gene control. In addition to developing coordination between food sources and bacteria, quorum sensing also increases communication with the bacteria during infection to develop resistance to the

Studies have shown that bacteria living in biofilms are more resistant to

monochloramine, pyrogens and biocides, and heat.

antibacterial agents, iodine, the iodine polyvinylpyrrolidone complex, chlorine,

Biofilms are known to cause economic losses due to their negative effects in many areas, especially in health and food. New methods incorporating enzymes, detergents, ultrasound, and electricity are being used to control and prevent bacteria via mechanical cleaning, use of biocides, preventing biofilm development, preventing microbial adhesions, and supporting biomass extraction. However, the effectiveness of each methods varies according to the applied surface, the type of bacteria that forms the biofilm, and the

many bacteria.

activities.

immune response in the host.

application methods.
