Innate Immunity in Reproduction

*Innate Immunity in Health and Disease*

A Receptor on Human Brain

Lancet. 1900 Apr 21;155(3999):

[50] Parkhill J, Dougan G, James KD, Thomson NR, Pickard D, Wain J, et al. Complete genome sequence of a multiple drug resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi CT18. Nature. 2001 Oct 25;413(6858):848-852.

[51] Gibani MM, Jones E, Barton A, Jin C, Meek J, Camara S, et al.

Jul;25(7):1082-1088.

[52] Ktsoyan Z, Budaghyan L, Agababova M, Mnatsakanyan A, Arakelova K, Gevorgyan Z, et al.

Potential involvement of

articles/PMC6789781/

2011;59(2):270.

2016;11(1):88-90.

Investigation of the role of typhoid toxin in acute typhoid fever in a human challenge model. Nat Med. 2019

*Salmonella*infection in autoimmunity. Pathogens [Internet]. 2019 Jul 3 [cited 2019 Oct 27];8(3). Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/

[53] Ahmed M, Sureka J, Mathew V, Jakkani R, Abhilash KPP. Magnetic resonance imaging findings in a fatal case of *Salmonella typhi*-associated encephalopathy: A case report and literature review. Neurol India.

[54] Chidhara S, Rangasami R, Chandrasekharan A. Magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy in *Salmonella* meningoencephalitis. J PediatrNeurosci.

1121-1125.

[48] Prasadarao NV. Identification of *Escherichia coli* Outer Membrane Protein [55] Kobuchi N, Tsukahara H,

Kawamura Y, Ishimori Y, Ohshima Y, Hiraoka M, et al. Reversible Diffusion-Weighted MR Findings of *Salmonella enteritidis-*Associated Encephalopathy. Eur Neurol. 2003;49(3):182-184.

[56] Uysal H, Karademir A, Kılıç M, Ertürk Ö. *Salmonella* Encephalopathy with Seizure and Frontal Intermittent Rhythmic Delta Activity. Infection.

2001 Apr 1;29(2):103-106.

1;86(10):1056-1058.

[57] Huang L-T, Ko S-F, Lui C-C. *Salmonella* meningitis: clinical experience of third-generation

cephalosporins. Acta Paediatr. 1997 Oct

[58] Molloy A, Nair S, Cooke FJ, Wain J, Farrington M, Lehner PJ, et al. First report of *Salmonella enterica serotype paratyphi A* azithromycin resistance leading to treatment failure. J Clin Microbiol. 2010 Dec;48(12):4655-4657.

[59] Chisti MJ, Bardhan PK, Huq S, Khan WA, Khan AM, Sharifuzzaman null, et al. High-dose intravenous dexamethasone in the management of diarrheal patients with enteric fever and encephalopathy. Southeast Asian J Trop

[60] Hoffman SL, Punjabi NH, Kumala S, Moechtar MA, Pulungsih SP, Rivai AR,

chloramphenicol-treated severe typhoid fever by high-dose dexamethasone. N Engl J Med. 1984 Jan 12;310(2):82-88.

Atypical Presentation of Typhoid Fever. J Med Res Innov. 2019 Jul 1;e000178.

Med Public Health. 2009 Sep;40(5):1065-1073.

et al. Reduction of mortality in

[61] Jain A, Baheti G. Steroid Pulse Therapy in the Management of Neuropsychiatric Manifestations in an

Microvascular Endothelial Cells. Infect Immun. 2002 Aug 1;70(8):4556-4563.

[49] Foulerton Alexander GR, Campbell Thomson H. On the causation of nervous symptoms in typhoid fever,: with an experimental study of the action of typhoid toxins on the ganglion cells of the central nervous system. The

**226**

**229**

**Chapter 9**

**Abstract**

fertility.

**1. Introduction**

Male Fertility

*Fei Wang, Ran Chen and Daishu Han*

Tyro3/Axl/Mer receptor tyrosine kinase, orchitis

can be harmful to the host self [3].

Innate Immune Defense in the

Male Reproductive System and

To protect the male germ cells from adverse immune reaction, the male reproductive system adopts special immune environment such as immunoprivileged status. The male genital organs can be infected by various microorganisms via hematogenous dissemination and ascending genitourinary tracts. To overcome the immunoprivileged status, the male genital organs also adopt their own innate defense against microbial infection. The tissue-specific cells in the male reproductive system are well equipped with innate immune machineries, including pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and their negatively regulatory system. PRR-initiated immune responses must be tightly regulated by the negative regulatory system for the maintenance of immune homeostasis. The immune homeostasis can be disrupted by unrestrictive innate immune response, which may lead to inflammatory conditions in the male genital tracts, an important etiological factor contributing to male infertility. This chapter describes the current understanding of the innate immune responses in the male reproductive system and their effects on male

**Keywords:** innate immunity, testis, male fertility, pattern recognition receptor,

Innate immunity is the first line of the body defense against microbial infections.

PRRs not only initiate innate immune responses in the immune cells, but also in the nonimmune epithelial cells of various tissues. In particular, the tissue-specific epithelial cells of organs, such as the intestine, lung, and urogenital tracts, which are frequently infected by microorganisms, abundantly express PRRs, and the PRR-initiated innate immune responses play important roles in the tissue defense against microbial infections. The production of functional sperm is necessary for normal fertility, which requires the close cooperation of a whole reproductive

The innate immune responses initiated by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play critical roles in building the innate immunity and regulating adaptive immunity [1, 2]. PRR-initiated innate immune responses can lead to acute inflammatory conditions, essential for counteracting invading microbes, which must be tightly restricted by the negative regulatory system for maintaining the immune homeostasis. Unrestricted innate immune responses may result in chronic inflammation that

#### **Chapter 9**
