Meet the editors

Prof. Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research

work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (*Science*, *PNAS*, *Nature Medicine*) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various prestigious international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Societies of Biology and Chemistry, London, United Kingdom; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by *The Scientist*. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in the vaccination for *Japanese encephalitis* by IPIC ( *International Primary Immunodeficiencies Congress*).

Dr. Hridayesh Prakash is a fellow of the Royal Society of Biology, London. Currently, he is an associate professor at the Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University, NOIDA. He has expertise in innate immunity with a special interest in macrophage immunobiology, tumor immunology/immunotherapy, cell-based immunotherapies, pulmonary infection biology, and radiation biology. Dr. Prakash conducts research to exploit various immu-

notherapeutics for managing persistent bacterial and viral Infections and gastric cancer. He is unraveling the therapeutic potential of M1 effector macrophages against solid tumors. He is also studying various mechanisms that certain pathogens like *Helicobacter pylori*, *Chlamydia*, and *Mycobacteria* are exploiting for polarizing M1 effector macrophages towards the M2 phenotype during chronic and persistent infections. Under this major objective, he is now validating the therapeutic impact of M1 effector macrophages for the control of persistent infection-driven cancer (adenocarcinoma) progression. Dr. Prakash is also exploring the palliative potential of macrophages against autoimmunity and chronic inflammatory disorders like IBD, radio-pneumonitis, pulmonary fibrosis, and radiation syndrome.

Contents

**Section 1**

Virus Infection

*by Yutaka Tsutsumi*

The Current Trends

*by Alaa Fadhel Hassan*

*and Manju Jain*

*and Murtada Hafedh Hussein*

Infections: Periphery to Thymus

*and Shailendra K. Saxena*

**Preface V**

Innate Immunity in Infection Management **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

**Chapter 2 13**

**Chapter 3 45**

**Chapter 4 109**

**Chapter 5 135**

**Chapter 6 155**

**Chapter 7 191**

Plasticity in Interferon Responses Modulates T-Cell Immunity in Parasitic

*by Lovlesh Thakur, Nadeem Akhtar, Aklank Jain, Hridayesh Parkash* 

Pathogenesis and Host Immune Response during Japanese Encephalitis

How Human Herpesviruses Subvert Dendritic Cell Biology and Function

Cytological Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases: Identification of Pathogens

*by Swatantra Kumar, Rajni Nyodu, Vimal K. Maurya* 

Immune Dysfunction during Enteric Protozoal Infection:

*by Renu Kumari Yadav, Shalini Malhotra and Nandini Duggal*

*by Marwa Mohammed Ali Jassim, Majid Mohammed Mahmood* 

Toll-Like Receptors, Keys of the Innate Immune System

Human Herpetic Viruses and Immune Profiles

*by Linda Popella and Alexander Steinkasserer*

and Recognition of Cellular Reactions

## Contents



**Section 5**

Role of Interferon in Cancer Metabolism *by Vaishali Chandel and Dhruv Kumar*

Innate Immunity and Cancer: Double Edge Aspect **381**

**Chapter 17 383**


Preface

This book provides readers with a comprehensive overview of recent trends in innate immunity as well as general concepts of immuno-biology of infections, immune-pathology, immuno-microbiology, immuno-genomics, and immunopharmacology. It also examines current clinical recommendations in the management of various diseases, highlighting ongoing issues, recent advances, and future

The book focuses on various aspects and properties of innate immunity, whose deep understanding is very important for safeguarding the human race from further loss of resources and economies due to innate immune response-mediated diseases. Throughout this book we will examine the individual mechanisms by which the innate immune response acts to protect the host from pathogenic infectious agents

Macrophages are ubiquitous and integrated parts of both innate and adaptive immunity. These cells have been researched extensively in different contexts. Macrophages display a range of plasticity in their phenotype in different pathological conditions. Together, peripheral and tissue macrophages constitute the reticuloendothelial system where they play a major role in sensing pathogens and tumor antigens for their effective eradication. Macrophages display a range of plasticity, which qualifies them as potential target cells for managing various human diseases clinically. Due to their plastic nature, these cells are potentially involved in most

Several groups including ours have demonstrated that several multidrug resistant (MDR)/extensively drug resistant (XTR) bacteria polarize M1 effector alveolar macrophages towards their M2 phenotype during persistent infection. This seems to be a potential link to the sensitization for infection and possibly the development of

Current research in the field focuses on managing the M1/M2 imbalance to minimize the risk of cancer arising from chronic and persistent lung infection with intracellular pathogens like *Chlamydia* or *Mycobacteria*. This may be achieved by targeting major signaling pathways that drive the M2 phenotype and are involved in

resources, and technologies for identifying the molecular signature involved in the polarization of M1 effector macrophages to M2 macrophages during disease. It also explores how selective phenotypes of macrophages can improve existing therapies, with special emphasis on infection and cancer, particularly lung cancers, and various gastric inflammatory diseases like inflammatory bowel

cancer development (e.g., sphingolipids, Th2/Th17 responses).

In view of the preceding, this book discusses research methodologies,

directions of diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies.

and other non-communicable diseases.

immunological and physiological responses.

cancer.

disease.
