**Author details**

Azwianewi B. Makhado1 \*, Rodney Braby2 , Bruce M. Dyer3 , Jessica Kemper4 , Alistair M. McInnes<sup>5</sup> , Desmond Tom6 and Robert J.M. Crawford3

1 Percy FitzPatrick Institute of Africa Ornithology, DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

2 Marine Spatial Management and Governance Project, Swakopmund, Namibia

3 Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries (DEFF), Cape Town, South Africa

4 African Penguin Conservation Project, Lüderitz, Namibia

5 BirdLife South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa

6 Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources, Lüderitz, Namibia

\*Address all correspondence to: amakhado@environment.gov.za

© 2021 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**65**

*Seabirds of the Benguela Ecosystem: Utilisation, Long-Term Changes and Challenges*

[10] Crawford RJM, Williams AJ, Randall RM, Randall BM, Berruti A, Ross GJB. Recent population trends of jackass penguins *Spheniscus demersus* off southern Africa. Biological Conservation*.* 1990;52:229-243.

[11] Hutchinson GE. Survey of contemporary knowledge of biogeochemistry. 3. The biogeochemistry of vertebrate excretion. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History.

[12] Crawford RJM, Shelton PA, Cooper J, Brooke RK. Distribution, population size and conservation of the Cape Gannet *Morus capensis*. South African Journal of Marine Science.

[13] Ross GJB, Randall RM. Phosphatic sand removal from Dassen Island: effect on penguin breeding and guano harvests. South African Journal of

1950;96:134-157.

1983;1:153-174.

Science. 1990;86:172-174.

Madoqua. 1976;9(4):5-55.

2007;107:253-261.

1983;1:153-174.

1979;50:168-175.

[15] Crawford RJM, Dyer BM, Kemper J, Simmons RE, Upfold L. Trends in numbers of Cape Cormorants (*Phalacrocorax capensis*) over a 50-year period, 1956-57 to 2006-07. Emu.

[16] Crawford RJM, Shelton PA, Cooper J, Brooke RK. Distribution, population size and conservation of the Cape Gannet *Morus capensis*. South African Journal of Marine Science.

[17] Randall R, Ross GJB. Increasing population of Cape Gannets on Bird Island, Algoa Bay, and observations on breeding success. Ostrich.

[14] Berry HH. Physiological and behavioural ecology of the Cape cormorant *Phalacrocorax capensis.*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96326*

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[5] Randall RM. Jackass penguins. In: Payne AIL, Crawford RJM, editors. Oceans of Life off Southern Africa*.* Cape Town: Vlaeberg; 1989. p. 242-256.

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*Seabirds of the Benguela Ecosystem: Utilisation, Long-Term Changes and Challenges DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96326*
