Management and Conservation

*Birds - Challenges and Opportunities for Business, Conservation and Research*

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and hunting.

**Chapter 8**

Hunting

*Heimo Mikkola*

stakeholders are discussed.

hunting as a management tool

**1. Introduction**

**Abstract**

Management of the Barnacle

Finland: Conservation versus

The Barnacle Goose (*Branta leucopsis*) has had recent uncontrolled population increase in all of its northern distribution areas and is now one of the three most abundant goose species in the world. Not many birds, other than this have had such a naming mystery and a long time it was not known if the Barnacle Goose was a bird or a fish. So no wonder that also its conservation or possible hunting divides the opinions of people and authorities. This chapter is suggesting well regulated, sustainable, springtime hunting of these geese in such agriculture fields they will cause most serious crop losses. To be effective and meet public social approval, management actions must have a strong scientific basis and include an efficient monitoring programme. Necessary decisions to reach a consensus among

**Keywords:** Barnacle Goose, folklore, population increase, agriculture crop losses,

The Barnacle Goose, *Branta leucopsis,* is one of the very few species of birds endemic to the north-east Atlantic region [1]. Nests have been found at heights of as much as 1,000 feet above sea level on steep faces of coastline. In these conditions, the parent birds are very successful in defending their eggs against predators explaining partly the success of this goose [1]. It belongs to black geese genus, *Branta*, with largely black colour separating them from the grey *Anser* species. First, the Barnacle Goose and the close relative Brent (or Brant) Goose, *Branta bernicla,* were previously seen as one species, but modern genetic analysis has shown that it is

All Barnacle Goose populations are increasing, and growing geese foraging on cropland leads to serious challenges for many farmers. To prevent geese damage to agriculture farmers are seeking different tools to protect their crop. In Finland, the size of the migrating Barnacle Goose flocks are causing increasing human-wildlife conflicts (**Figure 1**). This chapter seeks a sustainable solution between conservation

an eastern derivate of the Cackling Goose *Branta hutchinsii* lineage [2].

Goose (*Branta leucopsis*) in
