Preface

In order to effectively contain and combat a virus, one has to understand the natural history of the virus and its microbiology, pathology, immunology, pathogenicity, clinical features, treatment and prevention options, and control measures. Never has this been clearer than now when the world is experiencing the COVID-19 pandemic. Of course, there are other viruses that must be dealt with as well.

This book is about the highly infective Human papillomavirus (HPV). There are more than 200 strains of HPV, though only a few, like HPV 16 and HPV 18, are oncogenic. HPV infections can lead to cancers of the cervix, vulva, vagina, anus, penis, and oral cavity.

Written by authors from across the globe, this book is a comprehensive look at HPV. Chapters cover such topics as the epidemiology of HPV, treatment of the manifestations of HPV, which can include warts on the skin and genitals, diagnosis and management of oral mucosal cancers due to HPV, HPV and pregnancy, and HPV vaccines.

This book serves as a useful reference for researchers and scientists, guiding them in the objective of eliminating HPV infections and related cancers, especially in developing countries with limited resources.

I am grateful to Dr. Rijula Raj, MPT, SRMIST, Chennai, Er. Rixon Raj, ME, MIT, Chennai, and Er. Pavith Raj for their valuable technical inputs. I thank my family Celin Rani and the lovely angel Helena Raj for their concern and care during the preparation of this book. My special thanks to Ms. Romina Rovan of IntechOpen publishing for her highly efficient management and skillful guidance during my editorship of this book.

### **Dr. Rajamanickam Rajkumar MD, PhD** Professor, Community Medicine, Meenakshi Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research - MAHER, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India

**1**

**Chapter 1**

**Abstract**

The Importance of the Problem

of HPV-Associated Diseases

of Adolescents against

motivation, and reduce the number of refusal.

tion. The prevalence of HPV in the world is about 10%.

reproductive behavior

**autonomous region-Ugra**

respiratory papillomatosis [1–3, 5].

in KhMAO-Ugra: Vaccination

HPV - Problems and Prospects

*Larisa Dmitrievna Belotserkovtseva and Yulia Igorevna Mayer*

In a survey of adolescents aged 14–17 years, we found that 25% already have experience of sexual contact and they do not know the methods of contraception and neglect condoms. About 77.6% of sexually active adolescent girls had genital infection, including HPV 52.7%, highly oncogenic types 37.9%, and mixed infections 51.4%. Adolescents are extremely vulnerable to HPV-related diseases. Cervical cancer takes the 2nd place in the structure of cancer in women in KHMAO-Ugra and the 1st place at the age of 30 years. Since 2009, girls have been vaccinated against HPV in Ugra. Over 10 years, there was a 39% decrease in the incidence of anogenital warts. We meet with parents, provide information about the risks of HPV infection, expose myths, and discuss the safety and effectiveness of HPV vaccines. Our goal is to win the trust of parents in vaccines, resist anti-vaccine propaganda, increase

**Keywords:** papillomavirus, vaccination, cervical cancer, anogenital warts, adolescent

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most frequent sexually transmitted infec-

HPV is the cause of a wide range of serious diseases in both men and women, including cancer and precancerous lesions of the cervix, vulva and vagina, anogenital area and anal canal, penis, and oropharynx, and also plays a crucial etiological role in the development of anogenital warts in both sexes [1–4]. Anogenital (venereal) warts are the most common clinical manifestation of HPV infection. More than 90% of all cases of anogenital warts are caused by 6 and 11 types of HPV. These types of HPV are also responsible for the development of recurrent

The problem of HPV infections during pregnancy can lead to complications such as intrauterine and intrapartum infections of the fetus, increased frequency of

**1. The problem of HPV in Russia and in the Khanty-Mansiysk** 
