**6.2 Physical management of saline soil**


$$\text{Leaching requirement} \left( LR \right) = \frac{EC\_{\text{in}}}{EC\_{dW}} \times \mathbf{zoo} \tag{3}$$

**113**

*Soil Salinity and Its Management*

ductivity of drainage water.

**6.3 Chemical method**

H+

replaces the Na<sup>+</sup>

and ion ratio [27].

• Phytoremediation

*6.4.1 Phytoremediation*

*6.4.2 Microbial remediation*

halotolerent bacteria (**Table 2**) [30].

• Microbial remediation

**6.4 Bio remediation of saline soil**

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93329*

where ECiw = electrical conductivity of irrigated water, ECdw = electrical con-

upward pull of salts from ground water table [23–25].

ATP-ase hydrolytic activity and imports H+

toxic effect of salinity. Two different types in bio remediation are:

salts in cells and tissues of halophytes, ex. *Sonneratia apetala* [28].

in sodium sequestration by vacuole. K+

vii.**Mulching:** Mulching with crop residues or live crops reduces the evaporation of moisture from the soil surface compared to barren soil. Its reduces the

i.**Gypsum application**: Gypsum application required only the Na content of the soil increased ESP more than 15 or pH more than 8 (saline sodic soil) for

by Ca2+ and subsequent leaching of Na+

ii.**Nutrient addition**: Application of nutrient like NPK, magnesium and hormones like salicylic acid which reduces the toxicity effects of saline soil and raise optimum crop growth and yield. Nitrate which reduces the uptake of chloride, potassium reduces the uptake of Na [26]. Salicylic acid application increases Mg uptake which influences the activity of ATP leads to increase in

cantly reduces the toxic effect of saline soil by maintains the water balance

Bioremediation is a sustainable approach in order to reduce and alleviate the

Phytoremediation involves using plant species to diminish the concentration of the salts or contaminants in the soil. Plant species like halophytes, hyper accumulating plants, salt tolerant and transgenic salt tolerant plants used for phyto remediation of saline soil. ex., *Tamix chinensis, Lycium chinense, Gossypium hirsutum*. There are three types of halophytes: (a) salt excluding – filters the salt by specially adoptive root system, ex. *Rhizophora muaneta*; (b) salt excreting – regulate the plant internal cell physiology, ex. *Avicennia officinalis*; salt accumulating – accumulating

Various salt tolerant rhizosphere microbial community (Halophills) which

remediate the saline soils. Mechanism of microbial tolerant involves (i) maintains cytoplasmic ionic content equal to the medium, (ii) concentrating solutes for create osmotic balance, (iii) after cell physiology restrict or control movement of water both inside and outside of the cytoplasm [29]. *Halobacillus* sp., like *Bacillus gibsonii*, *Halobacterium salinarum, Staphylococcus succinus*, *Zhihengliuella halotolerans, Oceanobacillus oncorhynchi* are the examples of

.

foliar and soil application signifi-

ion in vacuole leads to increase

where ECiw = electrical conductivity of irrigated water, ECdw = electrical conductivity of drainage water.

vii.**Mulching:** Mulching with crop residues or live crops reduces the evaporation of moisture from the soil surface compared to barren soil. Its reduces the upward pull of salts from ground water table [23–25].
