**7. Conclusion**

Life on earth originated in water and depends on water which is necessary for the life of all beings. Plants are constantly receiving and excreting water that has a number of biochemical and physiological functions in the plant organism. Plant species as well as individual plant parts differ in terms of water demand. Of all the factors that affect the growth and development of a plant, water have become the most important and common limiting factor. Plant tolerance to abiotic stresses, especially drought stress is a very complex process consisting of a series of physiological, biochemical, and genetic adaptations, that is, evolutionary adaptations of certain plant species. The biggest challenge is to determine exactly which genes activate certain chemical compounds and substances which control the plant's response on drought stresses and how exactly the plant physiologically manages to respond to stimuli. The agricultural production is dependence on weather conditions as of today it is becoming more and more pronounced due to the increasingly frequent weather extremes caused by the climate changes. The lack of precipitation or their uneven distribution, pronounced dry periods almost regularly monitored by above-average temperatures, and extreme weather conditions such as hail, floods, and strong winds negatively affect agricultural production. Yield drop or total loss of yield and financial losses are the main direct consequences of adverse weather conditions. One of the most important factors that affect plant habitat and available source of water is soil capacity and physical properties of soil. Some agrotechnical measures can improve soil water capacity but in fact for all agricultural produces always remain as challenge—how to manage water in a way to provide optimal crop yields during the vegetation season.

### **Acknowledgements**

The author wishes to express gratitude to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic (Project No. 7/2020/01 "Increasing scientific research capacities and support of education at the University of Mostar and University of Dzemal Bjedic Mostar").

**103**

**Author details**

Adrijana Filipović

Bosnia and Herzegovina

provided the original work is properly cited.

Faculty of Agriculture and Food Technology, University of Mostar, Mostar,

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

\*Address all correspondence to: adrijan.filipovic@aptf.sum.ba

*Water Plant and Soil Relation under Stress Situations DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93528*

## **Conflict of interest**

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

*Water Plant and Soil Relation under Stress Situations DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93528*

*Soil Moisture Importance*

**7. Conclusion**

vegetation season.

**Acknowledgements**

**Conflict of interest**

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

tion, nutrient, and water uptake) [64, 73, 74].

a result of anaerobic conditions [71] even some species have adapted to this condition developing a special root [72]. The reaction of the plant to stressful conditions in most cases was reflected in the unfavorable status of water in plant tissues and organs. The main mechanism of plant cell resistance to stress is to maintain favorable turgor pressure in cells, tissues, and organs (stress is first reflected in important physiological processes in the plant such as photosynthesis, respiration, transpira-

The roots of plants are most often adapted to stressful conditions in a way that changes the structure of the tissue and changes in root volume occur, which was closely related to the reclamation of the osmotic activity of root cells. Cells most often try to protect cells from protoplast dehydration through metabolic exchange of water molecules and some osmotic active substance that result tissue adaptation to newly state that occurred (wall thickness, cell size, osmolite concentration, etc.) [66, 75, 76].

Life on earth originated in water and depends on water which is necessary for the life of all beings. Plants are constantly receiving and excreting water that has a number of biochemical and physiological functions in the plant organism. Plant species as well as individual plant parts differ in terms of water demand. Of all the factors that affect the growth and development of a plant, water have become the most important and common limiting factor. Plant tolerance to abiotic stresses, especially drought stress is a very complex process consisting of a series of physiological, biochemical, and genetic adaptations, that is, evolutionary adaptations of certain plant species. The biggest challenge is to determine exactly which genes activate certain chemical compounds and substances which control the plant's response on drought stresses and how exactly the plant physiologically manages to respond to stimuli. The agricultural production is dependence on weather conditions as of today it is becoming more and more pronounced due to the increasingly frequent weather extremes caused by the climate changes. The lack of precipitation or their uneven distribution, pronounced dry periods almost regularly monitored by above-average temperatures, and extreme weather conditions such as hail, floods, and strong winds negatively affect agricultural production. Yield drop or total loss of yield and financial losses are the main direct consequences of adverse weather conditions. One of the most important factors that affect plant habitat and available source of water is soil capacity and physical properties of soil. Some agrotechnical measures can improve soil water capacity but in fact for all agricultural produces always remain as challenge—how to manage water in a way to provide optimal crop yields during the

The author wishes to express gratitude to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic (Project No. 7/2020/01 "Increasing scientific research capacities and support of education at the University of Mostar and University of Dzemal Bjedic

**102**

Mostar").
