**4. Conclusion**

**3.5 Seepage (S)**

*Soil Moisture Importance*

**Figure 11.**

particular experimental plot.

volumetric basis (cm3 cm�<sup>3</sup>

density.

**16**

**3.6 Change in profile moisture (ΔG)**

throughout the profile up to a depth of 1.5 m.

S is the sideway water travels from side to side of the bunds, which could alter the water amounts used. For delineating the seepage loss in the rice season, water level variation in whole plots and infiltration rings is recorded during every irrigation [15, 43]. After each irrigation/heavy rainfall, seepage was calculated. After 2–3 hours depending upon the soil textural class, water from plot disappears, and then, the ring water level provides us with a scheme of the seepage losses from a

Profile moisture change is also an important part of the soil water balance equation. For measuring soil profile moisture change, the thermogravimetrical method is used for measuring moisture before sowing and after harvesting

Moisture of soil <sup>ð</sup><sup>g</sup> <sup>g</sup>�<sup>1</sup>Þ ¼ Fresh soil mass <sup>ð</sup>gÞ–oven‐dried soil mass <sup>ð</sup>gÞ*<sup>=</sup>*

From the above conversion, above weight basis (g g�<sup>1</sup>

*Disk permeameter for delineation of un-saturated hydraulic conductivity [23].*

Oven‐dried soil mass <sup>ð</sup>gÞ*:* (12)

), these values must be multiplied with a respective bulk

Øi ¼ W � Db (13)

) values of soil moisture to

Underground water is globally declining down which in itself is a matter of great concern. Further, population pressure is rising day by day whose requirements whether of food, fiber, etc. should be met out from the ever-diminishing resources, namely, water and land. Climate change further complicated the whole scenario by one or other way. Thus, under this whole current scenario, it is very much important to first have knowledge regarding soil moisture movement under the impacts of different soil moisture potentials, namely, matric potential, solute potential, and gravitational potential, so that irrigation water is applied as required for having higher water-use efficiency for which tensiometers may serve the purpose under the field conditions. Further, many RCTs are being proposed in the water-stressed regions for establishing the wheat-rice cropping sequence with claim to have higher water-use efficiency and, thus, higher land and water productivity. But a careful observation delineates that all of these RCTs are not universally applicable; rather their performance varied as per differential sand, silt, and clay ratios, soil slope, and agroclimatic conditions. Therefore, the first idea regarding different soil water potentials and then, secondly, rechecking of different recommended RCTs in a diversion of maximum share of green water from E to T are required. For this, estimating different soil moisture balance components and therefore their instrumental/calculative part needs more attention in the budding scientists more particularly dealing with the agricultural water management experiments in the waterstressed regions of the globe.

#### **Conflict of interest**

No conflict of interest is expressed by the authors.
