*Types of agroforestry systems*

**Agri-Silviculture:** It is the growing of agricultural crops as a primary component with the secondary component of multipurpose trees (MPTs) on the same managed land unit. The tree species bind soil particles in the root zone and increase water infiltration, and reduce runoff.

**Agri-Horticulture:** Growing of agricultural crops and fruit trees on the same managed land unit is known as agri-horticulture. Fruit tree species like lemon (*Citrus limon*), mango (*Mangifera indica*), ber (*Ziziphus mauritiana*), and aonla (*Phyllanthus emblica*) can be successfully planted in agricultural fields and on degraded and low fertile lands with some restoration measures.

**Alley Cropping:** Growing of agricultural crops in the alley formed between the hedge rows of leguminous nitrogen-fixing tree species. This system is one of the effective measures for soil and water conservation in hilly areas.

**Silvi-pasture System:** Raising grasses or livestock with MPTs on the same managed land unit is known as silvi-pasture system. This system has the potential to reclaim eroded and degraded lands. Mechanical measures combined with grass species cultivation are more effective for controlling soil erosion processes [58]. The grass species such as *Cenchrus ciliaris* (buffel grass), *Cenchrus setigerus* (birdwood grass), *Dichanthium annulatum* (marvel grass), *Panicum antidotale* (blue panicgrass), *Panicum maximum* (Guinea grass), *Brachiaria mutica* (para grass) and *Pennisetum purpureum* (elephant grass) are important in ravine restoration [59].
