Calcium and Bone Metabolism

**69**

**Chapter 5**

**Abstract**

and treatment.

parathyroid hormone

**1. Introduction**

trophoblasts [2].

**2. History**

Overview

*Andre Luis Maion Casarim*

Parathyroid Glands and

Hyperparathyroidism: A General

Hyperparathyroidism (HPT) is a clinical condition caused by the increase of parathyroid hormone (PTH) synthesis by the parathyroid glands. PTH has a central and fundamental role in the control of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. Its action on the kidney, bone, and, indirectly, intestinal cells implies a rapid increase in extracellular calcium flow. This clinical condition may be due to an intrinsic parathyroid disorder or secondary to an imbalance of calcium metabolism in patients with systemic diseases, such as chronic renal failure. The treatment of hyperparathyroidism may be clinical, with the control of calcium, phosphorus, and PTH levels, or surgical, depending on the various forms presented. The purpose of the chapter is to discuss the types of hyperparathyroidism, their relationship with phosphorus and mainly calcium metabolism, as well as the main forms of diagnosis

**Keywords:** hyperparathyroidism, calcium, bone diseases, kidney diseases,

Hyperparathyroidism (HPT) is a pathology caused by the increased synthesis of parathyroid hormone (PTH) by the parathyroid glands. This process can be a consequence of an intrinsic parathyroid disorder or secondary to an imbalance of calcium metabolism in patients with systemic diseases, such as chronic kidney disease (CKD) [1]. PTH plays a central and fundamental role in homeostasis of the control of calcium and phosphorus in the body. Its action on the renal, bone, and, indirectly, intestinal cells implies a rapid increase in the extracellular flow of calcium. This hormone has a short half-life (2–3 min) that quickly mobilizes calcium to the intravascular. It binds to specific membrane receptors on the kidney and bone cells, fibroblasts, chondrocytes, vascular smooth muscle, adipocytes, and placental

The parathyroid glands were initially discovered in the eighteenth century by Richard Owen, who dissected the parathyroid glands of an approximately 2260 kg
