**Author details**

*Mineral Deficiencies - Electrolyte Disturbances, Genes, Diet and Disease Interface*

TSH thyroid stimulating hormone Nrf nucleoid erythroid receptor factor

mTORC mammalian target of rapamycin complex

FGF fibroblast growth factor

NFkB natural factor kappa beta

MAPK mitogen activated protein kinase Wnt Wingless-related integration site

PI3K phosphatidyl inositol 3 kinase

GSK3β glycogen synthase kinase 3β ROS reactive oxygen species RNS reactive nitrogen species HDL high density lipoprotein

*1-alpha* IP3 inositol 1,4,5 tri phosphate ATPase adenosine tri phosphatase GTP guanosine triphosphate

IRP iron responsive proteins IRE iron responsive elements HAMP hepcidin antimicrobial peptide

MIT monoiododthyronine DIT diiodothyronine

TSH thyroid-stimulating hormone AMPK adenosine monophosphate kinase

NAD nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide

FGF fibroblast growth factor signalling

RDA recommended dietary allowance

TNAP tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase

ULK 1 Unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase (ULK1/2)

DNA deoxyribose nucleic acid RNA ribose nucleic acid

TNF tumour necrosis factor MSM methylsulfonylmethane

MMP matrix metallo proteinase ICAM inter cellular adhesion molecule iNOS induced nitric oxide synthase

PTH parathormone

COX cyclooxygenase

AA aplastic anaemia HCP heme carrier protein

FPN ferroportion

PRDM8 PR domain zinc finger protein 8

PGC-1α peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator

TGF tumour growth factor

FGF fibroblast growth factor SOD superoxide dismutase NOX NADPH oxidase MT metallothionin T3 tri iodothyronine T4 tetra iodothyronine

SIRT sirtuins

IL interleukin

ZIP zinc importer ZnT zinc transporter

**40**

Nyshadham S.N. Chaitanya1 \* and Sibani Sahu<sup>2</sup>

1 Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, TS, India

2 Department of Human Genetics, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, AP, India

\*Address all correspondence to: nsnchaitanya8@uohyd.ac.in

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
