**4. Conclusions**

American foulbrood has been present since the beginning of beekeeping and has evolved over time. Nevertheless, the apiculture industry today faces a complex situation. The effects of climate change have modified the availability of nutrients and food for bees, ultimately weakening hive health. Food availability for bees has been further decreased by the use of agrochemicals and the occurrence of extensive, devastating forest fires. These situations have provoked a resurgence of American foulbrood outbreaks, which need to be controlled to mitigate population and economic losses. Researchers specializing in apiculture should focus efforts on the search for new, environmentally friendly control strategies against this disease. Such efforts will help prevent the use of antibiotics, which in addition to inducing *P. larvae* resistance can lead to adverse effects in individuals who consume honeys contaminated by veterinary-use drugs.
