**1. Introduction**

"Landslides are simply defined as down slope movement of rock, debris and/ or earth under the influence of gravity. This sudden movement of material causes extensive damage to life, economy and environment" [1, 2]. Landslide occurrence in mountainous regions can be due to both natural and Man-made causes such as Roadway and Settlement construction etc. (**Figure 1**). These causes include cloudburst, thunderstorm, construction for various activities etc. [3]. The most sensitive areas are the Himalayan belt, Western and Eastern Ghats. Among other ecosystems Mountain ecosystem is one of the most fragile ecosystem in the world, when these ecosystems are disturbed either due to natural process or Anthropogenic process or the combined effect of both results in Geohazard and environmental problems such as landslides, soil erosion, reservoir siltation and land degradation [4–7]. Among other various problems that affect hill ecosystem, landslides have observed as fast spreading epidemic due to its multivariate morphodynamic process and also due to improper interaction of human being on nature, especially terrain ecosystem [8–10]. Not only In India but countries located along the borders of Himalayan region experience frequent landslide occurrences. These areas include the North Western and North Eastern Himalayas and the Western & Eastern Ghats [3]. Statistics on world landslides and its impacts is given in **Table 1**.

Landslides of Various types, Pose severe hazards in the Himalayan mountains. Some of the worst disasters in the world have been caused by landslides [11–14]. Every year the damage cause by caused landslide amounts 1 billion\$ says a us study and an average of 200 deaths in a year which is 30% of the such losses around the world [15, 16]. Map derived from the world bank data [17] indicates that most of the landslide hotspots are located the along the mountainous region and active tectonics region (**Figure 2**) [18].

Surya Prakash [19] has compiled a list of landslides that have socio- economic impacts in India (**Table 2**). In his research he reported that the Western and North Western Himalayas account for about 51% high prone landslides.

Over the years' various scientist and researchers have addressed the landslide problems using various qualitative, Quantitative, Statistical and Numerical

**141**

**Figure 2.**

*Global landslide hotspots (2017), source (World Bank).*

**Table 1.**

*World statistics on landslides (1900–2010).*

*Comparative Evaluation of Various Statistical Models and Its Accuracy for Landslide Risk…*

**Continents Events Killed Injured Homeless Affected Total affected** Africa 23 745 56 7936 13,748 21,740 Avg. Per event 32 2 345 568 945 America 145 20,684 4809 1,86,752 44,85,037 46,76,598 Avg. Per event 143 33 1288 30,931 32,252 Asia 255 18,299 3776 38,25,311 16,47,683 54,76,770 Avg. Per event 72 15 15,001 6462 21,478 Europe 72 16,758 523 8625 39,376 48,524 Avg. Per event 23 7 120 547 674 Oceania 16 542 52 18,000 2963 21,015 Avg. Per event 34 3 1125 185 1313

methods. Every methodology used has its own merits and demerits. The type of landslide involved depends upon varying condition such as slope, geology, geomorphology, nature of landslide, type of causative factor etc [16, 20, 21]. Based on the literature it can be concluded that no methodology is global for landslide studies. The accuracy of estimating landslide risk zones various for each method [22–28]. It is imperative reliable methodology should be used for the analysis of regional scale landslide risk mapping. Addressing the nature and causative factor of individual landslide is as important as preparing landslide risk maps. Most of the literature address the mapping risk zones or slope stability analysis, it is imperative that all

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94347*

**Figure 1.** *Landslide causative factors.*

*Comparative Evaluation of Various Statistical Models and Its Accuracy for Landslide Risk… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94347*


#### **Table 1.**

*Slope Engineering*

**1. Introduction**

"Landslides are simply defined as down slope movement of rock, debris and/ or earth under the influence of gravity. This sudden movement of material causes extensive damage to life, economy and environment" [1, 2]. Landslide occurrence in mountainous regions can be due to both natural and Man-made causes such as Roadway and Settlement construction etc. (**Figure 1**). These causes include cloudburst, thunderstorm, construction for various activities etc. [3]. The most sensitive areas are the Himalayan belt, Western and Eastern Ghats. Among other ecosystems Mountain ecosystem is one of the most fragile ecosystem in the world, when these ecosystems are disturbed either due to natural process or Anthropogenic process or the combined effect of both results in Geohazard and environmental problems such as landslides, soil erosion, reservoir siltation and land degradation [4–7]. Among other various problems that affect hill ecosystem, landslides have observed as fast spreading epidemic due to its multivariate morphodynamic process and also due to improper interaction of human being on nature, especially terrain ecosystem [8–10]. Not only In India but countries located along the borders of Himalayan region experience frequent landslide occurrences. These areas include the North Western and North Eastern Himalayas and the Western & Eastern Ghats [3].

Landslides of Various types, Pose severe hazards in the Himalayan mountains. Some of the worst disasters in the world have been caused by landslides [11–14]. Every year the damage cause by caused landslide amounts 1 billion\$ says a us study and an average of 200 deaths in a year which is 30% of the such losses around the world [15, 16]. Map derived from the world bank data [17] indicates that most of the landslide hotspots are located the along the mountainous region and active

Surya Prakash [19] has compiled a list of landslides that have socio- economic impacts in India (**Table 2**). In his research he reported that the Western and North

Over the years' various scientist and researchers have addressed the landslide

problems using various qualitative, Quantitative, Statistical and Numerical

Statistics on world landslides and its impacts is given in **Table 1**.

Western Himalayas account for about 51% high prone landslides.

tectonics region (**Figure 2**) [18].

**140**

**Figure 1.**

*Landslide causative factors.*

*World statistics on landslides (1900–2010).*

#### **Figure 2.**

*Global landslide hotspots (2017), source (World Bank).*

methods. Every methodology used has its own merits and demerits. The type of landslide involved depends upon varying condition such as slope, geology, geomorphology, nature of landslide, type of causative factor etc [16, 20, 21]. Based on the literature it can be concluded that no methodology is global for landslide studies. The accuracy of estimating landslide risk zones various for each method [22–28]. It is imperative reliable methodology should be used for the analysis of regional scale landslide risk mapping. Addressing the nature and causative factor of individual landslide is as important as preparing landslide risk maps. Most of the literature address the mapping risk zones or slope stability analysis, it is imperative that all


#### **Table 2.**

*Socio-economic significant landslides (1800–2011).*

these problems should be addressed together. The current research is focused on analyzing the accuracy of weighted Overlay model and Fuzzy logic model to estimate the landslide risk mapping along the Rampur tehsil, Himachal Pradesh, India.
