**Conflict of interest**

*K*Δ*δ* ¼ Δ*R* (14)

*Kδ* ¼ *R* (15)

Δ*δ* is unknown vector having increments of nodal displacement due to

For material linear elastic material behavior the equation may by write as

1.Displacement Analyzers Finite Element program (DIANA) software is developed by TNO Building and Construction Research, Netherlands. It is a flexible software and used in solving of linear and nonlinear structural

2.Phase2 developed by rock science for solving 2D non-linear problems like analysis of displacements and stresses around underground openings, in the

3.ABAQUS software is developed by Hibbitt et al. (1978) in USA. It is used for linear and non-linear, problems and analyzes the stresses of any structure in 3D [28].

4.ANSYS software is developed for solving both linear and non-linear problems

Engineering design is the valuation using knowledge of basic sciences, mathematics and engineering sciences to convert resources optimally to meet quantified objectives. Its goal is to develop a solution to a known problem. There are different stages of design process; one can adapt it to the particular problem for solving it. We have variety of design techniques in rock engineering. They are classified in to three groups i.e. are Analytical, Empirical and Observational. Among, these empirical approaches can effectively be used for engineering judgment. Rock mass classification is one of the widely used empirical methods for the assessment of the rock mass behavior. The empirical methods of design do not estimate accurately the reliability of support systems, redistribution of stresses and rock mass deformation. Numerical methods are considered very useful to be used for estimate these parameters precisely and in short time as compared to other methods of design. So it is recommended that for efficient and viable design the numerical and empirical methods should be used in parallel for the assessment of soil/rock mass behavior to design any underground structure.

We acknowledge the support of all colleagues in the Department of Mining Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan while

for isotropic and non-isotropic properties of materials [28].

Where.

*Slope Engineering*

increment force Δ*R*.

**6.7 Finite element based software's**

engineering in 2D and 3D [28].

Following are finite element based software's.

field of mining and civil engineering [29].

(Scheldt, 2002).

**7. Conclusion**

**Acknowledgements**

compiling this work.

**72**

We have no conflict of interest.
