**2. Study area**

The study area extends from "76°58′19" to 77°19′21″ longitude and 30°59′3″ to 31°14′10″ h latitude" with a total area of 368 Sq.km hectares (**Figure 3**). According to 2011 census the Shimla has a total of 576 villages. The total population of Shimla as of 2011 census is 1,71,640 people among which 1,69,578 reside in "Shimla Municipal Corporation" and the rest in Shimla Rural and Jutogh cantonment board.

**143**

**Table 3.** *Data used.*

*Comparative Evaluation of Various Statistical Models and Its Accuracy for Landslide Risk…*

Sutlej, Giri and Pabbar are the three major rivers that drain through Shimla. The economic activities are majorly dependent upon agriculture, horticulture and tourist activities in these areas. Cereals, Off season vegetables and stone fruits are most suitable to grow in the high altitude areas. Most of the Agriculture is rainfall dependant. The soil varies from Sandy loam to Loamy skeletal in the valley and mountain regions. Geologically. Lithology was interpreted from the maps retrieved form the Soil and Landuse survey of India (SLUSI). Major rock types present in these area are Granite, Phyllite, Dolomite, Limestone and Shale. Geomorphologically the area is mostly Undifferentiated hill side and mountain side slope. An average of 999.4 mm of rainfall is recorded where most of the rainfall is received during monsoon period. "The temperature can go as low as 0°C during winter times and as much as 40°C

The base map of the study area was digitized from Survey of India Toposheets. One cloud free satellite data LANDSAT 8OLI (26/01/2020) was downloaded from the earth explorer website. Soil data covering the study area was received from "Soil and Landuse Survey of India (SLUSI)". In addition, a 30 mts ASTERGDEM data was downloaded from USGS website for topographical analysis. Rainfall data has been acquired from Indian Meteorological Department, Shimla. The types of data used is

Weighted Overlay and Fuzzy logic models are the two type statistical methods used in the research. In the recent years many researchers and scientist have used the methodology to derive landslide risk mapping with higher accuracies [29–36]. "Barrile Vincenzo et.al, 2016 used Fuzzy logic method for mapping landslide susceptibilities. The province of Reggio Calabria, Italy chosen as study area. Parameters such as Elevation Slope, Lithology, Rainfall and Landuse were assigned values and processed in GIS environment. The output subdivides into five categories ranging from Very low to Very high. The results indicate that 22%, 36% and 20% of the area comes under Very high, High and Moderate risk zones". "Leonardi Geovani et.al, 2016 used a Fuzzy approach to analyze landslide susceptibility for Reggio Province, Calabria, Italy. Rainfall, Elevation, Slope, Landuse and Lithology were used as landslide influencing parameters. The output signifies that 22% and 36% of the area

**Sl. No Data Source Date Resolution** 1 Toposheets SOI 1987 1:50,000 2 Rainfall IMD 2000–2017 —

of India"

of India"

of India"

6 LULC Landsat 8 OLI USGS 26/01/2020 30 mts 7 ASTERGDEM USGS 2009 30 mts 8 Landslide Inventory Google Earth 2017 0.4 mts

— 1:50,000

1:50,000

1:50,000

3 Soil "Soil and land use survey

4 Geology "Soil and land use survey

5 Geomorphology "Soil and land use survey

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94347*

during summer times".

given in (**Table 3**).

**3. Dataset and research method**

**Figure 3.** *Study area.*

*Comparative Evaluation of Various Statistical Models and Its Accuracy for Landslide Risk… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94347*

Sutlej, Giri and Pabbar are the three major rivers that drain through Shimla. The economic activities are majorly dependent upon agriculture, horticulture and tourist activities in these areas. Cereals, Off season vegetables and stone fruits are most suitable to grow in the high altitude areas. Most of the Agriculture is rainfall dependant. The soil varies from Sandy loam to Loamy skeletal in the valley and mountain regions. Geologically. Lithology was interpreted from the maps retrieved form the Soil and Landuse survey of India (SLUSI). Major rock types present in these area are Granite, Phyllite, Dolomite, Limestone and Shale. Geomorphologically the area is mostly Undifferentiated hill side and mountain side slope. An average of 999.4 mm of rainfall is recorded where most of the rainfall is received during monsoon period. "The temperature can go as low as 0°C during winter times and as much as 40°C during summer times".
