**4.1 Engineering measures for management of shallow ravine land**

About one third of the ravine lands in the country are shallow ravines (<1 m deep) and can be easily reclaimed with simple earth moving machinery for cultivation of crops. The management of shallow ravines instigates with designing and instituting a peripheral bund along the gully head to check the runoff generated from the adjoining marginal lands. The land leveling operations across the slope and smoothening on the upstream side of the peripheral bund increases the infiltration opportunity time for the runoff generated from the crop field. The in-situ soil moisture conservation increases the water and nutrient use efficiency of the cropping systems.
