4. Virtual paradigm

Science is based at different levels of physical abstraction, in which the foundation of theoretical physics is supported by mathematics with physical realizable paradigms. As earlier as the discovery of gravitational field, to Newtonian mechanics, to statistical mechanics, to electromagnetic field, to relativistic theory, to particle physics, and to quantum mechanics, each level of physical discovery was based on an assumed physical realizable paradigm, in which their analytical solutions were assumed physically real, with a high degree of certainty.

But as science progresses, the demand for more-defined physical paradigms is needed. The fact is we have "inadvertently" overlooked and continuously used an old virtual subspace which is no longer viable for sophisticated modern physics. Although irrational and fictitious solutions emerged, which have been pointed to us that something is wrong with our solutions, ambition and fantasy have driven us to quick success, for overlooking what is wrong with the theoretical analysis, since theoretical physics was and still is the core of modern physics. But the problem of theoretical physicists is that they have used sophisticated mathematics to substitute the physical reality, inadvertently or intentionally not finding out what is wrong with their irrational solutions, which have been known as spooky solutions.

In the following I will show a few typical examples without quotation, since there are a bunch of evidences which are difficult to single out for references, for which the readers can find those materials either published in various scientific journals or in the YouTube links as well as in various social media posted by wellknown theoretical physicists from prestigious universities and national research institutes that include some Nobel laureates in physics.

### 5. Big Bang hypothesis

Although Big Bang creation is a well-accepted hypothesis, it was assumed the explosion started from a singularity explosion within an "empty space" as depicted in Figure 5(a).

Since empty space cannot have non-empty subspace in it, we see that paradigm of Figure 6(a) is "not" a physical realizable model. Strictly speaking any nonphysical realizable paradigm as Figure 6(a) should not be used; otherwise unsupported virtual solution may emerge such as cyclic universe creation, single universe theory, and others.

Even though we assumed Big Bang explosion occurs within an empty space, as cosmologists often do, the velocity of electromagnetic radiation will be infinitely large, by virtue of electromagnetic wave velocity as given by

$$\mathbf{v} = \mathbf{1}/(\epsilon\mu)^{1/2} \tag{12}$$

On the other hand, if the solution comes out from a Big Bang explosion situated

(a) Big Bang explosion started within an empty space, a generally accepted paradigm. (b) Big Bang explosion

Two of the most important pillars in modern physics must be Einstein's relativity theory [7] and Schrodinger's quantum mechanics [2], in which one is dealing with very large objects and the other is dealing with very small particles. Yet they were connected by means of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle [12]; every subspace within our temporal (t > 0) universe is limited by energy (i.e., ΔE) and time (i.e., Δt), which is equaled to a "quantum unit" of Heisenberg's principle [13] as given by

And each quantum unit is equivalent to an information cell, as shown by Dennis

Gabor in 1946 [14], in which it tells us that every bit of information takes an amount of energy (ΔE) and section of time (Δt) to produce, to transmit, to store, and to destroy, and it is "not" free (i.e., in terms of ΔE and Δt). In other words;

Since Schrodinger's quantum mechanics was constructed within a timeless (t = 0) subspace, his whole quantum world is timeless [15]. And this is the "same error" that all of us, past and present, have committed, by a paradigm which was drawn into a scratch paper and not knowing it actually represents a timeless (t = 0)

In view of Figure 7(a), I sincerely "believed" that Schrödinger was not aware the background of a scratch paper presented as a virtual empty subspace; otherwise

within our universe everything has a price tag; namely ΔE and Δt.

ΔE � Δt ¼ h (13)

within a temporal (t > 0) space, as depicted in Figure 6(b), we see that the explosion started within a non-empty subspace where time has already coexisted with the "media"(e.g., ϵ and μ) within the subspace, in which we see that our universe is a "bounded" temporal (t > 0) subspace and her boundary is expanding at the speed of light, which is consistent with the observation reported by the

within a temporal (t > 0) subspace; (ϵ, μ) represents the space which already has substance in it.

Hubble Space Telescope [11].

What Is "Wrong" with Current Theoretical Physicists? DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90058

Figure 6.

6. Timeless quantum world

where h is the Planck's constant.

he would not have had the paradox of his cat.

subspace.

133

where (ϵ,μ) are the permittivity and permeability medium. Within an empty space, we see that ϵ = 0 and μ = 0.

What Is "Wrong" with Current Theoretical Physicists? DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90058

Figure 6.

ψ ð Þ¼ t � t0 exp :½�α ð Þ t � t0

were assumed physically real, with a high degree of certainty.

institutes that include some Nobel laureates in physics.

as long as t � t0 > 0 and t0 is a time delay factor.

Advances in Quantum Communication and Information

4. Virtual paradigm

solutions.

5. Big Bang hypothesis

universe theory, and others.

space, we see that ϵ = 0 and μ = 0.

in Figure 5(a).

132

h i

2

in which we see that the wave equation existed within the positive time domain,

Science is based at different levels of physical abstraction, in which the foundation of theoretical physics is supported by mathematics with physical realizable paradigms. As earlier as the discovery of gravitational field, to Newtonian mechanics, to statistical mechanics, to electromagnetic field, to relativistic theory, to particle physics, and to quantum mechanics, each level of physical discovery was based on an assumed physical realizable paradigm, in which their analytical solutions

But as science progresses, the demand for more-defined physical paradigms is needed. The fact is we have "inadvertently" overlooked and continuously used an old virtual subspace which is no longer viable for sophisticated modern physics. Although irrational and fictitious solutions emerged, which have been pointed to us that something is wrong with our solutions, ambition and fantasy have driven us to quick success, for overlooking what is wrong with the theoretical analysis, since theoretical physics was and still is the core of modern physics. But the problem of theoretical physicists is that they have used sophisticated mathematics to substitute the physical reality, inadvertently or intentionally not finding out what is wrong with their irrational solutions, which have been known as spooky

In the following I will show a few typical examples without quotation, since there are a bunch of evidences which are difficult to single out for references, for which the readers can find those materials either published in various scientific journals or in the YouTube links as well as in various social media posted by wellknown theoretical physicists from prestigious universities and national research

Although Big Bang creation is a well-accepted hypothesis, it was assumed the explosion started from a singularity explosion within an "empty space" as depicted

Since empty space cannot have non-empty subspace in it, we see that paradigm

Even though we assumed Big Bang explosion occurs within an empty space, as cosmologists often do, the velocity of electromagnetic radiation will be infinitely

<sup>1</sup>=<sup>2</sup> (12)

v ¼ 1=ðϵμÞ

where (ϵ,μ) are the permittivity and permeability medium. Within an empty

of Figure 6(a) is "not" a physical realizable model. Strictly speaking any nonphysical realizable paradigm as Figure 6(a) should not be used; otherwise unsupported virtual solution may emerge such as cyclic universe creation, single

large, by virtue of electromagnetic wave velocity as given by

cos ½ω ð Þt

, t � t0 > 0 (11)

(a) Big Bang explosion started within an empty space, a generally accepted paradigm. (b) Big Bang explosion within a temporal (t > 0) subspace; (ϵ, μ) represents the space which already has substance in it.

On the other hand, if the solution comes out from a Big Bang explosion situated within a temporal (t > 0) space, as depicted in Figure 6(b), we see that the explosion started within a non-empty subspace where time has already coexisted with the "media"(e.g., ϵ and μ) within the subspace, in which we see that our universe is a "bounded" temporal (t > 0) subspace and her boundary is expanding at the speed of light, which is consistent with the observation reported by the Hubble Space Telescope [11].

### 6. Timeless quantum world

Two of the most important pillars in modern physics must be Einstein's relativity theory [7] and Schrodinger's quantum mechanics [2], in which one is dealing with very large objects and the other is dealing with very small particles. Yet they were connected by means of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle [12]; every subspace within our temporal (t > 0) universe is limited by energy (i.e., ΔE) and time (i.e., Δt), which is equaled to a "quantum unit" of Heisenberg's principle [13] as given by

$$
\Delta \mathbf{E} \cdot \Delta \mathbf{t} = \mathbf{h} \tag{13}
$$

where h is the Planck's constant.

And each quantum unit is equivalent to an information cell, as shown by Dennis Gabor in 1946 [14], in which it tells us that every bit of information takes an amount of energy (ΔE) and section of time (Δt) to produce, to transmit, to store, and to destroy, and it is "not" free (i.e., in terms of ΔE and Δt). In other words; within our universe everything has a price tag; namely ΔE and Δt.

Since Schrodinger's quantum mechanics was constructed within a timeless (t = 0) subspace, his whole quantum world is timeless [15]. And this is the "same error" that all of us, past and present, have committed, by a paradigm which was drawn into a scratch paper and not knowing it actually represents a timeless (t = 0) subspace.

In view of Figure 7(a), I sincerely "believed" that Schrödinger was not aware the background of a scratch paper presented as a virtual empty subspace; otherwise he would not have had the paradox of his cat.

in which we see that time is not as granular as predicted by particle physicists. As we accepted particle and time coexist, we see that every particle within our universe has the same instance of time with the same time speed but has a relativistic time between particles, in which time is a dependent variable with respect to particle and

Symmetric principle has been used in theoretical physics for searching new particles and others, since the dawn of modern physics. Mathematically speaking those imaged properties of particles exist, but they are from an abstract mathemat-

Symmetric principle is based on a virtual empty space where time is treated as an independent variable as a Newtonian subspace. And this is precisely why the symmetric principle of science behaves as a mirror perception, such as positive versus negative or as groups in group theory, for example, positive time versus negative time, positive energy versus negative energy, matter versus anti-matter, and others. It is physical real versus mathematical virtual. But the fact is that all the mirror images such as negative time, negative energy, and anti-matter do not exist within our temporal (t > 0) universe. The fact is that those conjectures were derived from a mathematical or a Newtonian space standpoint; which is not existed within

Since time and space coexist, matter (i.e., subspace) is time, and time is matter. Without time we have no matter, and without matter it has no time, in which we see that there is an "asymmetric principle" in science with respect to physical real

Therefore we see that searching for any new particle, it is more reasonable to use the "asymmetric principle" instead of symmetric principle. It will be more "likely" found within our physical world, since timeless particles do not exist within our

Within our temporal (t > 0) universe, every subspace takes an amount of energy ΔE and a section of time Δt to create, and it is not free, for which time is subspace and subspace is time, and we see that time is a "dependent" variable with the existence of space. Since we are still having a vague idea of interaction between gravity with time and knowing that gravitational field is produced by masses, gravitational field has to be embedded in a non-empty space which coexists with time. It is therefore "incorrect" to assume time as an "independent" variable, as we often do, for which I have a hard time to accept curving time–space dynamics, as

Since speed of time is settled by the velocity of light as our universe was created by a Big Bang explosion (a well-accepted paradigm) from the theory of relativity [5, 9], we have shown time is a dependent variable, instead of an independent variable, as within a Newtonian subspace, where time traveling is possible.

And this is the reason why space "cannot" be curved by time, since time is a "dependent" variable, of which we see that time is "physical real" since time and

versus mathematical virtual, instead of the mirror image of mathematics.

our temporal (t > 0) universe that has had or has had not!

Samples of asymmetric principle are: Have time (t > 0) vs. no time (t = 0)

Having energy vs. no energy Having matter vs. no matter Physical real vs. virtually fictitious

based on a virtual mathematical space.

temporal (t > 0) universe.

7.2 Curving time–space

135

it is as smooth and continuous.

What Is "Wrong" with Current Theoretical Physicists? DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90058

7.1 Symmetric principle

ical standpoint.

Figure 7.

Physical realizable paradigm (a) shows a Bohr atom situated within an empty space, which is "not" a physical realizable model, and (b) shows a Bohr atom situated within a temporal subspace, which is a physical realizable model.

Why we have missed the timeless (t = 0) subspace paradigm issue is very "natural," since we are all human, imperfect and simple as it is. And we have "inadvertently" treated the shadow background of a scratch paper as a physical space, and it has never been in our minds that the background represents a virtual empty space. And this is precisely the reason that Schrödinger's quantum mechanics did.

Nevertheless, it is possible to build a "temporal (t > 0)" quantum machine [10] similar to the one that Schrödinger has built. Instead, the quantum machine is built with a Bohr atomic embedded within a temporal (t > 0) subspace, as depicted in Figure 7(b), in which we see that any analytical solution that emerges from this physical realizable paradigm will be temporal (t > 0), for which I note that if one is searching a new particle in a timeless (t = 0) quantum world, it is "very likely" the newly discovered (i.e., analytical) particle is timeless (t = 0), since every particle is also a temporal particle within our universe, no matter how small it is; otherwise the particle cannot exist within our temporal universe. In case one "insists" that a timeless particle can coexist within our universe, it is equivalent of searching for a timeless (t = 0) particle within our temporal universe.

## 7. Granular universe

As from the particle physics perspective, every substance within our universe is built by particles, of which our universe is compacted with particles, for which we see that our universe is granular instead of smooth and continuous. And it is a very convincing argument from a particle physicist's point of view: our universe is not continuous and smooth.

Since particle is temporal (t > 0) no matter how small they are, empty space cannot coexist within a temporal (t > 0) space, in which we see that there should be "temporal" substances between particles. And this is precisely why there are existent temporal substances throughout the entire universe, beyond particle forms. Otherwise gravitation fields, electric fields, magnetic fields, as well electromagnetic waves cannot exist within our universe.

With all these physical evidences, we see that there is a new branch of physics beyond the particle physics that is waiting for us to explore, for which the "micro limit" of physics should not have to be limited to the particle physics point of view, in which we see that time is not as granular as predicted by particle physicists. As we accepted particle and time coexist, we see that every particle within our universe has the same instance of time with the same time speed but has a relativistic time between particles, in which time is a dependent variable with respect to particle and it is as smooth and continuous.
