7. The Higgs mechanism

The question as to why particles need mass is the main question of fundamental physics. Based on the Standard Model, the generation of mass by particles is due to the spontaneous breaking of symmetry within pairs of particles-antiparticles in the universe. The Standard Model applies Higgs mechanism in order to explain the phenomenon of spontaneous symmetry breaking.

In accordance with the Higgs mechanism, space is filled with a field, and when the weak force particles (electron, quarks) move through Higgs field, they gain mass. However, the Higgs field does not give mass to protons, which are generated from quarks. The Higgs mechanism does not explain why photons are not given a mass when they pass through the Higgs field.

It is necessary to note that particle physics news involves hot discussions surrounding the discovery of Higgs bosons. The Higgs mechanism does not explain why field suddenly shifted matter-antimatter symmetry to a mass generation event. Many other questions also remain open, such as where the Higgs field came from and why the universe should contain the Higgs field for creating matter-antimatter asymmetry.

Based on the non-uniform conservation of energy, we can explain why conversion of kinetic energy, produced from collision of matter-antimatter pairs, breaks the symmetry. Model (2) shows that conservation of energy gives associated mass which is localized in the space-time frame in order to eliminate singularity in energy conservation. From model (2), it also follows that the zero value of the field takes place at Eap = 0, which leads to ripples between space and time phases in the socalled Higgs Field.

Model (2) shows that at Eap = 0 all energy is accumulated in the form of mass, and the space-time frame decays to virtual space and time ingredients. Virtual space and time ingredients annihilate each other as ripples of particles and antiparticles with the generation of gravitational energy accelerating to the background state with the longitudinal wave. The background space does not go to the zero value because in this case the energy of the universe will be infinite. At Eap = 0, the radioactive decay of the space-time frame produces heavy bosons W<sup>+</sup> , W and Z. At minimum space, the energy accumulated in time phase generates location of W<sup>+</sup> , W bosons in quarks with generation of space-time frame of matter.

When all the available energy is consumed in space (Eap = 0), the background space (Planck scale) with the lowest valley of energy becomes the vacuum state and generates gravitational attraction toward all the ingredients of decay of space-time frame to the background state.

Coupling of gravitational energy with virtual space and time leads to the regeneration of non-virtual space-time frame of matter.

The two parts of space, carrying different contents of energy, have entanglement, but they have no symmetry and are not two identical, equal halves, which The Hot Disputes Related to the Generation of a Unified Theory Combining the Outcomes… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88722

was suggested by the authors of the EP paper [6]. The widely separated regions of space carry non-uniform conservation of energy within the space-time frame; therefore, the entanglement of nonidentical pieces of space is due to the connection of energy within space and time phases regardless of space and time scales.

In accordance with our concept of the non-uniform conservation of energy principle, the phenomenon called mass generation is the requirement of energy conservation. Based on model (2), generation of mass is not a spontaneous symmetry-breaking event; it is the requirement of energy conservation that is carried through a discrete non-uniform space-time frame. The space and time parameters work as particles and antiparticles carrying energy conservation through their integrated frame.

Model (2) describes the conjugation of force (Eap) and matter (Es) particles, forming the space-time frame of a matter. On this basis, light energy can be observable only if it reflected from the space-time frame of matter. The forcecarrying particle (Eap) generates its conjugated particle (Es) that has a mass, simultaneously conserving energy and momentum. The model shows that when the corresponding particle has no mass, the conservation of energy diverges to infinity.

Model (2) may explain why photons do not attain mass when they pass through Higgs field. Model (2) comprises of massless (Eap) and mass-containing particles (Es). At Eap = 0, particles which form the so-called Higgs field have no space-time configuration. Assuming information that the Higgs boson may decay to a pair of photons, we can describe the generation of Higgs field particles and photons through Eqs. (7) and (8):

$$\mathbf{e}^+/\boldsymbol{\nu\_e} + \mathbf{e}^-/\boldsymbol{\nu\_e}^- = \mathbf{e}^+/\mathbf{e}^- + \boldsymbol{\nu\_e}/\boldsymbol{\nu\_e}^-\tag{7}$$

$$\mathbf{e}^+/\nu\_\mathbf{e} + \mathbf{e}^-/\nu\_\mathbf{e}^- = -\mathbf{e}^+/\mathbf{e}^- + \nu\_\mathbf{e}/\nu\_\mathbf{e}^- = 2\mathbf{Y} \tag{8}$$

Scheme (8) describes the generation of light photons from dark matter. Due to the consumption of light photons for generation of space-time frame of observable matter, the conversion reaction (8) does not have the same velocity in both directions and is, therefore, not a time reversal invariant process.

Now the question is how we can describe the mass of protons, which does not originate from Higgs bosons. By Standard Model, the mass of protons comes from binding energy-gluons.

The coupling of energetic field with the virtual particles e<sup>+</sup> /e� + νe/ν<sup>e</sup> � leads to the insertion of energy to the virtual particles with the generation of quarks and space-time frame:

$$\mathbf{Z}\mathbf{Y} + \mathbf{e}^+ / \mathbf{e}^- + \nu\_\mathbf{e} / \nu\_\mathbf{e}^- = \mathbf{e}^+ / \nu\_\mathbf{e} + \mathbf{e}^- / \nu\_\mathbf{e}^- \tag{9}$$

The coupling reaction (9) maintains the conservation of energy and momentum within the boundary-mapped space-time frame.

The virtual particles e<sup>+</sup> /e� + νe/ν<sup>e</sup> � exist in the form of dark matter and became observable only after the generation of the space-time frame. Similarly, the photons, generated from decomposition of matter space-time frame, exist in the form of dark energy and become observable only after interaction with the space-time frame of matter.

Therefore, matter and energy are observable only within interactions with the space-time frame. Interaction of virtual particles with the energy photons is such a coupling of virtual particles with themselves. These interactions follow the scheme, which is shown through the conversion (10):

back lose localization in space phase and lose some portion of the energy which has to go in parallel with the absorption of photons by e/e<sup>+</sup> pairs. This phenomenon is the main feature of energy nonconservation during the return of "borrowed" energy of quantum fluctuations. Generation of space phase and distribution of energy in the space field leads to the non-uniform conservation of energy in space by absorption of photons by e/e<sup>+</sup> pairs with the formation of pairs of

The question as to why particles need mass is the main question of fundamental physics. Based on the Standard Model, the generation of mass by particles is due to the spontaneous breaking of symmetry within pairs of particles-antiparticles in the universe. The Standard Model applies Higgs mechanism in order to explain the

In accordance with the Higgs mechanism, space is filled with a field, and when the weak force particles (electron, quarks) move through Higgs field, they gain mass. However, the Higgs field does not give mass to protons, which are generated from quarks. The Higgs mechanism does not explain why photons are not given a

It is necessary to note that particle physics news involves hot discussions surrounding the discovery of Higgs bosons. The Higgs mechanism does not explain why field suddenly shifted matter-antimatter symmetry to a mass generation event. Many other questions also remain open, such as where the Higgs field came from and why the universe should contain the Higgs field for creating matter-antimatter

Based on the non-uniform conservation of energy, we can explain why conversion of kinetic energy, produced from collision of matter-antimatter pairs, breaks the symmetry. Model (2) shows that conservation of energy gives associated mass which is localized in the space-time frame in order to eliminate singularity in energy conservation. From model (2), it also follows that the zero value of the field takes place at Eap = 0, which leads to ripples between space and time phases in the so-

Model (2) shows that at Eap = 0 all energy is accumulated in the form of mass, and the space-time frame decays to virtual space and time ingredients. Virtual space and time ingredients annihilate each other as ripples of particles and antiparticles with the generation of gravitational energy accelerating to the background state with the longitudinal wave. The background space does not go to the zero value because in this case the energy of the universe will be infinite. At Eap = 0, the radioactive decay of the space-time frame produces heavy bosons W<sup>+</sup>

At minimum space, the energy accumulated in time phase generates location of W<sup>+</sup>

When all the available energy is consumed in space (Eap = 0), the background space (Planck scale) with the lowest valley of energy becomes the vacuum state and generates gravitational attraction toward all the ingredients of decay of space-time

Coupling of gravitational energy with virtual space and time leads to the regen-

The two parts of space, carrying different contents of energy, have entanglement, but they have no symmetry and are not two identical, equal halves, which

W bosons in quarks with generation of space-time frame of matter.

, W and Z.

,

heavy bosons.

asymmetry.

called Higgs Field.

frame to the background state.

156

eration of non-virtual space-time frame of matter.

7. The Higgs mechanism

phenomenon of spontaneous symmetry breaking.

Advances in Quantum Communication and Information

mass when they pass through the Higgs field.

relativity does not explain when the difference between mass and energy disappears

The Hot Disputes Related to the Generation of a Unified Theory Combining the Outcomes…

Based on model (2), the mass-energy equivalence is the consequence of energy conservation, which is carried through antisymmetric space-time phases. When there is no available energy to be conserved within space-time, the difference between energy and mass disappears. The difference between energy and mass appears when there is an energy (electromagnetic, kinetic) applied to space-time frame of a system. Production of energy in proton-proton collision experiments leads to the separation of mass from energy with the generation of a space-time

It is necessary to show that the energy-momentum exchange interaction, which generates mass, is similar to Lorentz's theory of the generation of electron's mass. Lorentz connected mass with the electromagnetic effect and suggested that "back reaction of electric and magnetic fields leads to the generation of mass" [18]. However, Lorentz did not explain the nature of back reaction of electric and magnetic fields. Lorentz's formulation does not involve energy-momentum exchange

Lorentz's theory of electron mass is a very important approach for understanding the mass problem. Model (2) explains Lorentz's statement on the nature of apparent and true masses [18]. Model (2) shows that the motion of any body, for example, an electron, takes place with the consumption of energy, which is imported to the space-time frame. Due to the correlation of the mass with the applied energy, we measure only the apparent mass but never the true mass. When Eap of model (2) is zero, space-time decays and moves back to the background state. In this case, the local energy portion responsible for the local state disappears. In accordance with model (2), when space-time frame undergoes decay (Eap = 0), the difference between space and time variables disappears which generates a condensate field where the space and time portion of energy are uniformly mixed. Separation of space and time variables from the background condensate and the formation of space-time frame consume energy, while merging

them restores that energy at the initial state. Therefore, energy is conserved only through the non-uniform distribution within the boundary-mapped space-time frame and the energy-momentum exchange interaction within

background condensate of uniform energy conservation stage.

discrete behavior, and there is no quantization of this field.

within an asymmetric space-time frame.

At the background state, all available energy of the universe, accumulated within minimum space, leads to the separation of space and time portions of energy from condensate with the formation of space-time frame with asymmetric boundaries. Energy level in the non-uniform conservation stage is less than the energy of

Background vacuum and black hole are the boundary conditions of space-time frame and energy conservation. Due to the exchange interaction, black hole space has a strong gravitational effect toward electromagnetic energy and consumes all the available portion of energy. Vacuum is the other extreme of space-time and has strong gravitational effect to the portion of energy consumed in space. Therefore, electromagnetism and gravitation are two phases which transform into each other, satisfying the non-uniform conservation of energy. On this basis, the phenomenon called mass in the form of inertia appears as the carrier of energy conservation

Due to the absence of space-time frame, a gravitational field in the form of a longitudinal wave does not react with the matter. On this basis, gravity has no

It is necessary to note that the combination of electromagnetism and gravity is

not enough to complete the unified theory. In accordance with the concept of

and when energy and mass became different entities.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88722

frame of the produced particles.

interaction.

the space-time frame.

159

Model (2) explains the invariance of time reversal transformation in scheme (10). The energy of space-time matter Es is always less than the energy of photon particles. The process moves in the direction of expansion of the space-time frame of observable matter.

Scheme (11) in a similar way explains the generation of matter. Light photons transform to ingredients of matter particles, such as electron/positron and neutrino pairs. Due to the consumption of light energy during the coupling of photons with the ingredients of matter particles, the conversion of light photons is not invariant to the reversal of time.

### 8. The energy-mass equivalence

In accordance with the theory of relativity, mass and energy are different manifestations of the same identity, and the equivalence of mass and energy is a consequence of the symmetries of space and time [17]. This statement of the theory of

#### The Hot Disputes Related to the Generation of a Unified Theory Combining the Outcomes… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88722

relativity does not explain when the difference between mass and energy disappears and when energy and mass became different entities.

Based on model (2), the mass-energy equivalence is the consequence of energy conservation, which is carried through antisymmetric space-time phases. When there is no available energy to be conserved within space-time, the difference between energy and mass disappears. The difference between energy and mass appears when there is an energy (electromagnetic, kinetic) applied to space-time frame of a system. Production of energy in proton-proton collision experiments leads to the separation of mass from energy with the generation of a space-time frame of the produced particles.

It is necessary to show that the energy-momentum exchange interaction, which generates mass, is similar to Lorentz's theory of the generation of electron's mass. Lorentz connected mass with the electromagnetic effect and suggested that "back reaction of electric and magnetic fields leads to the generation of mass" [18]. However, Lorentz did not explain the nature of back reaction of electric and magnetic fields. Lorentz's formulation does not involve energy-momentum exchange interaction.

Lorentz's theory of electron mass is a very important approach for understanding the mass problem. Model (2) explains Lorentz's statement on the nature of apparent and true masses [18]. Model (2) shows that the motion of any body, for example, an electron, takes place with the consumption of energy, which is imported to the space-time frame. Due to the correlation of the mass with the applied energy, we measure only the apparent mass but never the true mass.

When Eap of model (2) is zero, space-time decays and moves back to the background state. In this case, the local energy portion responsible for the local state disappears. In accordance with model (2), when space-time frame undergoes decay (Eap = 0), the difference between space and time variables disappears which generates a condensate field where the space and time portion of energy are uniformly mixed. Separation of space and time variables from the background condensate and the formation of space-time frame consume energy, while merging them restores that energy at the initial state. Therefore, energy is conserved only through the non-uniform distribution within the boundary-mapped space-time frame and the energy-momentum exchange interaction within the space-time frame.

At the background state, all available energy of the universe, accumulated within minimum space, leads to the separation of space and time portions of energy from condensate with the formation of space-time frame with asymmetric boundaries. Energy level in the non-uniform conservation stage is less than the energy of background condensate of uniform energy conservation stage.

Background vacuum and black hole are the boundary conditions of space-time frame and energy conservation. Due to the exchange interaction, black hole space has a strong gravitational effect toward electromagnetic energy and consumes all the available portion of energy. Vacuum is the other extreme of space-time and has strong gravitational effect to the portion of energy consumed in space. Therefore, electromagnetism and gravitation are two phases which transform into each other, satisfying the non-uniform conservation of energy. On this basis, the phenomenon called mass in the form of inertia appears as the carrier of energy conservation within an asymmetric space-time frame.

Due to the absence of space-time frame, a gravitational field in the form of a longitudinal wave does not react with the matter. On this basis, gravity has no discrete behavior, and there is no quantization of this field.

It is necessary to note that the combination of electromagnetism and gravity is not enough to complete the unified theory. In accordance with the concept of

ð10Þ

ð11Þ

We may present the scheme (10) in the reverse order:

Advances in Quantum Communication and Information

Model (2) explains the invariance of time reversal transformation in scheme (10). The energy of space-time matter Es is always less than the energy of photon particles. The process moves in the direction of expansion of the space-time frame

Scheme (11) in a similar way explains the generation of matter. Light photons transform to ingredients of matter particles, such as electron/positron and neutrino pairs. Due to the consumption of light energy during the coupling of photons with the ingredients of matter particles, the conversion of light photons is not invariant

In accordance with the theory of relativity, mass and energy are different manifestations of the same identity, and the equivalence of mass and energy is a consequence of the symmetries of space and time [17]. This statement of the theory of

of observable matter.

to the reversal of time.

158

8. The energy-mass equivalence

conservation of energy and momentum within the space-time frame, a complete unified theory requires the combination of electromagnetism and gravity with the space-time frame.

Dirac analyzed the relation of energy and momentum-using equations, which involves the sum of these parameters. Model (2) suggests a different approach and involves the ratio of the available portion of energy and the energy, which is consumed by momentum, which eliminates the divergence of energy to infinity. Now returning to Rovelli's statement [12] on relation of space to the electromagnetic field, we may add that space-time itself through energy distribution is generated from an electromagnetic field and as a medium carries an electromagnetic field. Merging of energy quanta with the generated space-time leads to the

The Hot Disputes Related to the Generation of a Unified Theory Combining the Outcomes…

In this paper, we extended our analysis on the nature of space-time to give an input to the hot disputes on the generation of a unified theory by entanglement of two equal pieces of space through "Wormhole Bridge" which was the outcome of the ER and EPR papers. We suggest that the unification of the theory of relativity with quantum mechanics is possible only through the proper mathematical formulation of the law of conservation of energy within the space-time frame. In accordance with this approach, the conversion of energy from one form to another requires a non-separable space locality and time frame which generates a boundarymapped space-time structure wherein the consumption of light photons generates identities, such as space and time particles, carrying distribution of energy within

The non-uniform conservation of energy within the boundary-mapped space-

time manifold leads to the generation of a deterministic dynamical law. This concept unifies all the interactions of nature within the asymmetric space-time manifold, carrying the non-uniform conservation of energy through coupling of energy-momentum conservation frames. It also describes the origin of mass, as the product of the non-uniform conservation of energy within the non-invariant energy-mass relation. We showed that gravity is materialized in space energy, while time at zero energy state (Eap = 0) in the form of ripples of space and time phases returns an event to the initial background state with restoration of a new elementary space-time frame. Based on the energy conservation model (2), at matterantimatter symmetry, the difference between energy and momentum disappears

When energy is consumed by a space-time frame or by e/v + e<sup>+</sup>

with the formation of quarks, the space-time frame returns to its origin after consumption of all the available portion of energy. Only energy, accumulated at background state, may separate e/e<sup>+</sup> + v/v dark field particle pairs and generate quarks. When the matter has no space-time frame, it is not observable. The dark matter and dark energy are "dark" due to the absence of space-time frame, and energy, which is produced from the decomposition of the space-time frame, is not observable. The dark energy becomes an electromagnetic energy when it interacts

/v particles

expansion of space of an event.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88722

the emerging non-uniform space-time field.

which destroys the space-time frame of the universe.

with the space-time frame.

161

9. Conclusion

Therefore, our approach shows that description of space-time cannot be more fundamental than energy conservation, but the combination of space-time with the conservation of energy becomes a fundamental theory of reality.

Model (2) does not describe a particle as an entity, which is localized in space and evolves in time, but it presents a particle and space-time as a resulting quantity produced from each other.

Decomposition of a space-time frame (Eap = 0) leads to the loss of information which is why black hole radiation does not carry any information. Black hole radiation leads to the restoration of energy at the initial state and the starting of new information, carried by the new space-time frame.

In Eq. (2), the Es in the denominator is the dark matter, but in the numerator is the dark energy. When Eap = 0, all the photon energy transforms to dark energy which disappears between dark energy and dark matter.

The exchange interaction of space and time portions in space-time frame leads to the formation of electric and magnetic fields with the generation of time translational non-invariant electromagnetic energy. The Eap Es parameter of the equation presents the vector potential of electromagnetism, which vanishes due to the consumption in space.

Therefore, electromagnetic energy cannot exist without discrete space-time frame and exchange interactions. Light is observable only through the reflection from space-time frame, and without space-time frame energy is dark. Higgs field has no space-time frame, which is why it is a scalar field. Quantum excitation is the redistribution of energy portions between space and time phases.

By Bose-Einstein statistics, two bosons with identical properties can be in the same place at the same time. Based on model (2) bosons have no space-time frame, which is why there is no difference between light bosons. Interaction of light bosons with the space-time frame and absorption of light with the growth of the matter space-time structure make light observable.

Model (5) explains the phenomenon called "nonlocality." The function Eap Es/Es of model (2) which describes action-response parity is the origin of local action. At Eap = 0, a particle has no space-time frame and has no certain locality. When a particle has no space-time (Eap = 0), all particles are the nondistinguishable ingredients of antimatter "condensate."

At Eap Es ˃ 0 a particle has its own space-time frame and, therefore, independent locality. The condition Eap = 0 eliminates the action-response behavior of a particle which loses spin and moves to the background state. Therefore, energy conservation comprises of two steps: the decomposition of matter to an energetic field and the reverse process of transfer of an energetic field to matter.

In accordance with model (2), particles have space-time existence at positive energy state and have momentum in the opposite direction. The positive energy solution alone does not complete energy conservation. In accordance with our approach, the relationship between curvature of space-time and energy is the natural consequence of cyclic energy conservation within boundary-mapped spacetime.

In accordance with model (2), the positive and negative energy states are not symmetric. The negative energy state is the second portion of energy, conserved in the form of Higgs field. At the state of zero positive energy (Ea = 0), particles do not follow Pauli's exclusion principle and, thus, have no local space-time position; in other words, all the particles occupy the same position.

The Hot Disputes Related to the Generation of a Unified Theory Combining the Outcomes… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88722

Dirac analyzed the relation of energy and momentum-using equations, which involves the sum of these parameters. Model (2) suggests a different approach and involves the ratio of the available portion of energy and the energy, which is consumed by momentum, which eliminates the divergence of energy to infinity.

Now returning to Rovelli's statement [12] on relation of space to the electromagnetic field, we may add that space-time itself through energy distribution is generated from an electromagnetic field and as a medium carries an electromagnetic field. Merging of energy quanta with the generated space-time leads to the expansion of space of an event.

## 9. Conclusion

conservation of energy and momentum within the space-time frame, a complete unified theory requires the combination of electromagnetism and gravity with the

conservation of energy becomes a fundamental theory of reality.

information, carried by the new space-time frame.

Advances in Quantum Communication and Information

space-time structure make light observable.

which disappears between dark energy and dark matter.

redistribution of energy portions between space and time phases.

Therefore, our approach shows that description of space-time cannot be more fundamental than energy conservation, but the combination of space-time with the

Model (2) does not describe a particle as an entity, which is localized in space and evolves in time, but it presents a particle and space-time as a resulting quantity

Decomposition of a space-time frame (Eap = 0) leads to the loss of information

In Eq. (2), the Es in the denominator is the dark matter, but in the numerator is the dark energy. When Eap = 0, all the photon energy transforms to dark energy

The exchange interaction of space and time portions in space-time frame leads to the formation of electric and magnetic fields with the generation of time translational non-invariant electromagnetic energy. The Eap Es parameter of the equation presents the vector potential of electromagnetism, which vanishes due to the

Therefore, electromagnetic energy cannot exist without discrete space-time frame and exchange interactions. Light is observable only through the reflection from space-time frame, and without space-time frame energy is dark. Higgs field has no space-time frame, which is why it is a scalar field. Quantum excitation is the

By Bose-Einstein statistics, two bosons with identical properties can be in the same place at the same time. Based on model (2) bosons have no space-time frame, which is why there is no difference between light bosons. Interaction of light bosons with the space-time frame and absorption of light with the growth of the matter

At Eap Es ˃ 0 a particle has its own space-time frame and, therefore, independent locality. The condition Eap = 0 eliminates the action-response behavior of a particle which loses spin and moves to the background state. Therefore, energy conservation comprises of two steps: the decomposition of matter to an energetic

In accordance with model (2), particles have space-time existence at positive energy state and have momentum in the opposite direction. The positive energy solution alone does not complete energy conservation. In accordance with our approach, the relationship between curvature of space-time and energy is the natural consequence of cyclic energy conservation within boundary-mapped space-

In accordance with model (2), the positive and negative energy states are not symmetric. The negative energy state is the second portion of energy, conserved in the form of Higgs field. At the state of zero positive energy (Ea = 0), particles do not follow Pauli's exclusion principle and, thus, have no local space-time position; in

Model (5) explains the phenomenon called "nonlocality." The function Eap Es/Es of model (2) which describes action-response parity is the origin of local action. At Eap = 0, a particle has no space-time frame and has no certain locality.

When a particle has no space-time (Eap = 0), all particles are the non-

field and the reverse process of transfer of an energetic field to matter.

distinguishable ingredients of antimatter "condensate."

other words, all the particles occupy the same position.

which is why black hole radiation does not carry any information. Black hole radiation leads to the restoration of energy at the initial state and the starting of new

space-time frame.

produced from each other.

consumption in space.

time.

160

In this paper, we extended our analysis on the nature of space-time to give an input to the hot disputes on the generation of a unified theory by entanglement of two equal pieces of space through "Wormhole Bridge" which was the outcome of the ER and EPR papers. We suggest that the unification of the theory of relativity with quantum mechanics is possible only through the proper mathematical formulation of the law of conservation of energy within the space-time frame. In accordance with this approach, the conversion of energy from one form to another requires a non-separable space locality and time frame which generates a boundarymapped space-time structure wherein the consumption of light photons generates identities, such as space and time particles, carrying distribution of energy within the emerging non-uniform space-time field.

The non-uniform conservation of energy within the boundary-mapped spacetime manifold leads to the generation of a deterministic dynamical law. This concept unifies all the interactions of nature within the asymmetric space-time manifold, carrying the non-uniform conservation of energy through coupling of energy-momentum conservation frames. It also describes the origin of mass, as the product of the non-uniform conservation of energy within the non-invariant energy-mass relation. We showed that gravity is materialized in space energy, while time at zero energy state (Eap = 0) in the form of ripples of space and time phases returns an event to the initial background state with restoration of a new elementary space-time frame. Based on the energy conservation model (2), at matterantimatter symmetry, the difference between energy and momentum disappears which destroys the space-time frame of the universe.

When energy is consumed by a space-time frame or by e/v + e<sup>+</sup> /v particles with the formation of quarks, the space-time frame returns to its origin after consumption of all the available portion of energy. Only energy, accumulated at background state, may separate e/e<sup>+</sup> + v/v dark field particle pairs and generate quarks. When the matter has no space-time frame, it is not observable. The dark matter and dark energy are "dark" due to the absence of space-time frame, and energy, which is produced from the decomposition of the space-time frame, is not observable. The dark energy becomes an electromagnetic energy when it interacts with the space-time frame.

Advances in Quantum Communication and Information

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