5. Detailed features of the uncertainty principle of quantum mechanics

Now based on model (2), we can explain details why the combination of momentum-position in quantum physics leads to uncertainty. Model (2) predicts that local position in the form of a point cannot give information about momentum or position, which can be relevant only to the exchange interaction with the applied

The non-uniform conservation of energy leads to the collapse of the concepts on uniformly moving different reference frames in relation to which all-physical laws are valid. It is clear that even light cannot be the reference frame because light

Eq. (1) shows that the space-time frame, which emerges from the non-uniform splitting of photons, is the fundamental building block of energy and matter: the space-time frame generates ordinary matter, which in energy-mass exchange inter-

Within the non-uniform conservation of energy through the space-time frame, the unification of electromagnetism with the space-time frame becomes an obvious

electromagnetic field (Eap/Es � 1) within the local space-time S1/t<sup>1</sup> frame. The local space-time S1/t<sup>1</sup> metric undergoes change with the consumption of energy flux. The energy flux (Eap/Es � 1) is not uniform and presents the local energy portion, remaining from the exchange interaction. That is why electromagnetism is not

Equation (2), due to the involvement of the local frame of space-time and exchange energy-mass interaction, predicts the precise measurement of velocity and the local position of a particle; the exchange interaction eliminates the reference frame phenomenon, and different observers will have the same measurement if they have the same exchange interaction, coupled with the local position.

Equation (2) explains the uncertainty principle in a way that, in order to probe the small scale of space, we have to apply large amounts of energy. Probing the state of a particle to get information is possible only through an exchange interaction. At the Planck scale, there is no space-time frame, and the exchange interaction (2) is the reason why we cannot obtain any information and probe the state of a particle at Planck's scale. On this basis, by probing vacuum we can get information only on discrete uniform conservation of energy in the form of particles-antiparticles,

The condition, when the portion of energy conserved in space phase is equal to the portion of energy in time phase, could be considered as a uniform conservation of energy in the form of "Noether's symmetry." This condition corresponds to the

At the condition (3), the unlimited translation of energy portions between the opposite phases of space-time variables in the form of matter-antimatter fluctuations should lead to the "ultraviolet catastrophe." However, annihilation takes place within an asymmetric space-time frame; therefore, the non-uniform distribution energy moves in the direction of space expansion, which eliminates the ultraviolet catastrophe. On this basis, continuous uniform conservation of energy, matter-antimatter symmetry, and uniform continuous existence of any type of symmetry is impossible. In symmetry, the space-time manifold of a particle after the change should look

the same (4). But at Eap = 2Es (2), the space and time fields are symmetrically interchangeable only in a discrete mode (2) where after the change the space-time frame holds the local state (4) only within the frame of discrete symmetry.

We think that the performance of the three particles of baryonic space-time n-p matter in the form of boson-fermions relations follows this requirement. Therefore, without discrete performance of energy-mass exchange interaction in an elementary space-time unit, baryonic matter cannot exist in a symmetric manner. The strong and weak forces appear as the coupling product of exchange interaction in order to hold the discrete symmetry of the space-time frame of the baryonic matter.

Eap¼2Es ð Þ 2 ΔS=S1 ¼ Δt=t1 ð Þ3 ΔS=Δt¼S1=t1 (4)

breaking the symmetry with the formation of the space-time frame.

concept. The multiple S1/t<sup>1</sup> (Eap/Es � 1) of Eq. (2) is the localization of the

energy is non-uniformly conserved.

Galilean invariant.

relation:

152

action carries accelerated conservation of energy.

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force. Force and an event individually have no free existence, and they exist only through an exchange interaction. The exchange interaction generates velocity, which describes this interaction in the form of discrete packets showing how many times the reflected energy of exchange interactions repeats that interaction.

two fields with different energetic properties as energy consuming and energy restoring phases generates the non-virtual space-time frame, which appears to be the non-uniform conservation of energy through energy-mass exchange transfor-

The Hot Disputes Related to the Generation of a Unified Theory Combining the Outcomes…

Δt/t1, carrying energy portions as virtual matter and antimatter particles.

The background state of a space-time frame is the relation of virtual asymmetric space and time phases, which proceeds through the conversion of energy from one form to another (8), through the translation of asymmetric entities, such as ΔS/S1,

We can describe the non-uniform background energy-mass translation by conversion of light photons to electron/positron pairs, which is a well-known quantum mechanics translation event. Quantum mechanics states that during this translation, energy conservation is held by fluctuations, such as particles that borrow energy

The energy-matter translation given by Eq. (5) does not count the time phase of energy conservation and the locality of the produced particles, while the translation between photons and leptons takes place in abstract space. Equation (5) could be the discrete translation of energy in the form of infinite fluctuations of the background quantum state. It is clear that in this case there is no natural way for breaking of the continuous symmetry of discrete fluctuations, forming timeindependent infinite symmetry of matter-antimatter relations. Equation (5) does

Conservation of energy requires a certain finite frame for locality, therefore space and time cannot exist as separate variables. The formation of a particle within any time scale without locality in space phase leads to nonconservation of energy.

γ=γ ¼ � eþ=e� þ νe=ν<sup>e</sup>

The space field particles, comprising e�/e<sup>+</sup> pairs, have more energy density,

frequency. It is precisely for this reason that the mass for neutrinos is significantly less than that of electrons. The right-handed antineutrino and left-handed neutrino pair together with the electron/positron pair represents the distribution of energy within virtual space and time phases. Due to the locality within space, close to Planck's size, the performance of virtual matter particles became time-dependent, and it attains a velocity less than the speed of light photons. Hence, the parity

photons to virtual space and time phase particles which could be specified as "empty space" particles. The "empty space" is the medium where e�/e<sup>+</sup> + νe/ν<sup>e</sup>

particles form a fluid with a continuum spectrum. In the absence of energy flux (Eap = 0), a loss of the space frame takes place with the translation of virtual particles back to photons. However, particles before giving the "borrowed' energy

The right side of Eq. (6) involves an additional identity in the form of neutrinos to cover the missing part of energy conservation in a time-dependent frame. Equation (6) represents the mechanism of energy conservation, which involves the decay of energy into asymmetric space and time field particles (2), characterized by different energy densities. Conversion of light photons from one form to another for conservation needs the generation of phase differences, which appears with the

γ=γ ¼ eþ=e� (5)

� ð Þ (6)

� pairs, have energy portions of a high

�

� particles (6) is the translation of the energy of

mations (Eap/Es � 1).

formation of e<sup>+</sup>

155

/e� + νe/ν<sup>e</sup>

translation (6) became non-invariant. Generation of e�/e<sup>+</sup> + νe/ν<sup>e</sup>

while time phase particles, comprising νe/ν<sup>e</sup>

and return it after a very short time:

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88722

not reflect the borrowed time in the change of energy.

On this basis, we replaced Eq. (5) with the relation:

� pairs.

The uncertainty principle describes the commutation of momentum and position in the form, which does not hold conservation of energy. The uncertainty principle does not describe the change of position within the space-time frame and presents momentum without the energy-momentum exchange interaction.

When there is no applied energy (Eap = 0), gravitational and inertial forces cancel each other, and a particle falls back to the initial state. This approach explains electromagnetic phenomenon, which has to be understood through interaction within two space-time frames.

Local position has conjugation with the force (energy) carrying particle which itself is a carrier of space-time. Therefore, a local position exists only through interaction with the force-carrying particle, which does not obey Lorentz symmetry.

Model (2) involves the exchange of interaction of energy portions in space-time instead of the curvature tensor of relativity. Inertia is not determined by mass itself because the mass of a particle has no independent existence.

Model (2) involves the energy-momentum exchange interaction and, similar to Maxwell's antisymmetric field tensor, describes antisymmetric energy distribution in the space-time field.

Particle physics connects the formation of mass with the breaking of symmetry, but symmetry, as is known from Neother's theorem, is associated with the conservation law. Therefore, breaking of symmetry has to be analyzed within the principles of energy conservation.

The model of non-uniform conservation of energy (2) involves the commutation of space-time and energy-momentum ingredients that explains symmetry breaking in the distribution of energy within the asymmetric boundaries of space and time phases.

It is obvious that non-uniform conservation of energy within an asymmetric space-time frame excludes the existence of continuous symmetry of particlesantiparticles, whereas continuous symmetry needs infinite energy resources to hold symmetry.

Model (8) connects space-time position with the energy-momentum exchange relation and shows that this relation within space-time boundary-mapped frame cannot be subject to uncertainty because position as a spatial variable does not have existence, independent of time.

### 6. Principles of generation of mass and gravitation

One of the main problems related to the generation of mass by spontaneous breakdown of continuous symmetry, given by the Higgs mechanism, is that this mechanism does not connect the generation of mass with the space-time locality of a particle and does not explain why background continuous symmetry has to be broken in an unnatural way. The mechanism of mass generation also has to explain why collision experiments produce more matter particles than antimatter particles.

In this chapter, we will discuss how the non-uniform energy conservation concept is an alternative mechanism of mass generation. The non-uniform distribution of energy portions within asymmetric space and time phases requires generation of fields with different energetic properties (frequency and amplitude) which is the only way for carrying conservation of energy through these fields. The coupling of

The Hot Disputes Related to the Generation of a Unified Theory Combining the Outcomes… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88722

two fields with different energetic properties as energy consuming and energy restoring phases generates the non-virtual space-time frame, which appears to be the non-uniform conservation of energy through energy-mass exchange transformations (Eap/Es � 1).

The background state of a space-time frame is the relation of virtual asymmetric space and time phases, which proceeds through the conversion of energy from one form to another (8), through the translation of asymmetric entities, such as ΔS/S1, Δt/t1, carrying energy portions as virtual matter and antimatter particles.

We can describe the non-uniform background energy-mass translation by conversion of light photons to electron/positron pairs, which is a well-known quantum mechanics translation event. Quantum mechanics states that during this translation, energy conservation is held by fluctuations, such as particles that borrow energy and return it after a very short time:

$$\mathbf{\hat{y}}/\mathbf{y} = \mathbf{e}^+/\mathbf{e}^-\tag{5}$$

The energy-matter translation given by Eq. (5) does not count the time phase of energy conservation and the locality of the produced particles, while the translation between photons and leptons takes place in abstract space. Equation (5) could be the discrete translation of energy in the form of infinite fluctuations of the background quantum state. It is clear that in this case there is no natural way for breaking of the continuous symmetry of discrete fluctuations, forming timeindependent infinite symmetry of matter-antimatter relations. Equation (5) does not reflect the borrowed time in the change of energy.

Conservation of energy requires a certain finite frame for locality, therefore space and time cannot exist as separate variables. The formation of a particle within any time scale without locality in space phase leads to nonconservation of energy.

On this basis, we replaced Eq. (5) with the relation:

$$\mathbf{\hat{y}}/\mathbf{\hat{y}} = -(\mathbf{e}^+/\mathbf{e}^- + \nu\_\mathbf{e}/\nu\_\mathbf{e}^-) \tag{6}$$

The right side of Eq. (6) involves an additional identity in the form of neutrinos to cover the missing part of energy conservation in a time-dependent frame. Equation (6) represents the mechanism of energy conservation, which involves the decay of energy into asymmetric space and time field particles (2), characterized by different energy densities. Conversion of light photons from one form to another for conservation needs the generation of phase differences, which appears with the formation of e<sup>+</sup> /e� + νe/ν<sup>e</sup> � pairs.

The space field particles, comprising e�/e<sup>+</sup> pairs, have more energy density, while time phase particles, comprising νe/ν<sup>e</sup> � pairs, have energy portions of a high frequency. It is precisely for this reason that the mass for neutrinos is significantly less than that of electrons. The right-handed antineutrino and left-handed neutrino pair together with the electron/positron pair represents the distribution of energy within virtual space and time phases. Due to the locality within space, close to Planck's size, the performance of virtual matter particles became time-dependent, and it attains a velocity less than the speed of light photons. Hence, the parity translation (6) became non-invariant.

Generation of e�/e<sup>+</sup> + νe/ν<sup>e</sup> � particles (6) is the translation of the energy of photons to virtual space and time phase particles which could be specified as "empty space" particles. The "empty space" is the medium where e�/e<sup>+</sup> + νe/ν<sup>e</sup> � particles form a fluid with a continuum spectrum. In the absence of energy flux (Eap = 0), a loss of the space frame takes place with the translation of virtual particles back to photons. However, particles before giving the "borrowed' energy

force. Force and an event individually have no free existence, and they exist only through an exchange interaction. The exchange interaction generates velocity, which describes this interaction in the form of discrete packets showing how many times the reflected energy of exchange interactions repeats that interaction.

The uncertainty principle describes the commutation of momentum and position in the form, which does not hold conservation of energy. The uncertainty principle does not describe the change of position within the space-time frame and

presents momentum without the energy-momentum exchange interaction. When there is no applied energy (Eap = 0), gravitational and inertial forces cancel each other, and a particle falls back to the initial state. This approach explains electromagnetic phenomenon, which has to be understood through interaction

Local position has conjugation with the force (energy) carrying particle which itself is a carrier of space-time. Therefore, a local position exists only through interaction with the force-carrying particle, which does not obey

because the mass of a particle has no independent existence.

6. Principles of generation of mass and gravitation

Model (2) involves the exchange of interaction of energy portions in space-time instead of the curvature tensor of relativity. Inertia is not determined by mass itself

Model (2) involves the energy-momentum exchange interaction and, similar to Maxwell's antisymmetric field tensor, describes antisymmetric energy distribution

Particle physics connects the formation of mass with the breaking of symmetry, but symmetry, as is known from Neother's theorem, is associated with the conservation law. Therefore, breaking of symmetry has to be analyzed within the princi-

The model of non-uniform conservation of energy (2) involves the commutation of space-time and energy-momentum ingredients that explains symmetry breaking in the distribution of energy within the asymmetric boundaries of space and time

It is obvious that non-uniform conservation of energy within an asymmetric space-time frame excludes the existence of continuous symmetry of particlesantiparticles, whereas continuous symmetry needs infinite energy resources to hold

Model (8) connects space-time position with the energy-momentum exchange relation and shows that this relation within space-time boundary-mapped frame cannot be subject to uncertainty because position as a spatial variable does not have

One of the main problems related to the generation of mass by spontaneous breakdown of continuous symmetry, given by the Higgs mechanism, is that this mechanism does not connect the generation of mass with the space-time locality of a particle and does not explain why background continuous symmetry has to be broken in an unnatural way. The mechanism of mass generation also has to explain why collision experiments produce more matter particles than antimatter particles. In this chapter, we will discuss how the non-uniform energy conservation concept is an alternative mechanism of mass generation. The non-uniform distribution of energy portions within asymmetric space and time phases requires generation of fields with different energetic properties (frequency and amplitude) which is the only way for carrying conservation of energy through these fields. The coupling of

within two space-time frames.

Advances in Quantum Communication and Information

Lorentz symmetry.

in the space-time field.

phases.

symmetry.

154

ples of energy conservation.

existence, independent of time.

back lose localization in space phase and lose some portion of the energy which has to go in parallel with the absorption of photons by e/e<sup>+</sup> pairs. This phenomenon is the main feature of energy nonconservation during the return of "borrowed" energy of quantum fluctuations. Generation of space phase and distribution of energy in the space field leads to the non-uniform conservation of energy in space by absorption of photons by e/e<sup>+</sup> pairs with the formation of pairs of heavy bosons.

was suggested by the authors of the EP paper [6]. The widely separated regions of space carry non-uniform conservation of energy within the space-time frame; therefore, the entanglement of nonidentical pieces of space is due to the connection

The Hot Disputes Related to the Generation of a Unified Theory Combining the Outcomes…

Model (2) describes the conjugation of force (Eap) and matter (Es) particles, forming the space-time frame of a matter. On this basis, light energy can be observable only if it reflected from the space-time frame of matter. The forcecarrying particle (Eap) generates its conjugated particle (Es) that has a mass, simultaneously conserving energy and momentum. The model shows that when the corresponding particle has no mass, the conservation of energy diverges to infinity. Model (2) may explain why photons do not attain mass when they pass through Higgs field. Model (2) comprises of massless (Eap) and mass-containing particles (Es). At Eap = 0, particles which form the so-called Higgs field have no space-time configuration. Assuming information that the Higgs boson may decay to a pair of photons, we can describe the generation of Higgs field particles and photons

�¼eþ=e�þνe=ν<sup>e</sup>

�¼eþ=νeþe�=ν<sup>e</sup>

�¼�eþ=e�þνe=ν<sup>e</sup>

Scheme (8) describes the generation of light photons from dark matter. Due to the consumption of light photons for generation of space-time frame of observable matter, the conversion reaction (8) does not have the same velocity in both direc-

Now the question is how we can describe the mass of protons, which does not originate from Higgs bosons. By Standard Model, the mass of protons comes from

The coupling reaction (9) maintains the conservation of energy and momentum

the insertion of energy to the virtual particles with the generation of quarks and

observable only after the generation of the space-time frame. Similarly, the photons, generated from decomposition of matter space-time frame, exist in the form of dark energy and become observable only after interaction with the space-time

Therefore, matter and energy are observable only within interactions with the space-time frame. Interaction of virtual particles with the energy photons is such a coupling of virtual particles with themselves. These interactions follow the scheme,

� (7)

�¼2Y (8)

/e� + νe/ν<sup>e</sup>

� exist in the form of dark matter and became

� (9)

� leads to

eþ=νeþe�=ν<sup>e</sup>

eþ=νeþe�=ν<sup>e</sup>

tions and is, therefore, not a time reversal invariant process.

The coupling of energetic field with the virtual particles e<sup>+</sup>

2Yþeþ=e�þνe=ν<sup>e</sup>

/e� + νe/ν<sup>e</sup>

within the boundary-mapped space-time frame.

which is shown through the conversion (10):

of energy within space and time phases regardless of space and time scales. In accordance with our concept of the non-uniform conservation of energy principle, the phenomenon called mass generation is the requirement of energy conservation. Based on model (2), generation of mass is not a spontaneous symmetry-breaking event; it is the requirement of energy conservation that is carried through a discrete non-uniform space-time frame. The space and time parameters work as particles and antiparticles carrying energy conservation

through their integrated frame.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88722

through Eqs. (7) and (8):

binding energy-gluons.

The virtual particles e<sup>+</sup>

space-time frame:

frame of matter.

157
