**1. Introduction**

One the most famous cats in science must be the Schrödinger's cat in quantum mechanics, in which the cat can be either alive or dead at the same time, unless we look into the Schrödinger's box. The life of Schrödinger's cat has been puzzling the quantum physicists for over eight decades as Schrödinger disclosed it in 1935. In this chapter, I will show that the paradox of the cat's life is primarily due to the underneath subspace in which the hypothetical subatomic model is submerged within a timeless empty subspace (i.e., t = 0). And this is the atomic model that all the particle physicists, quantum scientists, and engineers had been using for over a century, since Niels Bohr proposed it in 1913. However, the universe (our home) is a temporal space (i.e., t > 0), and it does not allow any timeless subspace in it. I will show that by immersing the subatomic model into a temporal subspace, instead of a timeless subspace, the situation is different. I will show that Schrödinger's cat can only either be alive or dead, but not at the same time, regardless if we look into or not look into the Schrödinger's box. Since the whole quantum space is timeless (i.e., t = 0), we will show that the fundamental superposition principle fails to exist within our temporal space but only existed within a timeless virtual space. This is by no means of saying that timeless quantum space is a useless subspace. On the contrary it has produced numerous numbers of useful solutions for practical application, as long as the temporal or causality condition (i.e., t > 0) is not the issue. In short, we have found the hypothesis of Schrödinger's cat is not a physical realizable

postulation, and his quantum mechanics as well as his fundamental principle of superposition is timeless, which behaves like mathematics does.

One important aspect within our temporal universe (or time-dependent universe) [1, 2] is that one cannot get something from nothing: there is always a price to pay. For example, every piece of temporal subspace (or every bit of information) takes energy and time to create. And the created subspace (or substance) cannot bring back the section of time that has expensed for its creation. Every temporal subspace cannot be a subspace of an absolute empty subspace, and any absolute empty space cannot have temporal subspace in it. Any science proven within our temporal universe is physically real; otherwise, it is fictitious unless it can be repeated by experiments.

Science is a law of approximation and mathematics is an axiom of absolute certainty. Using exact math to evaluate inexact science cannot guarantee the solution exists within our temporal subspace. Science is also an axiom of logic; without logic science would be useless for practical application.

In addition, all the fundamental sciences need constant revision. For example, science has evolved from Newtonian mechanics to Einstein's theory of relativity and to Schrödinger's quantum mechanics. And the beauty of the fundamental laws must be mathematical simplicity, so that their complicated logics and significances can be understood easily. And the advantages have been very useful for extending scientific researches and their applications.

Nonetheless, practically all the particle sciences were developed from pointsingularity approximation and had been "unintentionally" embedding a pointsingularity atomic model [3] within an empty timeless subspace, as shown in **Figure 1**.

In which we see that, nucleus and electrons were shown by a dimensionless singularities representation. And we may not be aware that the model is not a physically real model, since the submerged background represents a timeless empty subspace. However, a timeless empty subspace cannot exist within our temporal universe! Although Bohr's atomic model have been used since the birth of Bohr's atom [3], its background has been mistakenly interpreted as an absolutely empty timeless subspace. Strictly speaking, as a whole it is not a physically correct model, and the solution

#### **Figure 1.**

*An isolated Bohr's atomic model (or a timeless model); h is the Planck's constant, and v is the radiation frequency.*

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**Figure 2.**

*Schrödinger's Cat and His Timeless (t = 0) Quantum World*

should not be used for temporal or causality problems. The reason is that the timeless subspace model (i.e., t = 0) cannot exist within our temporal space (i.e., t > 0).

Basically all the models are approximated. For example, point-singularity approximation for an atomic model offers the advantage of simplicity representation, but it deviates away from a real physical dimension, which causes the accuracy in solution. Secondly, physical model embedded within a timeless (i.e., t = 0) subspace is absolutely incorrect, since every physical subspace is a temporal (i.e., t > 0) subspace, and it cannot be coexisted with a time-independent (or a timeless) subspace [1, 2]. Therefore as we can see, solution obtained from a physical model embedded within a timeless empty subspace shown in **Figure 2** is absolutely incorrect, and it bounds to have incomplete or fictitious solution. The fact is that one of the significant reasons other than the singularity approximation is the temporal or causality condition (i.e., t > 0) which is required as we applied within our temporal universe. Therefore as depicted in **Figure 1**, it is not a physical realizable model, since time-dependent (or temporal) atom cannot exist within an absolute empty timeless subspace. As shown, it produces physically nonexistent fictitious solutions, which is similar as plunging a temporal machine

On the other hand as referenced to **Figure 2**, a temporal (time-dependent) atomic model which is embedded within a time-dependent (or temporal) subspace is a physical realizable model, in which we see that the temporal or causality requirement (i.e., t > 0) imposed by our temporal subspace is included. In fact our universe was created by a Big Bang explosion followed by the laws of physics, which is a temporal (i.e., t > 0) universe [1, 2]. Therefore, any physical system within our temporal space has to follow the law of time (or causality condition), so that every physical science has to be proven temporal (i.e., t > 0) within our universe (our

*An isolated atomic model embedded in temporal subspace (or a temporal atomic model). f(x, y, z; t); t > 0* 

*represents a function of three-dimensional space and time t as a forward variable.*

On the other hand, any atomic model as presented in **Figure 2** is physically real, in which we see that a Bohr atom is embedded within a temporal (time-dependent)

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86970*

subspace (e.g., our universe).

**2. Flaws of a physical model**

into a nontemporal subspace.

home); otherwise it is a virtual fictitious science.

should not be used for temporal or causality problems. The reason is that the timeless subspace model (i.e., t = 0) cannot exist within our temporal space (i.e., t > 0).

On the other hand, any atomic model as presented in **Figure 2** is physically real, in which we see that a Bohr atom is embedded within a temporal (time-dependent) subspace (e.g., our universe).
