**Author details**

*Solvents, Ionic Liquids and Solvent Effects*

**3. Conclusion and recommendations**

are recommended as below:

consecutive runs.

chemistry.

external magnets [27].

MNPs to generate MNP-Pd-NHC complexes. Catalysts could be easily separated by

The Suzuki coupling of aryl iodides was catalyzed by this heterogenized ionic liquid transition metal catalysts (HIL-TMCs), and reactions were complete in 0.5 h. Bromides were equally active while substituted aryl chlorides gave lower yields and required longer reaction times mixed with some homocoupling of the aryl boronic acids as byproduct. The catalyst could be reused for six times without significant loss of activity. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) showed no leaching of Pd [28].

The bird's eye view on the immobilization technologies in IL matrix shows an amazing picture; using SILP technologies, a rich chemistry of organic functional transformations has been tremendously developed over the recent decades. From the point of view of recyclability and reusability, these novel technologies represent that the metallic species can be as much as possibly retained in the IL matrix. Though the success was achieved in many of the reported research articles, theoretically, academically and technically, many queries need to be addressed, and they

1.The cohesive force that is operative in retaining the metallic species in IL

2.The nature of the catalytic material/s that is undergoing reaction in the IL matrix is not yet understood, and studies need to be carried out in this regard.

3.Not much is known about the role of IL matrix during the reaction, more answer is needed whether the IL is acting in only dissolving the reactants or

4.The ILs can be broadly classified as hydrophobic (phosphonium ILS—ionic liquid supported) and hydrophilic (nitrogen-based ILs), and hence, we need to identify whether the hydrophilic ILs can deactivate or slower the kinetics in the

5.The main advantage of IL matrix is that we can carry out the reaction at elevated temperatures depending on the thermal stability of ILs but not much literature reports are known on kinetic measurements at elevated temperatures.

6.More exploration is needed to estimate the nature of side products and impuri-

This multidisciplinary research has united many professionals and entrepreneurs to work together; though this chapter has highlighted on the transition metal catalysis, this surface coating of solid materials in thin film and using them in IL matrix does not limit to organic synthesis alone. The summary of the recent research article findings show tremendous advantages of the individual homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic systems reported in IL matrix. This area of research will soon end up in chemical processes for the manufacture of fine chemicals and so on with the fundamental understanding of various physicochemical properties of SILP systems with improved activity, selectivity and recyclability.

alters the oxidation states of the catalytic material.

ties in the recycle experiments, if any.

matrix needs to be understood in detail using the principle of physical organic

**138**

Alwar Ramani1 \*, Suresh Iyer2 \* and Murugesan Muthu3

1 Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

2 National Chemical laboratory, Pune, India

3 Imperial College London, United Kingdom

\*Address all correspondence to: alwar.ramani@gmail.com and drsureshiyer@yahoo. com

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
