*2.4.3 Palladium supported on amine-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles*

The issue of leaching could not be fully resolved in the SILP systems too; as a result, a convenient protocol was developed to recover the palladium catalyst magnetically. Magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) were functionalized to impart stronger bonding to the metal. Towards this end amine functionalized ILs were synthesized. Fe3O4 was coated with silica. This was then functionalized with (3-chloropropyl)triethoxysilane. The ionic liquid moiety was then easily anchored onto the surface of the SiO2/Fe3O4 to obtain amine-functionalized ionic liquid-modified magnetic NPs (IL-NH2/SiO2/Fe3O4). Excellent results were achieved with this catalyst for the Suzuki coupling of various aryl iodides and bromides (**Figure 5**). The authors claimed that the catalyst was well dispersed in the reaction medium, magnetically recovered from reaction mixture, and reused for several times without significant loss of activity. All these advantages make the protocol to be a green and convenient process for other metal catalyzed important reactions [18].

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**Figure 6.**

*Phosphinite-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles-Suzuki coupling [19].*

*On the Technology of Heterogenization of Transition Metal Catalysts towards the Synthetic…*

In continuation of research on magnetite-supported palladium catalysts, the synthesis and characterization of phosphinite-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles containing imidazolium ionic liquid moiety for stabilization of palladium nanoparticles and its application as a catalyst in Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions

Fe3O4 NPs were coated with a thin layer of silica using tetraethyl orthosilicate to provide core shell Fe3O4 NP (SiO2@Fe3O4 NP). These NPs were then treated with glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane to afford epoxy functionalized SiO2@ Fe3O4. Further reaction with 1-methyl imidazole and chlorodiphenyl phosphine gave the Im-Phos-SiO2-@Fe3O4. The catalyst was then prepared by treating with PdCl2 (**Figure 6**). The catalyst was characterized by various methods. The obtained compound was characterized by SEM, TEM, EDX, solid UV, VSM, XRD, XPS, FT-IR and N2 adsorption-desorption analyses. Aryl bromides gave high yields in EtOH:water solvent. For aryl chlorides, the solvent was changed to DMF and, at 120°C, it gave high yields. Hot filtration test was carried out and showed that the catalyst was mostly heterogeneous. The catalyst was recyclable for at least eight times with little depletion of activity [19]. The scheme route of the catalyst is

*2.4.4 Phosphinite-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs)*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86846*

were examined.

presented in **Figure 6**.

**Figure 5.** *Pd supported on amine-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles—Suzuki coupling [18].*

*On the Technology of Heterogenization of Transition Metal Catalysts towards the Synthetic… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86846*
