**1. Introduction**

150 Renewable Energy – Trends and Applications

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The production and use of biodiesel as an alternative diesel fuel in compression-ignition engines and boilers has increased significantly in the recent years. Biodiesel is considered to be an immediate alternative energy, providing a solution to help decrease the effects of harmful global green house gases, why decreasing the dependency of fossil fuels (Demirbas, 2008, Gärtner and Reinhardt, 2003). Biodiesel is derived from plant oils, animal fats and recycled cooking oils (Biodiesel Handling and Use Guide, 2009). Bio-Diesel is a renewable fuel produced by a chemical reaction of alcohol and vegetable or animal oils, fats, or greases. Bio-Diesel offers a safer and cleaner alternative to petroleum Diesel. Biodiesel is renewable fuel, its is energy efficicient, it can be used as a 20% blend in most diesel equipment with no or only minor modifications, can reduce global warming gas emissions, it is nontoxic, biodegradable, and suitable for sensitive environments (Biodiesel Handling and Use Guide, 2009).

Biodiesel is produced when vegetable oil or animal fat is chemically reacted with alcohol (methanol or ethanol) in the presence of catalyst such as sodium or potassium hydroxide (Van Gerpen, 2004). Glycerin is produced as a co-product. Biodiesel fuel is produced from oil feedstock such as soybean oil, corn oil, canola oil, cottonseed oil, mustard oil, palm oil, restaurant waste oils such as frying oils, animal fats such as beef tallow or lard, trap grease (from restaurant grease traps), float grease (from waste water treatment plants - Van Gerpen, 2004). The oil or animal fat can be converted to methyl or ethylesters (biodiesel) directly, using a base reaction (catalyze) to accelerate the transesterification reaction. The most common method of production of biodiesel is by mixing the vegetable oil with methanol in the presence of sodium hydroxide.

The reaction produces methyl esters (Biodiesel) and glycerin (by product). Biodiesel can be used in its pure form B100, which requires some modification to the engine, to prevent any decomposition of plastic parts. Because the level of special care needed is high, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) do not recommend the use of high-level biodiesel blends. When human exposure to diesel particulate matter (PM) is elevated, additional attention to equipment and fuel handling is needed (Biodiesel Handling and Use Guide, 2009). More commonly biodiesel is run as a blend, such as B5, B10, and B20 (Example: B20 is 20% of biodiesel blended with 80% of petroleum diesel). No modification of engine is needed if Biodiesel fuel blends are used. At concentrations of up to 5 vol % (B5) in conventional diesel fuel, the mixture will meet the ASTM D975 diesel fuel specification and can be used in any application as if it was pure petroleum diesel; for home heating oil, B5 will meet the D396 home heating oil specification (Biodiesel Handling and Use Guide, 2009). At concentrations of 6% to 20%, biodiesel blends can be used in many applications that use diesel fuel with minor or no modifications to the equipment. B20 is the most commonly used biodiesel blend in the United States because it provides a good balance between material compatibility, cold weather operability, performance, emission benefits, and costs (Biodiesel Handling and Use Guide, 2009). Equipment that can use B20 includes compression-ignition (CI) engines, fuel oil and heating oil boilers, and turbines. The analysis, fuel quality, and production monitoring of biodiesel have been discussed in more details in previous studies (Knothe, 2005, Mittelbach and Remschmidt, 2004, Knothe, 2001, Mittelbach, 1996 and Komers et al., 1998).
