Contents


Preface

Silicon is a chemical element with the symbol Si and atomic number 14. It is a hard and brittle crystalline solid with a blue-grey metallic luster, and it is a tetravalent

Most silicon is used commercially without being separated, and often with little processing of the natural minerals. It has many applications in the manufacturing technology of microelectronic components, integrated circuits, and photovoltaic generators. Circuit complexity and higher degrees of integration of components require constant improvement and control of the properties of silicon. Elemental

We wish to thank everyone who showed us patience and understanding and offered

**Dr. Beddiaf Zaidi** 

**Dr. Slimen Belghit**

Department of Physics, Faculty of Material Sciences,

University of Batna 1, Batna, Algeria

University of Batna 1, Batna, Algeria

silicon also has a large impact on the modern world economy.

us help during the intensive phase of creating this book.

metalloid and semiconductor.
