Abstract

Bauxite is the main source for alumina production. With the rapid development of iron and steel industry and aluminum industry, high-quality iron ore and bauxite resources become increasingly tense. However, a lot of iron-rich bauxite and Bayer red mud resources have not been timely and effectively recycled, resulting in serious problems of environmental pollution and wastage of resources. The comprehensive utilization of iron-rich bauxite and red mud is still a worldwide problem. The industrial stockpiling is not a fundamental way to solve the problems of ironrich bauxite and red mud. As to the recovery of valuable metals from iron-rich bauxite and red mud, there are a lot of technical and cost problems, which are serious impediments to industrial development. Applying red mud as construction materials like cement, soil ameliorant applications face the problem of Na, Cr, As leaching into the environment. However, the high-temperature reduction, smelting and alkaline leaching process is a feasible method to recover iron and alumina from iron-rich bauxite and red mud. This chapter intends to provide the reader an overview on comprehensive utilization technology of the low-grade iron-rich bauxite and Bayer red mud sources.

Keywords: bauxite, iron-rich bauxite, Bayer red mud, Bayer process, magnetic separation, reduction and smelting process

### 1. Introduction

With 8.30%, aluminum is the third element in the earth's crust after the oxygen and the silicon, and for that reason, aluminum minerals are abundant with more than 250 kinds. They are mainly composed of bauxite, kaolinite and alunite. However, only the bauxite is used as source for alumina (Al2O3) production. As of 2017, approximately 95% of the world's bauxite production is processed first into alumina, and then into aluminum by electrolysis [1]. The bulk of bauxite production is used as feed for the manufacture of alumina via a wet chemical caustic leach process known as the Bayer process [2]. The majority of the alumina produced from this refining process is smelted using the Hall-Héroult process to produce aluminum metal by electrolytic reduction in a molten bath of natural or synthetic cryolite (NaAlF6) [3]. With the rapid development of iron and steel industry and aluminum industry, high-quality iron ore and bauxite resources become increasingly tense. However, a lot of iron-rich bauxite and Bayer red mud resources have not been

timely and effectively recycled, resulting in serious problems of environmental pollution and resources waste. The comprehensive utilization of low-grade iron-rich bauxite and secondary aluminum mineral sources has attracted worldwide attention. It is an effective way to improve the efficient utilization of resources and the added value of products by using the scientific metallurgical recycling methods. This chapter intends to provide the reader with an overview on comprehensive utilization technology of the low grade iron-rich bauxite and secondary aluminum mineral sources.

#### 2. Bayer process alumina production

Bauxite ore is the main raw material used in alumina production. The alumina production in major regions of the world in 2017 is shown in Figure 1. It can be seen that the growth in aluminum production continues to be driven by countries in Asia and the Gulf area, 2017 global aluminum production is nearly 126 million tons, and China has contributed with about 56% (70.7 million tons).

extraction conditions. The undissolved waste and bauxite tailings contain iron oxides, silica, calcia, titania and some unreacted alumina. After separation of the residue by filtering, pure gibbsite (also known as bayerite) is precipitated when the liquid is cooled, and then seeded with fine-grained aluminum hydroxide. The gibbsite is usually converted into aluminum oxide, and then the aluminum hydroxide decomposes to alumina (Al2O3) by heating in rotary kilns or fluid flash calciners at a temperature in excess of 1000°C [9]. This aluminum oxide is dissolved at a temperature of about 960°C in molten cryolite. Next, this molten substance is smelted into the metallic aluminum by the process of electrolysis, which is called the Hall-Héroult process, named in Ref. to the American and French inventors of

Aluminum Mineral Processing and Metallurgy: Iron-Rich Bauxite and Bayer Red Muds

Iron-rich bauxite ore usually contains over 40 wt% iron oxide [11, 12], huge reserves are found in Australia, Guinea, Brazil, Laos, Vietnam and China, but they have not yet been used effectively. It is worth noting that more than 1.5 billion tons of iron-rich bauxite resources have been explored over the last 20 years in western Guangxi, China [13–15], which belong to the high-iron, low-aluminum silicon ratio type bauxite. These bauxites are very difficult to be leached by the Bayer process also and cannot be used as blast furnace burden. Iron-rich bauxite contains large amounts of silica and iron oxide with complex mineralogical composition and characteristics, which limit the use of this material as feedstock for conventional

China's bauxite reserves are only 3% of the world's bauxite reserves, mainly deposited in Shanxi, Guizhou, Henan and Guangxi provinces. However, the ironrich bauxite accounts for more than 30% of China's total bauxite resources, which has a great deal of economic value, and more than 1.5 billion tons have been explored in the last 20 years. The typical iron-rich bauxite deposited in Guigang of

The typical iron-rich bauxite ore was provided by the Guigang Mine of Guangxi, China. The chemical composition of the iron-rich bauxite is shown in Table 1. It can be seen that the iron-rich bauxite mainly consisted of 40.42 wt% Fe2O3, 11.70 wt%

3. Iron-rich bauxite processing and metallurgy

The process flowsheet of Bayer alumina production.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.78789

the process [10].

Figure 2.

processes.

17

Guangxi, China is shown in Figure 3.

3.1 Mineralogical characteristics of iron-rich bauxite

Though alumina can be produced from bauxite under alkaline conditions using lime sinter process and sodium carbonate (Deville Pechiney process) at high temperature in reducing environment with presence of coke and nitrogen [4], the alkalinization by the use of sodium hydroxide (Bayer process) is the most economical process which is employed for purification of bauxite if it contains considerable amount of Fe2O3 [5]. Almost 90% of world's alumina production is from bauxite by the Bayer process. The bauxite ore with high alumina content and a high mass ratio of alumina to silica (A/S ratio) is preferred in the alumina industry. The free silica leads to the formation of Bayer sodalite with important losses of sodium hydroxide and alumina in the muds (near to 30%) [6].

The production process of Bayer alumina is shown in Figure 2. In the Bayer process, bauxite is leached with a hot solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at temperature of 150–240°C and at 1–6 atm pressure [7]. The aluminum minerals in the bauxite may be present as gibbsite (Al(OH)3), boehmite (AlOOH) or diaspore (AlOOH) [8]. The different forms of the aluminum component will dictate the

Figure 1. Alumina production in major regions of the world in 2017.

Aluminum Mineral Processing and Metallurgy: Iron-Rich Bauxite and Bayer Red Muds DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.78789

#### Figure 2.

timely and effectively recycled, resulting in serious problems of environmental pollution and resources waste. The comprehensive utilization of low-grade iron-rich bauxite and secondary aluminum mineral sources has attracted worldwide attention. It is an effective way to improve the efficient utilization of resources and the added value of products by using the scientific metallurgical recycling methods. This chapter intends to provide the reader with an overview on comprehensive utilization technology of the low grade iron-rich bauxite and secondary aluminum

Bauxite ore is the main raw material used in alumina production. The alumina production in major regions of the world in 2017 is shown in Figure 1. It can be seen that the growth in aluminum production continues to be driven by countries in Asia and the Gulf area, 2017 global aluminum production is nearly 126 million tons, and

Though alumina can be produced from bauxite under alkaline conditions using lime sinter process and sodium carbonate (Deville Pechiney process) at high temperature in reducing environment with presence of coke and nitrogen [4], the alkalinization by the use of sodium hydroxide (Bayer process) is the most economical process which is employed for purification of bauxite if it contains considerable amount of Fe2O3 [5]. Almost 90% of world's alumina production is from bauxite by the Bayer process. The bauxite ore with high alumina content and a high mass ratio of alumina to silica (A/S ratio) is preferred in the alumina industry. The free silica leads to the formation of Bayer sodalite with important losses of sodium hydroxide

The production process of Bayer alumina is shown in Figure 2. In the Bayer process, bauxite is leached with a hot solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at temperature of 150–240°C and at 1–6 atm pressure [7]. The aluminum minerals in the bauxite may be present as gibbsite (Al(OH)3), boehmite (AlOOH) or diaspore (AlOOH) [8]. The different forms of the aluminum component will dictate the

mineral sources.

Aluminium Alloys and Composites

Figure 1.

16

2. Bayer process alumina production

and alumina in the muds (near to 30%) [6].

Alumina production in major regions of the world in 2017.

China has contributed with about 56% (70.7 million tons).

The process flowsheet of Bayer alumina production.

extraction conditions. The undissolved waste and bauxite tailings contain iron oxides, silica, calcia, titania and some unreacted alumina. After separation of the residue by filtering, pure gibbsite (also known as bayerite) is precipitated when the liquid is cooled, and then seeded with fine-grained aluminum hydroxide. The gibbsite is usually converted into aluminum oxide, and then the aluminum hydroxide decomposes to alumina (Al2O3) by heating in rotary kilns or fluid flash calciners at a temperature in excess of 1000°C [9]. This aluminum oxide is dissolved at a temperature of about 960°C in molten cryolite. Next, this molten substance is smelted into the metallic aluminum by the process of electrolysis, which is called the Hall-Héroult process, named in Ref. to the American and French inventors of the process [10].
