**5.2 Legal frameworks of the protected areas of Bangladesh**

The forestry sector of Bangladesh plays an important role in combating poverty for the people living in and around the forest. The history of forest management in Bangladesh is quite old and was shaped and influenced by colonial forest policy. The Forest Policy, 1979, was the first of its kind and was very much influenced by the colonial policy of forest management [22]. Over time this policy proved ineffective due to various socioeconomic factors such as population growth, poverty, overexploitation of resources, and top-down, centralized management approaches. It was felt by experts, communities, and policy makers that a new dimension to the existing forest policy was needed. The Forest Policy, 1994, specifically recognized the importance of peoples' participation in forest management [23]. Another notable achievement of the 1994 policy was that it has succeeded in bringing tree plantation activities outside the forest area [24].

**77**

of Bangladesh [31].

*Wild Fodder Yielding Plants in the Protected Areas of Bangladesh*

in the governance of the PAs and the resources sustained by them.

As an effective tool, the protected areas are recognized internationally for the conservation of biodiversity. Currently the PAs of Bangladesh represent most of the ecosystems and thus include all habitats and species that are vital for conservation. The Bangladesh Forest Department under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change manages a network of 17 national parks, 20 wildlife sanctuaries, 2 special biodiversity conservation areas, 1 marine protected area, 2 vulture safe zones, 2 botanical gardens, 2 safari parks, 10 eco-parks, and 1 aviary park. The total area under this protected area status covers 618253.49 ha of forest land and represents 4.19% area of the country [27]. The primary purpose of these sites is to conserve and protect habitat for wildlife, including migratory birds, species at risk,

As a sample of protected areas of Bangladesh, we reviewed the floristic studies [28–30] conducted in three protected areas of Bangladesh with characteristic features. They are "Chunati Wildlife Sanctuary," Dudhpukuria-Dhopachari Wildlife Sanctuary, and "Madhupur National Park." We used the plant data collected during the field survey as secondary data for assessing the fodder yielding plants with due permission from the respective authors. The identified plants were then explored with their use and conservation status following the encyclopedia of flora and fauna

Chunati Wildlife Sanctuary, established in 1986, is familiar as the habitat and breeding ground of the Asian elephant (*Elephas maximus*). It is one of the oldest PAs of Bangladesh rich with 691 plants from all habit forms [28]. In addition to the Asian elephant, Chunati harbors 26 species of amphibians, 54 reptiles, 252 birds, and 40 mammals [32]. **Tables 2** and **3** provide a detailed account of the flora and fauna of the

**5.3 Protected areas as a potential wildlife habitat**

and other species of national interest.

**5.4 Fodder plants in the protected areas of Bangladesh**

Most importantly, significant developments in Bangladesh forest legal and policy frameworks took place after the formulation of the 1994 policy [25]. Community participation in the forestry sector of Bangladesh has a long history that can be traced back as early as 1871, to teak plantations of Chittagong Hill Tracts managed by the tribal farmers. However, participation of community people in the forestry sector officially began in the 1980s. Donor-assisted community forestry project was the first attempt of its kind in the northwestern districts of Bangladesh. It gradually spread to other parts of the country through various projects and forms such as the Thana Afforestation and Nursery Development Project (TANDP), the Coastal Greenbelt Project (CGP), and the Forestry Sector Project (FSP). Despite the initial success in achieving physical targets, i.e., increase of plantation coverage, these projects failed to develop a mechanism to attract and engage local communities. They lacked institutional, personal, and community capacity building, legitimacy on usufruct rights, active community participation, and devolution of the decisionmaking power under the continued influence of "command and control" strategies. The introduction of co-management in the forest PAs is an effort to overcome these limitations to incorporate active community participation as a core aspect of PA governance [23]. The government of Bangladesh started introducing and implementing co-management in five forest PAs under a pilot project titled Nishorgo Support Project (hereafter referred to as NSP) for a period of 5 years (2004–2009) [26]. Many countries have already developed enabling legal and policy frameworks to support community rights and access and have thereby offered better incentives

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85205*

*Wild Fodder Yielding Plants in the Protected Areas of Bangladesh DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85205*

*Wildlife Population Monitoring*

of Sino-Japanese region.

resource management.

**5. Protected areas of Bangladesh**

**5.1 Protected area management strategies**

of the country and 1.8% of country's total land [21].

**5.2 Legal frameworks of the protected areas of Bangladesh**

plants and wild animals of the country. Nearly 50% (8 million ha) of the total land surface of the country including river, natural lakes, tanks, reservoir, mangrove forests, estuarine, and seasonally inundated floodplains are considered as wetland.

Bangladesh is situated in the northeastern part of the South Asia region, lying between 20°25′ and 26°38′ north latitude and 88°01′ and 92°40′ east longitude. The country is bordered by India to the north, northeast, and west, Myanmar to the southeast, and the Bay of Bengal covering the southern part with a coastline of 710 km. The climate of Bangladesh is tropical, with maximum summer temperature rising between 32 and 38°C. Annual rainfall ranges between 200 and 400 cm. Biogeographically the country lies at the junction of the Indian and Malayan subregions of the Indo-Malayan Realm and is located very near to the western side

Protected areas are "areas especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity and associated cultural resources, which are managed through legal or other effective means, designated or regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives" [12, 13]. PAs have long been considered as the cornerstone of all national and regional conservation strategies. While it is often argued that they are the most effective and widespread measure for conserving forests and biodiversity [13, 14], the importance of complementary off-reserve management has also been acknowledged [15–17]. Globally, the number of PAs has increased significantly over the last few decades in recognition of their importance for conservation. At present, there are more than 100,000 protected area sites worldwide, covering nearly 12% of the world's land surface [18–20]. Currently there are 34 forest PAs in Bangladesh which represent about 17.5% of the total forest land

Bangladesh Forest Department shifts its paradigm of conventional forest management to community-led management for ensuring effective governance of natural resources. A total of 34 reserved forests have been declared as protected area where 23 PAs are managed through active participation of community people which is known as co-management. Community people come forward along with the forest department regarding conservation through ensuring sustainable natural

The forestry sector of Bangladesh plays an important role in combating poverty for the people living in and around the forest. The history of forest management in Bangladesh is quite old and was shaped and influenced by colonial forest policy. The Forest Policy, 1979, was the first of its kind and was very much influenced by the colonial policy of forest management [22]. Over time this policy proved ineffective due to various socioeconomic factors such as population growth, poverty, overexploitation of resources, and top-down, centralized management approaches. It was felt by experts, communities, and policy makers that a new dimension to the existing forest policy was needed. The Forest Policy, 1994, specifically recognized the importance of peoples' participation in forest management [23]. Another notable achievement of the 1994 policy was that it

has succeeded in bringing tree plantation activities outside the forest area [24].

**76**

Most importantly, significant developments in Bangladesh forest legal and policy frameworks took place after the formulation of the 1994 policy [25]. Community participation in the forestry sector of Bangladesh has a long history that can be traced back as early as 1871, to teak plantations of Chittagong Hill Tracts managed by the tribal farmers. However, participation of community people in the forestry sector officially began in the 1980s. Donor-assisted community forestry project was the first attempt of its kind in the northwestern districts of Bangladesh. It gradually spread to other parts of the country through various projects and forms such as the Thana Afforestation and Nursery Development Project (TANDP), the Coastal Greenbelt Project (CGP), and the Forestry Sector Project (FSP). Despite the initial success in achieving physical targets, i.e., increase of plantation coverage, these projects failed to develop a mechanism to attract and engage local communities. They lacked institutional, personal, and community capacity building, legitimacy on usufruct rights, active community participation, and devolution of the decisionmaking power under the continued influence of "command and control" strategies. The introduction of co-management in the forest PAs is an effort to overcome these limitations to incorporate active community participation as a core aspect of PA governance [23]. The government of Bangladesh started introducing and implementing co-management in five forest PAs under a pilot project titled Nishorgo Support Project (hereafter referred to as NSP) for a period of 5 years (2004–2009) [26]. Many countries have already developed enabling legal and policy frameworks to support community rights and access and have thereby offered better incentives in the governance of the PAs and the resources sustained by them.

### **5.3 Protected areas as a potential wildlife habitat**

As an effective tool, the protected areas are recognized internationally for the conservation of biodiversity. Currently the PAs of Bangladesh represent most of the ecosystems and thus include all habitats and species that are vital for conservation. The Bangladesh Forest Department under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change manages a network of 17 national parks, 20 wildlife sanctuaries, 2 special biodiversity conservation areas, 1 marine protected area, 2 vulture safe zones, 2 botanical gardens, 2 safari parks, 10 eco-parks, and 1 aviary park. The total area under this protected area status covers 618253.49 ha of forest land and represents 4.19% area of the country [27]. The primary purpose of these sites is to conserve and protect habitat for wildlife, including migratory birds, species at risk, and other species of national interest.

#### **5.4 Fodder plants in the protected areas of Bangladesh**

As a sample of protected areas of Bangladesh, we reviewed the floristic studies [28–30] conducted in three protected areas of Bangladesh with characteristic features. They are "Chunati Wildlife Sanctuary," Dudhpukuria-Dhopachari Wildlife Sanctuary, and "Madhupur National Park." We used the plant data collected during the field survey as secondary data for assessing the fodder yielding plants with due permission from the respective authors. The identified plants were then explored with their use and conservation status following the encyclopedia of flora and fauna of Bangladesh [31].

Chunati Wildlife Sanctuary, established in 1986, is familiar as the habitat and breeding ground of the Asian elephant (*Elephas maximus*). It is one of the oldest PAs of Bangladesh rich with 691 plants from all habit forms [28]. In addition to the Asian elephant, Chunati harbors 26 species of amphibians, 54 reptiles, 252 birds, and 40 mammals [32]. **Tables 2** and **3** provide a detailed account of the flora and fauna of the


#### **Table 2.**

*Flora of the selected protected areas [28–30].*


#### **Table 3.**

*Fauna of the selected protected areas [28–30].*

selected protected areas. Dudhpukuria-Dhopachari Wildlife Sanctuary is a comparatively new protected area that is declared in 2010. It covers an area of 4716 ha rich in both floral and faunal diversity. The wildlife sanctuary harbors 608 plant species and 385 wildlife [29]. However, the Asian elephant is also the flagship animal of this PA. Madhupur National Park, also one of the oldest protected areas, was declared in 1982. It is situated in the central region of Bangladesh covered with mainly deciduous *Shorea robusta*. It harbors 385 plant species from all habit forms and 192 wildlife including amphibians, birds, mammals, and reptiles (**Tables 2** and **3**).

We identified the wild fodder yielding flora of different habit forms following the encyclopedia of flora and fauna of Bangladesh [31]. The review indicated that each of the protected areas harbors a substantial number of fodder yielding plants from different habit forms (**Table 2**).

#### *5.4.1 Trees*

A total of 112 tree species belonging to 71 genera and 32 families were found to yield part of it (i.e., leaves, branch, fruit, seed, flower, etc.) as fodder. A comparison number of species in the selected PAs indicated that CWS has 87 species, whereas DDWS and MNP showed 69 and 67 species, respectively (**Table 4**).

**79**

*Wild Fodder Yielding Plants in the Protected Areas of Bangladesh*

**SN Botanical name Local name Family Conservation** 

Bonjamir, Jairgola

Wishwar choa, Banshial Boka

> Chapalish, Chambal

Kata Kushui, Kata Koi

21 *Averrhoa bilimbi* L. Belombo Oxalidaceae LC 0.2

**status**

Rutaceae NE 0.2 10.6

Bel Rutaceae LC 0.1 0.4 0.4

Chakua Koroi Mimosaceae LC 4 4.8 0.9

Kala Koroi Mimosaceae LC 1.3

Marleza Gachh Alangiaceae NE (rare) 3.6

Tetoyakoroi Mimosaceae LC 0.4 4.4

Elena Euphorbiaceae LC 0.8 0.4

Chokoi Euphorbiaceae LC 0.4

Chokoi, Elena Euphorbiaceae LC 0.2 2.6

Ptiraj Mimosaceae LC 0.8 3.8 0.4

Kanthal Moraceae NE (rare) 4.3 0.2 0.4

Borta Moraceae LC 2.4 4.4 1.3

Tal Arecaceae LC 0.2 0.4

Euphorbiaceae LC 0.6

Moraceae NE (rare) 3.9 17.6 0.4

Euphorbiaceae LC 1.3 0.4

Kajubadam Anacardiaceae LC 0.8

Castoma Euphorbiaceae NE 3.8

Kamranga Oxalidaceae LC 0.2

Lotkon Euphorbiaceae LC 0.1 0.2

16 *Aporosa* sp. Kharjon Euphorbiaceae NE 23.3 17 *Areca catechu* L. Supari Arecaceae LC 0.2 0.4

9 *Annona squamosa* L. Ata Annonaceae LC 0.4 0.4

Mangium Mimosaceae LC 24.3 0.4 0.4

**Density in PAs (stem/ha) CWS DDWS MNP**

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85205*

1 *Acacia mangium* Willd.

2 *Acronychia* 

3 *Aegle marmelos* (L.) Corr.

4 *Alangium chinense* (Lour.) Harms

5 *Albizia chinensis* (Osb.) Merr.

6 *Albizia lebbeck* (L.) Benth. & Hook

7 *Albizia odoratissima* (L. f.) Benth.

8 *Anacardium occidentale* L.

10 *Antidesma acidum* Retz.

> *acuminatum* Wall. in Wight.

> > *ghaesembilla* Gaertn.

11 *Antidesma* 

12 *Antidesma bunius* (L.) Spreng.

13 *Antidesma* 

14 *Aphanamixis polystachya* (Wall.) R.N. Parker.

15 *Aporosa dioica* (Roxb.) Mull.Arg.

18 *Artocarpus chama* Buch.-Ham. *ex* Wall.

19 *Artocarpus* 

20 *Artocarpus lacucha* Buch.-Ham.

22 *Averrhoa carambola* L.

23 *Baccaurea ramiflora* Lour.

24 *Borassus flabellifer* L.

25 *Bridelia retusa* (L.) A. Juss.

*heterophyllus* Lamk.

*pedunculata* (L.) Miq.


#### *Wild Fodder Yielding Plants in the Protected Areas of Bangladesh DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85205*

*Wildlife Population Monitoring*

selected protected areas. Dudhpukuria-Dhopachari Wildlife Sanctuary is a comparatively new protected area that is declared in 2010. It covers an area of 4716 ha rich in both floral and faunal diversity. The wildlife sanctuary harbors 608 plant species and 385 wildlife [29]. However, the Asian elephant is also the flagship animal of this PA. Madhupur National Park, also one of the oldest protected areas, was declared in 1982. It is situated in the central region of Bangladesh covered with mainly deciduous *Shorea robusta*. It harbors 385 plant species from all habit forms and 192 wildlife

**Groups Number of species in the selected protected areas**

**Habit forms Number of species reported from the selected protected areas**

Trees 240 81 182 61 139 70 Shrubs 102 17 125 21 48 10 Herbs 211 61 200 70 136 43 Climbers 106 25 71 8 46 22 Ferns 19 4 17 4 9 2 Epiphytes 7 — 7 — 7 — Parasites 6 — 6 — — — Total 691 188 608 164 385 147

**Dudhpukuria-Dhopachari Wildlife Sanctuary**

**Total Fodder yielding Total Fodder yielding Total Fodder** 

Amphibians 26 25 17 Birds 252 231 120 Fish 10 23 — Mammals 40 50 27 Reptiles 54 56 28

**Dudhpukuria-Dhopachari Wildlife Sanctuary**

**Madhupur National Park**

**Madhupur National Park**

**yielding**

**Chunati Wildlife Sanctuary**

**Chunati Wildlife Sanctuary**

We identified the wild fodder yielding flora of different habit forms following the encyclopedia of flora and fauna of Bangladesh [31]. The review indicated that each of the protected areas harbors a substantial number of fodder yielding plants

A total of 112 tree species belonging to 71 genera and 32 families were found to yield part of it (i.e., leaves, branch, fruit, seed, flower, etc.) as fodder. A comparison number of species in the selected PAs indicated that CWS has 87 species, whereas DDWS and MNP showed 69 and 67 species, respectively (**Table 4**).

including amphibians, birds, mammals, and reptiles (**Tables 2** and **3**).

from different habit forms (**Table 2**).

*Fauna of the selected protected areas [28–30].*

*Flora of the selected protected areas [28–30].*

**78**

*5.4.1 Trees*

**Table 3.**

**Table 2.**


**81**

*Wild Fodder Yielding Plants in the Protected Areas of Bangladesh*

**SN Botanical name Local name Family Conservation** 

51 *Ficus religiosa* L. Bot Moraceae LC 0.4 52 *Ficus rumphii* Bl. Bot Moraceae LC 0.4

Chokorgola Moraceae NE 0.9 0.8

Udal Sterculiaceae LC 0.2

Moraceae NE (rare) 0.1

Painnagola Flacourtiaceae LC 1.2 0.2 0.9

Clusiaceae NE 0.2

Tamal, Dephal Clusiaceae LC 1

Naricha Tiliaceae LC 0.2

Cao Clusiaceae NE (rare) 9.3 5.2 2.2

Datoi Tiliaceae LC 8.5 19.2 22.4

Naricha Tiliaceae LC 0.4

Rubber Euphorbiaceae LC 0.4

Jialbhadi Anacardiaceae LC 4 0.2 3.9

Sapindaceae LC 0.2 0.2

Hiddigach Flacourtiaceae NE (rare) 1.4 5.2

Gotaharina Sapindaceae LC 0.2 0.2

Tiliaceae LC 0.6

Moraceae NE 0.4 5.2

Moraceae LC 0.1 0.9

Burseraceae LC 0.2 7 3.9

Jagyadumur

Paikur

Bhadi, Silbhadi, Jeolbhadi

Pholsa, Dhomoni **status**

Moraceae LC 0.3 2.4 0.9

**Density in PAs (stem/ha) CWS DDWS MNP**

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85205*

50 *Ficus racemosa* L. Dumur,

53 *Ficus semicordata* Buch.-Ham. *ex* Smith

54 *Ficus tinctoria*

55 *Ficus variegata* Blume

57 *Firmiana colorata* (Roxb.) R. Br.

58 *Flacourtia jangomas* (Lour.) Raeusch.

59 *Garcinia cowa* Roxb. *ex* DC.

60 *Garcinia* 

61 *Garcinia* 

62 *Garuga pinnata* Roxb.

63 *Grewia nervosa* (Lour.) Panigr.

64 *Grewia sapida* Roxb. *ex* DC.

65 *Grewia tiliifolia* Vahl.

66 *Grewia serrulata* DC.

67 *Hevea brasiliensis* (Willd. *ex* A. Juss.) Mull.Arg.

68 *Hydnocarpus laurifolius* (Dennst.) Sleum.

69 *Lannea* 

70 *Lepisanthes* 

71 *Lepisanthes* 

*coromandelica* (Houtt.) Merr.

*rubiginosa* (Roxb.) Leenh.

*senegalensis* (Poir.) Leenh.

*lanceaefolia* Roxb.

*xanthochymus* Hook. f. *ex* T. Anders.

G. Forst. subsp. gibbosa (Blume) Corner

56 *Ficus virens* Ait. Pakur, Pakar,


#### *Wild Fodder Yielding Plants in the Protected Areas of Bangladesh DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85205*

*Wildlife Population Monitoring*

26 *Buchanania* 

27 *Callicarpa arborea* Roxb.

28 *Calophyllum polyanthum* Wall. *ex* Choisy

30 *Citrus reticulata* Blanco

31 *Clausena* 

32 *Cleistocalyx* 

34 *Cordia dichotoma* Forst. f.

35 *Cordia dichotoma* Forst. f.

36 *Crateva magna* (Lour.) DC.

37 *Cryptocarya amygdalina* Nees.

38 *Dalbergia sissoo* Roxb.

40 *Dillenia scabrella* Roxb. *ex* Wall.

41 *Diospyros blancoi* A. DC.

> *malabarica* (Desr.) Kostel.

*floribundus* Blume

42 *Diospyros* 

43 *Elaeis guineensis* Jacq.

44 *Elaeocarpus* 

45 *Elaeocarpus tectorius* (Lour.) Poir.

46 *Ficus auriculata* Lour.

49 *Ficus lanceolata* Buch.-Ham. *ex* Roxb.

*heptaphylla* (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. *ex* Steud.

*nervosum* (DC.) Kosterm. var. paniala (Roxb.) J. Parn. & P. Chantaranothai

*lancifolia* Roxb.

**SN Botanical name Local name Family Conservation** 

Bormala, Khoja

Chandua, Kamdeb

Karan phal, Panbahar, sada Moricha

Bolla gota, Bohal, Bhola

29 *Cassia fistula* L. Sonalu Caesalpiniaceae LC 0.5 1 1.7

33 *Cocos nucifera* L. Narikel Arecaceae LC 0.2 0.6 0.4

39 *Dillenia indica* L. Chalta Dilleniaceae LC 0.2 0.2

**status**

Clusiaceae NE (rare) 0.6

Rutaceae LC 1.12 0.2

Myrtaceae LC 0.2 2.2

Boraginaceae LC 0.4

Bohal Boraginaceae LC 0.3 0.4

Ojha Lauraceae NE (rare) 2.5 3.4 21.9

Ajuli, Ajugi Dilleniaceae LC 4.1 5.8 0.4

Bilati gab Ebenaceae LC 0.2 0.4

Palm oil Arecaceae NE 0.3 0.4

Titpai Elaeocarpaceae LC 0.2 1.8 1.3

Moraceae V 0.3

Deshi gab Ebenaceae LC 0.2 1.4

Jalpai Elaeocarpaceae LC 2.5 2.2

Lal Dumur Moraceae LC 1.6 0.8

47 *Ficus benghalensis* L. Bot Moraceae LC 0.6 1.2 1.7 48 *Ficus hispida* L. f. Dumur Moraceae LC 26.9 4.6 0.9

Capparaceae LC 0.3

Sissoo Fabaceae LC 0.1

Komla Rutaceae LC 0.1 0.4

Verbenaceae LC 7.4 6.8 0.4

Anacardiaceae NE (rare) 0.2

**Density in PAs (stem/ha) CWS DDWS MNP**

**80**


**83**

indicative of a rich wildlife habitat.

*Wild Fodder Yielding Plants in the Protected Areas of Bangladesh*

**SN Botanical name Local name Family Conservation** 

Pholda jam, Lal Pholda

Chandul, Maina Kat

Hakuni gach

**status**

Myrtaceae LC 3.8 0.4

Kalojam Myrtaceae LC 1.3 0.8 0.9

Dhaki jam Myrtaceae LC 7.5 1.8 0.4

Putijam Myrtaceae LC 13.0 1 6.5

Myrtaceae NE 0.2

Myrtaceae NE 3

Tentul Caesalpiniaceae LC 0.1 0.6 0.9

Bohera Combretaceae LC 7.5 10.6 29.3

Haritaki Combretaceae V 0.8 0.6 4.7

Jiban, Naricha Ulmaceae LC 5.1 0.2 0.4

Goda Verbenaceae NE (rare) 3.3 11 0.9

Boroi Rhamnaceae LC 0.2 0.4

Datiscaceae NE 0.1 1.8

Verbenaceae LC 1.0 1.4 0.9

Khudi Jam Myrtaceae NE 0.2

Gulapjam Myrtaceae LC 0.2

Katbadam Combretaceae LC 0.2

**Density in PAs (stem/ha) CWS DDWS MNP**

Density of the fodder yielding tree species varied greatly with PAs. *Ficus hispida* was having the highest stem density in CWS, whereas in DDWS *Grewia nervosa* and *Artocarpus chama* were having the highest density. On the other hand, *Mallotus* 

*List of fodder yielding trees in three selected protected areas [here, LC, least concern; NE, not evaluated; NE* 

MNP. There were 15 fodder yielding exotic tree species in the three protected areas. The studies indicated that density of very few species was good (10 stems/ha); however most of them are having very poor density which apparently seems not

*philippensis* and *Protium serratum* were the two mostly dense tree species in

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85205*

96 *Syzygium* 

97 *Syzygium cumini* (L.) Skeels

98 *Syzygium cymosum* DC.

99 *Syzygium firmum* Thw.

100 *Syzygium fruticosum* (Wall.) Masamune

101 *Syzygium jambos* (L.) Alston

102 *Syzygium praecox* (Roxb.) Rathakr. & N. C. Nair

103 *Syzygium* 

104 *Tamarindus indica* L.

105 *Terminalia bellirica* (Gaertn.) Roxb.

106 *Terminalia catappa* L.

107 *Terminalia chebula* Retz.

108 *Tetrameles nudiflora* R. Br.

109 *Trema orientalis* (L.) Blume

111 *Vitex peduncularis* Wall. *ex* Schauer

112 *Ziziphus mauritiana* Lamk.

**Table 4.**

110 *Vitex glabrata* R.Br. Goda arsol,

*(rare), not evaluated but seems to be rare].*

*tetragonum* Wall. *ex* Kurz.

*claviflorum* (Roxb.) A. M. Cowan & J. M. Cowan


#### *Wild Fodder Yielding Plants in the Protected Areas of Bangladesh DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85205*

**Table 4.**

*Wildlife Population Monitoring*

72 *Litchi chinensis* Sonn.

73 *Maesa indica*

74 *Mallotus* 

76 *Mangifera sylvatica* Roxb.

77 *Manilkara zapota* (L.) P. van Royen

78 *Miliusa velutina* (Dunal) Hook. f.

79 *Moringa oleifera* Lamk.

80 *Peltophorum* 

81 *Phoebe lanceolata* (Ness) Ness

82 *Phoenix acaulis* Roxb.

83 *Phoenix sylvestris* Roxb.

84 *Phyllanthus emblica* L.

85 *Protium serratum* (Wall. *ex* Colebr.) Engl.

87 *Samanea saman* (Jacq.) Merr.

88 *Sapium baccatum* Roxb.

89 *Schleichera oleosa* (Lour.) Oken.

90 *Semecarpus* 

91 *Senna siamea*

92 *Spondias pinnata* (L.f.) Kurz

93 *Sterculia hamiltonii* (O. Kuntze) Adelb.

95 *Syzygium* 

*anacardium* L.f.

(Lamk.) Irwin & Barneby

*balsameum* (Wight) Walp.

*pterocarpum* (DC.) K. Heyne

(Roxb.) A. DC.

*philippensis* (Lamk.) Mull.Arg.

**SN Botanical name Local name Family Conservation** 

Maesa, Moricha, Romjani

Radhachura, Halud Krisnachura

> Chaongri, Dulia

Bon Khejur, Khudi khejur

Bon-Amra, Piala

**status**

Myrsinaceae CD 0.1 2.2

Sinduri Euphorbiaceae CD 0.6 0.2 60. 8

Sofeda Sapotaceae LC 0.4

Sajna Moringaceae NE 0.9

Caesalpiniaceae LC 0.4 0.4

Arecaceae V 0.4

Lauraceae NE 0.2

Khejur Arecaceae LC 0.2 0.4 0.4

Amloki Euphorbiaceae LC 2.4 2 0.9

Gotgutia Burseraceae LC 2.1 12.2 32.8

Raintree Mimosaceae LC 0.4 0.9

Joyna, Kusum Sapindaceae NE 14.2

Bheula, Bhela Anacardiaceae NE 11.2

Minjiri Caesalpiniaceae LC 3.6 1.8 0.4

Sterculiaceae LC 0.2

Buti Jam Myrtaceae LC 1

Anacardiaceae LC 3.4 0.4

Cham phata Euphorbiaceae LC 0.4 3

Gandhi gajari Annonaceae LC 3.0

Uriam Anacardiaceae V 0.1 0.2

75 *Mangifera indica* L. Am Anacardiaceae LC 2.9 0.4 0.9

86 *Psidium guajava* L. Payara Myrtaceae LC 4.2 0.2 0.4

94 *Streblus asper* Lour. Sheora, Harba Moraceae LC 1.5 2 0.9

Litchu, Lychee Sapindaceae LC 1.0 0.4

**Density in PAs (stem/ha) CWS DDWS MNP**

**82**

*List of fodder yielding trees in three selected protected areas [here, LC, least concern; NE, not evaluated; NE (rare), not evaluated but seems to be rare].*

Density of the fodder yielding tree species varied greatly with PAs. *Ficus hispida* was having the highest stem density in CWS, whereas in DDWS *Grewia nervosa* and *Artocarpus chama* were having the highest density. On the other hand, *Mallotus philippensis* and *Protium serratum* were the two mostly dense tree species in MNP. There were 15 fodder yielding exotic tree species in the three protected areas. The studies indicated that density of very few species was good (10 stems/ha); however most of them are having very poor density which apparently seems not indicative of a rich wildlife habitat.
