IntechOpen Book Series Dentistry Volume 5

Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey, in 2000. She received her PhD degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department of the same university in 2007. The department was recently renamed Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology. She is working as a full-time professor in Gazi University. She has published research in various international and national

journals, written book chapters, and served as editors of books and as an editorial board member and reviewer of several scientific journals. Her expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology. She is married and has two children.

#### **Series Editor and Editor of Volume 5: Zühre Akarslan** Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Turkey

Pr. Bourzgui is a Professor of Orthodontics in the School of Dental Medicine at Casablanca Hassan II University, Morocco. He holds various certificates and diplomas: a Certificate of Higher Studies in Group A (major: Technology of Biomaterials used in Dentistry, 1996), a Certificate of Advanced Studies of Group B, (major: Dentofacial Orthopedics, 1997) from the Faculty of Dental Surgery at University Denis Diderot-Paris VII, France, a

diploma of Higher Studies in Biocompatibility of Biomaterials from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2002), a Certificate of Clinical Occlusal Odontology from the Faculty of Dentistry Casablanca (2004), and a university degree in Biostatistics and Perceptual Health Measurement from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca in 2011. Farid Bourzgui is a former intern and resident of Casablanca University Hospital, Ibn Rushd in Casablanca. Pr. Bourzgui has published a number of articles and book chapters on various aspects of orthodontics. In addition to his educational qualifications, Pr. Bourzgui has been the Head of the Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics Department since 2013, and a member of the Casablanca Dental School Council. He is currently an expert evaluator at the Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique et technique (CNRST) Rabat-Morocco.

#### **Editor of Volume 5: Prof. Farid Bourzgui**

University Hassan II, Faculty of dentistry, Casablanca, Morocco

## Scope of the Series

Contents

**Section 1**

**Section 2**

*by Zühre Akarslan*

Maxillary Molars

Tooth Morphology Overview

**Preface III**

Basic Principles - Embryology and Development **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

**Chapter 2 17**

Background on Dental Anatomy and Morphology **33**

**Chapter 3 35**

**Chapter 4 41**

**Chapter 5 55**

**Chapter 6 71**

**Chapter 7 89** External and Internal Root Canal Anatomy of the First and Second Permanent

**Chapter 8 115**

*by Abeer ALShami, Shatha ALHarthi, Munerah Binshabaib and Monika Wahi*

External and Internal Anatomy of Mandibular Permanent Incisors *by Mohammed A. Aldawla, Abdulbaset A. Mufadhal and Ahmed A. Madfa*

External and Internal Anatomy of Maxillary Permanent First Molars *by Abdulbaset A. Mufadhal, Mohammed A. Aldawla and Ahmed A. Madfa*

*by Said Dhaimy, Lamyae Bedida, Hafsa El Merini and Imane Benkiran*

Morphology of Root Canal System of Maxillary and Mandibular Molars *by Svetlana Razumova, Anzhela Brago, Haydar Barakat and Ammar Howijieh*

*by Amanda Valentim, Renata Furlan, Mariana Amaral and Fernanda Martins*

Can Orofacial Structures Affect Tooth Morphology?

Embryological Development of Human Molars

*by Fatiha Rhrich and Hakima Aghoutan*

Prologue: Tooth Anatomy and Morphology

Teeth are unique structures in the human beings. They are located in the oral cavity and play a key role in digestion, phonation, and aesthetics. There are two sets of teeth during the human lifecycle: deciduous teeth and permanent teeth. Deciduous teeth consist of incisors, canines, and molars. They are present in childhood and replaced with the permanent teeth during growth. Permanent teeth consist of incisors, canines, premolars, and molars. Although the majority of teeth have normal morphology and anatomy, developmental and environmental factors may lead to anomalies affecting the size, shape, number, and structure of teeth. Knowledge of tooth morphology, anatomy, and anomalies is essential to succeed in restorative treatment, prosthodontics, periodontal treatment, orthodontics, endodontics, and oral surgery. Readers will find a current overview of tooth morphology, anatomy, and anomalies in this book. Hopefully, it will serve as a practical guide to dentistry.

## Contents



Preface

This book is the outcome of the confluence of two initial projects: "Human Molars" led by Prof. BOURZGUI Farid and "Basics of Dental Morphology and Anatomy" by Prof. Zühre Akarslan. The experience of co-editing was very enriching for both editors and led to a final product that we hope will be very useful and valuable for

1.*Basic Principles - Embryology and Development* examines the basic tenants of embryology and molar development. A particular focus was the relationship

2.*Background on Dental Anatomy and Morphology* investigates the internal and

3.*Pathology and Clinical Considerations* reviews some pathologies and anomalies of the molars. The question addressed here is in case of extraction of these teeth, should the orthodontist orthodontically close their residual spaces or maintain them for prosthetic rehabilitation? In the case of the choice of the implant solution, a chapter on the evolution of implant shapes closes this

As a final note, we would like to express our thanks to the authors of the different chapters and their respective teams, as well as all those who contributed to the final

**Farid Bourzgui**

**Zühre Akarslan** Professor,

Ankara, Turkey

University Hassan II, Faculty of dentistry, Casablanca, Morocco

Professor and Head of Orthodontics Department,

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology,

Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry,

external anatomy of teeth, as well as their anatomical variants.

between oro-facial structures and tooth morphology.

our readers.

section.

outcome of this book.

The book is divided into three sections:
