Meet the editors

Dr Nawaz Mohamudally graduated in telecommunications from the University of Science and Technology of Lille I in France and is currently an Associate Professor and former Chairman of the Research Degrees Committee at the University of Technology, Mauritius where he has also been the Head of the School of Software Engineering and Business Informatics and the School of Innovative Technologies and Engineering. He was the chairman

of the Internet Management Committee, an advisory unit to the Mauritian authority from 2010 to 2014. His core research areas are mobile and pervasive computing and data science. Dr Mohamudally was awarded the "Best Professor in Industrial Systems Engineering" Africa Education Leadership Award in 2015. His contributions in Brain Computer Interface are in the field of "thought-to-text".

Dr Manish Putteeraj holds a Doctor of Philosophy (Neuroscience) from the School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia. His PhD project was entitled "Serotonergic Regulation of Clock Genes and Kisspeptin in the Anteroventral Periventricular Nucleus of Male Mice". He also holds a BSc (Hons) Science (Medical Bioscience) from the School of Science, Brain Research Institute, Monash University, Malaysia. He

worked as a Medical Laboratory Technician at the Fortis Clinic Darné, Mauritius. Presently he is a lecturer and researcher at the University of Technology, Mauritius.

Dr. Seyyed Abed Hosseini received his BSc and MSc degrees in Electrical Engineering and Biomedical Engineering in 2006 and 2009, respectively. He received his PhD degree in Electrical Engineering from the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, in 2016. He has 10 years of teaching experience and 1 year of industry experience. He has published over 55 peer-reviewed articles and book chapters in the field of emotion and attention studies. He is

a lecturer at the Research Center of Biomedical Engineering (RCBME), Islamic Azad University, Mashhad Branch, Iran. He is a senior researcher at the Center of Excellence on Soft Computing and Intelligent Information Processing (SCIIP), Iran. His research interests include cognitive neuroscience, electro-encephalography (EEG) studies, magnetoencephalography (MEG) studies, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), event-related potential (ERP) signals, emotion recognition, seizure detection, seizure prediction, brain-computer interface (BCI), and neurofeedback.

Contents

Systems

**Preface III**

**Chapter 1 1**

**Chapter 2 7**

**Chapter 3 33**

**Chapter 4 51**

**Chapter 5 79**

**Chapter 6 89**

**Chapter 7 115**

Integration of Spiking Neural Networks for Understanding Interval Timing

Introducing a Novel Approach to Study the Construction and Function of

A Self-Paced Two-State Mental Task-Based Brain-Computer Interface with

*by Syeda Huma Jabeen, Nadeem Ahmed, Muhammad Ejaz Sandhu,* 

Introductory Chapter: The "DNA Model" of Neurosciences and Computer

Near-Infrared Optical Technologies in Brain-Computer Interface Systems

*by Manish Putteeraj and Shah Nawaz Ali Mohamudally*

Speech Enhancement Using an Iterative Posterior NMF

*by Farhad Faradji, Rabab K. Ward and Gary E. Birch*

*by Korshakov Alexei Vyacheslavovich*

Neural Signaling and Communication

*Nauman Riaz Chaudhry and Reeha Raza*

Memory in Human Beings: The Meshk Theory

*by Sunnydayal Vanambathina*

Few EEG Channels

*by Nicholas A. Lusk*

*by Mohammad Seyedielmabad*

## Contents


Preface

Researchers have, for a long time, tried to, and are today highly successful at, demystifying the human brain through brain signals. In the field of computer science, early attempts were more algorithmic, focused on artificial neural networks in order to solve complex software engineering problems. The advent of possibilities offered by Brain Computer Interface (BCI) has opened up avenues for a plethora of research and development projects. The latest published advancement in the field is the famous "thought-to-text" application, whereby an individual thought could be transformed into textual information. One may guess the poten-

The mathematical armada to allow digital processing of brain signals, coupled with progression in sensors and electrodes has prompted innovative products on the market. Capturing raw data from one's brain with in-built software for analysis could be produced as a bundle on the market at affordable prices. With more computational power and visualisation techniques, future generations of neuroscientists will undoubtedly be in a more knowledgeable situation, probably the notion

of computer interface with the brain might look more natural that it is now.

Nonetheless, BCI remains an ocean to be explored and this book aims at capturing the ongoing activities globally. The chapters comprise deep research with solid mathematical foundations supplemented with experimental results. Moreover readers will find extensive lists of references pertaining to BCI and original contributions of the chapters from the authors. The manuscript is therefore a trusted

*New Frontiers in Brain Computer Interfaces* is a compilation of recent achievements ranging from optical technologies, mental task-based BCI, speech enhancement, brain dynamics, and brain-computer modelling. Authors across the globe have formulated the chapters to be accessible to students, lecturers, and researchers, as well as readers passionate about the topic. This book aims to disseminate the latest findings and research work in BCI. There is potential for future research for PhD students as well as food for thought about the next generation of BCI technologies.

We wish to thank all the authors for their efforts and good will to make this book project possible. Without their contributions, recent knowledge about BCI would remain hidden. A vote of thanks to the IntechOpen Author Service Manager Ms Dolores Kuzelj, the technical board, and the commissioning editor. Providing

> **Dr. Nawaz Mohamudally** Associate Professor, University of Technology, Port Louis, Mauritius

open access to knowledge is undoubtedly a noble cause.

tials for such an advancement in the medicine field.

primary source of information on BCI.
